E

E E emmetropia; enzyme; exa-.

E E elastance; energy; electromotive force; illumination.

e- e- word element [L.], away from, without, outside.

ɛ ɛ (epsilon, the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet) heavy chain of IgE; the ɛ chain of hemoglobin.

ɛ- ɛ- a prefix designating (1) the position of a substituting atom or group in a chemical compound; (2) fifth in a series of five or more related entities or chemical compounds.

EAC EAC an abbreviation used in studies of complement, in which E represents erythrocyte, A antibody, and C complement.

ear oreille the organ of hearing and of equilibrium, consisting of the external ear, the middle ear, and the internal ear. See Plate 29. beach e. o. de plage otitis externa caused by irritation from ocean water and other beach conditions. Blainville e’s o. de Blainville asymmetry of the ears. cauliflower e. o. en chou-fleur a partially deformed auricle due to injury and subsequent perichondritis. external e. o. externe the pinna and external meatus together. glue e. otite moyenne séreuse a chronic condition marked by a collection of fluid of high viscosity in the middle ear, due to obstruction of the eustachian tube. inner e. o. interne the labyrinth; the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals together. middle e. o. moyenne the cavity in the temporal bone comprising the tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, and auditory tube. outer e. o. externe external e. swimmer’s e., tank e. o. des piscines otitis externa.

earache otodynie otalgia.

eardrum membrane du tympan tympanic membrane.

earlobe lobe de l’oreille the lower fleshy part of the external ear.

earwax cérumen cerumen.

eating alimentation the act of ingestion. binge e. boulimie uncontrolled ingestion of large quantities of food in a discrete interval, often with a sense of lack of control over the activity.

eburnation éburnation conversion of bone into a hard, ivory-like mass.

EBV EBV Epstein-Barr virus.

ecaudate acaudé tail-less.

ecbolic ecbolique oxytocic.

eccentric eccentrique situated or occurring or proceeding away from a center.

eccentrochondroplasia eccentrochondrodysplasie Morquio syndrome.

ecchondroma ecchondrome pl. ecchondromas, ecchondromata a hyperplastic growth of cartilaginous tissue on the surface of a cartilage or projecting under the periosteum of a bone.

ecchymoma ecchymome swelling due to blood extravasation.

ecchymosis ecchymose pl. ecchymoses [Gr.] a small hemorrhagic spot in the skin or a mucous membrane, larger than a petechia, forming a nonelevated, rounded, or irregular blue or purplish patch. Adj.: ecchymotic.

eccrine eccrine exocrine, with special reference to ordinary sweat glands.

eccyesis grossesse ectopique ectopic pregnancy.

ECF-A ECF-A eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis; a primary mediator of Type I anaphylactic hypersensitivity.

ECG ECG electrocardiogram.

ecgonine ecgonine the final basic product obtained by hydrolysis of cocaine and several related alkaloids; e. methyl ester is the major hydrolytic metabolite of cocaine detectable in blood by laboratory testing.

Echinacea Échinacée a genus of North American flowering herbs. E. purpurea is used for colds and respiratory and urinary tract infections and for wounds and burns. E. pallida root is used for fevers and colds. E. angustifolia is used in folk medicine.

Echinococcus Échinocoque a genus of small tapeworms, including E. granulosus, usually parasitic in dogs and wolves, whose larvae (hydatids) may develop in mammals, forming hydatid tumors or cysts chiefly in the liver; and E. multilocularis, whose larvae form alveolar or multilocular cysts and whose adult forms usually parasitize the fox and wild rodents, although humans are sporadically infected.

echinococcus échinocoque pl. echinococci an individual organism of the genus Echinococcus.

echinocyte échinocyte burr cell.

echo écho a repeated sound, produced by reverberation of sound waves; also, the reflection of ultrasonic, radio, and radar waves. amphoric e. é. amphorique a resonant repetition heard on auscultation of the chest, at an interval after a vocal sound. metallic e. é. métallique a ringing repetition of heart sounds sometimes heard in patients with pneumopericardium or pneumothorax.

echoacousia écho-acousie the subjective experience of hearing echoes after normally heard sounds.

echocardiography échocardiographie recording of the position and motion of the heart walls or internal structures of the heart by the echo obtained from beams of ultrasonic waves directed through the chest wall. color Doppler e. é. Doppler en couleur color flow Doppler imaging. contrast e. é. de contraste that in which the ultrasonic beam detects tiny bubbles produced by intravascular injection of a liquid or a small amount of carbon dioxide gas. Doppler e. é. à effet Doppler a technique for recording the flow of red blood cells through the cardiovascular system by means of Doppler ultrasonography, either continuous wave or pulsed wave. M-mode e. é. en mode-M that recording the amplitude and rate of motion (M) in real time, yielding a monodimensional (“icepick”) view of the heart. transesophageal e. (TEE) é. transœsophagienne the introduction of a transducer attached to a fiberoptic endoscope into the esophagus to provide twodimensional cardiographic images or Doppler information.

echogenicity échogénicité in ultrasonography, the extent to which a structure gives rise to reflections of ultrasonic waves.

echographia échographie agraphia in which the patient can copy writing but cannot write to express ideas.

echography échographie ultrasonography.

echokinesis échokinésie echopraxia.

echolalia écholalie stereotyped repetition of another person’s words and phrases.

echolucent anéchogène permitting the passage of ultrasonic waves without echoes, the representative areas appearing black on the sonogram.

echopathy échopathie automatic repetition by a patient of words or movements of others; echolalia or echopraxia.

echophonocardiography échophonocardiographie the combined use of echocardiography and phonocardiography.

echopraxia échopraxie stereotyped imitation of the movements of others.

echo-ranging télémétrie à écho in ultrasonography, determination of the position or depth of a body structure on the basis of the time interval between the moment an ultrasonic pulse is transmitted and the moment its echo is received.

echothiophate écothiophate an anticholinesterase agent used topically as the iodide salt in the treatment of glaucoma and accommodative esotropia.

echovirus échovirus an enterovirus isolated from humans, separable into many serotypes, certain of which are associated with human disease, especially aseptic meningitis.

eclampsia éclampsie convulsions and coma, rarely coma alone, occurring in a pregnant or puerperal woman, and associated with hypertension, edema, and/or proteinuria. Adj.: eclamptic. uremic e. é. urémique that due to uremia.

eclamptogenic éclamptogénique causing convulsions.

ECMO ARCEC extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

econazole éconazole an imidazole derivative used as the nitrate salt as a broad-spectrum antifungal agent.

economy économie the management of domestic affairs. token e. technique des jetons in behavior therapy, a program of treatment in which the patient earns tokens, exchangeable for rewards, for appropriate personal and social behavior and loses tokens for antisocial behavior.

ecotaxis écotaxie the movement or “homing” of a circulating cell, e.g., a lymphocyte, to a specific anatomical compartment.

ecotropic écotrope pertaining to a virus that infects and replicates in cells from only the original host species.

ECT ECT electroconvulsive therapy.

ectad dirigé vers l’extérieur directed outward.

ectasia ectasie dilatation, expansion, or distention. Adj.: ectatic. annuloaortic e. maladie annulo-ectasiante de l’aorte dilatation of the proximal aorta and the fibrous ring of the heart at the aortic orifice, marked by aortic regurgitation, and when severe by dissecting aneurysm; often associated with Marfan syndrome. mammary duct e. e. des canaux mammaires benign dilatation of the collecting ducts of the mammary gland, with inspissation of gland secretion and inflammatory changes in the tissues, usually during or after menopause.

ectethmoid ectethmoïde ethmoidal labyrinth.

ecthyma ecthyma an ulcerative pyoderma caused by infection at the site of minor trauma, usually on the shins or feet.

ect(o)- ect(o)- word element [Gr.], external; outside.

ectoantigen ectoantigène 1. an antigen that seems to be loosely attached to the outside of bacteria. 2. an antigen formed in the ectoplasm (cell membrane) of a bacterium.

ectoblast ectoblaste 1. ectoderm. 2. an external membrane; a cell wall.

ectocardia ectocardie congenital displacement of the heart.

ectocervix exocol portio vaginalis cervicis. Adj.: ectocervical.

ectoderm ectoderme the outermost of the three primitive germ layers of the embryo; from it are derived the epidermis and epidermic tissues, such as the nails, hair, and glands of the skin, the nervous system, external sense organs and mucous membrane of the mouth and anus. Adj.: ectodermal, ectodermic.

ectodermosis ectodermose a disorder based on congenital maldevelopment of organs derived from the ectoderm.

ectoenzyme ectoenzyme, exoenzyme an extracellular enzyme.

ectogenous exogène exogenous.

ectomere ectomère one of the blastomeres taking part in formation of the ectoderm.

ectomorphy ectomorphie a type of body build in which tissues derived from the ectoderm predominate; relatively slight development of both visceral and body structures, the body being linear and delicate. Adj.: ectomorphic.

ectomy ectomie [Gr.] resection.

-ectomy -ectomie word element [Gr.], excision; surgical removal.

ectoparasite ectoparasite a parasite that lives on the outside of the body of the host.

ectopia ectopie [Gr.] malposition, especially if congenital. e. cordis e. cardiaque congenital displacement of the heart outside the thoracic cavity. e. lentis déplacement du cristallin abnormal position of the lens of the eye. e. pupillae congenita e. pupillaire congénitale congenital displacement of the pupil.

ectopic ectopique 1. pertaining to ectopia. 2. located away from normal position. 3. arising from an abnormal site or tissue.

ectosteal situé à l’extérieur d’un os pertaining to or situated outside of a bone.

ectostosis ectostose ossification beneath the perichondrium of a cartilage or the periosteum of a bone.

ectothrix ectothrix a fungus that grows inside the shaft of a hair but produces a conspicuous external sheath of spores.

ectr(o)- ectr(o)- word element [Gr.], miscarriage; congenital absence.

ectrodactyly ectrodactylie congenital absence of a digit or part of a digit.

ectrogeny ectrogénie congenital absence or defect of a part. Adj.: ectrogenic.

ectromelia ectromélie gross hypoplasia or aplasia of one or more long bones of one or more limbs. Adj.: ectromelic.

ectropion ectropion eversion or turning outward, as of the margin of an eyelid.

eczema eczéma a pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis characterized early by erythema, edema associated with a serous exudate in the epidermis and an inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis, oozing and vesiculation, and crusting and scaling; and later by lichenification, thickening, signs of excoriations, and altered pigmentation. Adj.: eczematous. asteatotic e. e. craquelé a type seen when there is excessive dehydration of the skin, such as during cold weather when low humidity in heated rooms causes water loss from the stratum corneum. The dehydration causes erythema, dry scaling, fine cracking, and pruritus. e. herpeticum e. herpétiforme Kaposi varicelliform eruption due to infection with herpes simplex virus superimposed on a preexisting skin condition. nummular e. e. nummulaire that in which the patches are coin shaped; it may be a form of neurodermatitis. winter e., xerotic e. e. hivernal asteatotic eczema.

eczematoid eczématoïde resembling eczema.

ED ED effective dose; emergency department; erectile dysfunction; erythema dose.

ED₅₀ ED₅₀ median effective dose.

edema œdème an abnormal accumulation of fluid in intercellular spaces of the body. Adj.: edematous. angioneurotic e. œ. de Quincke angioedema. cardiac e. œ. cardiaque a manifestation of congestive heart failure, due to increased venous and capillary pressures and often associated with renal sodium retention. cytotoxic e. œ. cytotoxique cerebral edema caused by hypoxic injury to brain tissue and decreased functioning of the cellular sodium pump so that the cellular elements accumulate fluid. dependent e. œ. déclive edema in lower or dependent parts of the body. e. neonatorum œ. néonatal a disease of premature and feeble infants resembling sclerema, marked by spreading edema with cold, livid skin. pitting e. œ. qui prend le godet that in which pressure leaves a persistent depression in the tissues. pulmonary e. œ. pulmonaire diffuse edema in pulmonary tissues and air spaces due to changes in hydrostatic forces in capillaries or to increased capillary permeability, with intense dyspnea. vasogenic e. œ. vasogénique cerebral edema in the area around tumors, often due to increased permeability of capillary endothelial cells.

edemagen œdématogène an irritant that elicits edema by causing capillary damage but not the cellular response of true inflammation.

edentia édentation absence of the teeth.

edentulous édenté without teeth.

edetate édétate USAN contraction for ethylenediaminetetraacetate, a salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); the salts include e. calcium disodium, used in the diagnosis and treatment of lead poisoning, and e. disodium, used in the treatment of hypercalcemia because of its affinity for calcium.

edetic acid acide édétique ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

edisylate édisylate USAN contraction for 1,2-ethanedisulfonate.

edrophonium edrophonium a cholinergic used in the form of the chloride salt as a curare antagonist and as a diagnostic agent in myasthenia gravis.

EDTA EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

EDV VTD end-diastolic volume.

Edwardsiella Edwardsielle a genus of gramnegative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae; E. tarda is an occasional opportunistic pathogen, causing diarrhea and sepsis.

EEE EEE eastern equine encephalomyelitis.

EEG EEG electroencephalogram.

EEJ EEJ electroejaculation.

EENT EENT eye-ear-nose-throat.

EFA AGE essential fatty acid.

efavirenz efavirenz an antiretroviral, inhibiting reverse transcriptase; used in the treatment of HIV infection.

effacement effacement the obliteration of features; said of the cervix during labor when it is so changed that only the external os remains.

effect effet the result produced by an action. Anrep e. e. Anrep abrupt elevation of aortic pressure results in a positive inotropic effect, augmented resistance to outflow in the heart. Bayliss e. e. Bayliss increased perfusion pressure and subsequent stretch of vascular smooth muscle causes muscle contraction and increased resistance, which returns blood flow to normal in spite of the elevated perfusion pressure. Bohr e. e. Bohr increase of carbon dioxide in blood causes decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Doppler e. e. Doppler the relationship of the apparent frequency of waves, as of sound, light, and radio waves, to the relative motion of the source of the waves and the observer, the frequency increasing as the two approach each other and decreasing as they move apart. experimenter e’s e. expérimentateur demand characteristics. founder e. e. fondateur an altered gene frequency in a particular derived population relative to the parental population, as a result of establishment of the derived population by a small number of founders carrying limited genetic diversity. Haldane e. e. Haldane increased oxygenation of hemoglobin promotes dissociation of carbon dioxide. position e. e. de position in genetics, the change in expression of a gene as a function of a change in its position relative to that of other genes. pressure e. e. de pression the sum of the changes that are due to obstruction of tissue drainage by pressure. side e. e. indésirable a consequence other than that for which an agent is used, especially an adverse effect on another organ system. Somogyi e. e. Somogyi a rebound phenomenon occurring in diabetes: overtreatment with insulin induces hypoglycemia, which initiates the release of epinephrine, ACTH, glucagon, and growth hormone, which stimulate lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis, which, in turn, result in a rebound hyperglycemia and ketosis.

effectiveness efficacité 1. the ability to produce a specific result or to exert a specific measurable influence. 2. the ability of an intervention to produce the desired beneficial effect in actual usage. Cf. efficacy. Adj.: effective. relative biological e. e. biologique relative an expression of the effectiveness of other types of radiation in comparison with that of gamma or x-rays; abbreviated RBE.

effector effecteur 1. an agent that mediates a specific effect. 2. an organ that produces an effect in response to nerve stimulation. allosteric e. e. allostérique an enzyme inhibitor or activator that has its effect at a site other than the catalytic site of the enzyme.

effemination efféminisation feminization (2).

efferent efférent 1. conveying away from a center. 2. something that so conducts, as an efferent nerve.

efficacy efficience 1. the ability of an intervention to produce the desired beneficial effect in expert hands and under ideal circumstances. 2. the ability of a drug to produce the desired therapeutic effect.

effleurage effleurement [Fr.] a stroking movement in massage.

efflorescent efflorescent 1. becoming powdery by losing the water of crystallization. 2. developing into a rash.

effluvium effluve pl. effluvia [L.] 1. an outflowing or shedding, as of the hair. 2. an exhalation or emanation, especially one of noxious nature.

effusion épanchement 1. escape of a fluid into a part; exudation or transudation. 2. effused material; an exudate or transudate. pleural e. é. pleural fluid in the pleural space.

eflornithine (DMFO) eflornithine an inhibitor of the enzyme catalyzing the decarboxylation of ornithine; used topically as the hydrochloride salt to reduce unwanted facial hair in females.

egestion égestion the casting out of undigestible material.

egg œuf, ovule ovum.

ego moi that segment of the personality dominated by the reality principle, comprising integrative and executive aspects functioning to adapt the forces and pressures of the id and superego and the requirements of external reality by conscious perception, thought, and learning.

ego-alien étranger au moi ego-dystonic.

egobronchophony égobronchophonie egophony.

egocentric égocentrique self-centered; preoccupied with one’s own interests and needs; lacking concern for others.

ego-dystonic égodystonique denoting aspects of a person’s thoughts, impulses, and behavior that are felt to be repugnant, distressing, unacceptable, or inconsistent with the self-conception.

egoism égoïsme 1. any of several ethical doctrines describing the relationship between morality, self-interest, and behavior. 2. excessive preoccupation with oneself, self-interest with disregard for the needs of others. 3. egotism.

egomania égomanie extreme self-centeredness; extreme egotism.

egophony égophonie increased resonance of voice sounds, with a high-pitched bleating quality, heard especially over lung tissue compressed by pleural effusion.

ego-syntonic égosyntonique denoting aspects of a person’s thoughts, impulses, attitudes, and behavior that are felt to be acceptable and consistent with the self-conception.

egotism égotisme 1. conceit, selfishness, selfcenteredness, with an inflated sense of one’s importance. 2. egoism (2).

EGTA EGTA egtazic acid; a chelator similar in structure and function to EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) but with a higher affinity for calcium than for magnesium.

Ehrlichia Ehrlichia a genus of gram-negative, nonmotile bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae, transmitted by ticks and occurring in cytoplasmic vacuoles in mammalian host cells, often forming inclusion bodies. It includes the species E. canis, E. chaffeensis, and E. ewingii.

ehrlichiosis ehrlichiose a febrile illness due to infection with bacteria of the genus Ehrlichia. human granulocytic e. e. granulocytaire humaine a sometimes fatal human ehrlichiosis caused by an Ehrlichia equi-like species, characterized by flulike symptoms and involving predominantly neutrophils. human monocytic e. e. monocytaire humaine a sometimes fatal human ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis, characterized by flulike symptoms and involving predominantly fixed tissue mononuclear phagocytes.

eiconometer aniséicomètre eikonometer.

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) acide eicosapentaénoïque an omega-3, polyunsaturated, 20-carbon fatty acid found almost exclusively in fish and marine animal oils.

eidetic eidétique denoting exact visualization of events or objects previously seen; a person having such an ability.

eidoptometry eidoptométrie measurement of the acuteness of visual perception.

eikonometer eikonomètre an instrument for measuring the degree of aniseikonia.

Eimeria Eimeria a genus of protozoa (order Eucoccidiida) found in the epithelial cells of humans and animals.

einsteinium (Es) einsteinium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 99.

EIT EIT erythrocyte iron turnover.

ejaculate éjaculer to expel suddenly, especially semen.

ejaculate éjaculat the semen discharged in a single ejaculation in the male, consisting of the secretions of the Cowper gland, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate, and containing the spermatozoa.

ejaculatio éjaculation [L.] ejaculation. e. praecox é. précoce premature ejaculation.

ejaculation éjaculation forcible, sudden expulsion; especially expulsion of semen from the male urethra. Adj.: ejaculatory. premature e. é. prématurée that consistently occurring either prior to, upon, or immediately after penetration and before it is desired. retarded e. é. retardée male orgasmic disorder. retrograde e. é. rétrograde ejaculation in which semen travels up the urethra towards the bladder instead of to the outside of the body.

ejection éjection 1. the act of casting out or the state of being cast out, as of excretions, secretions, or other bodily fluids. 2. something cast out. 3. the discharge of blood from the heart; see under period.

EKG ECG electrocardiogram.

EKY EKY electrokymography.

elaboration élaboration 1. the process of producing complex substances out of simpler materials. 2. in psychiatry, an unconscious mental process of expansion and embellishment of detail, especially of a symbol or representation in a dream.

elapid élapidé 1. any snake of the family Elapidae. 2. of or pertaining to the family Elapidae.

Elapidae Elapidae a family of usually terrestrial, venomous snakes, which have cylindrical tails and front fangs that are short, stout, immovable, and grooved. It includes cobras, kraits, coral snakes, Australian copperheads, Australian blacksnakes, brown snakes, tiger snakes, death adders, and mambas.

elastance élastance the quality of recoiling without disruption on removal of pressure, or an expression of the measure of the ability to do so in terms of unit of volume change per unit of pressure change. Symbol E. It is the reciprocal of compliance.

elastase élastase see pancreatic elastase.

elastic élastique able to resist and recover from stretching, compression, or distortion applied by a force.

elasticin élasticine elastin.

elastin élastine a yellow scleroprotein, the essential constituent of elastic connective tissue; it is brittle when dry, but when moist is flexible and elastic.

elast(o)- élast(o)- word element [L.], flexibility; elastin; elastic tissue.

elastofibroma élastofibrome a rare, benign, firm, unencapsulated tumor consisting of abundant sclerotic collagen and thick irregular elastic fibers.

elastolysis élastolyse the digestion of elastic substance or tissue.

elastoma élastome a local tumorlike excess of elastic tissue fibers or abnormal collagen fibers of the skin.

elastometry élastométrie the measurement of elasticity.

elastorrhexis élastorrhexie rupture of fibers composing elastic tissue.

elastosis élastose 1. degeneration of elastic tissue. 2. degenerative changes in the dermal connective tissue with increased amounts of material having staining properties of elastin. 3. any disturbance of the dermal connective tissue. actinic e. é. actinique photoaging of the skin with degeneration of the elastic tissue of the dermis. e. perforans serpiginosa, perforating e. é. perforante verruciforme an elastic tissue defect, occurring alone or in association with other disorders, including Down syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, in which elastomas are extruded through small keratotic papules in the epidermis; the lesions are usually arranged in arcuate serpiginous clusters on the sides of the nape, face, or arms.

elastotic élastosique 1. pertaining to or characterized by elastosis. 2. resembling elastic tissue; having the staining properties of elastin.

elation exaltation emotional excitement marked by acceleration of mental and bodily activity, with extreme joy and an overly optimistic attitude.

elbow coude 1. the bend in the upper limb between the arm and forearm. 2. any angular bend. little leaguer’s e. c. du lanceur medial epicondylitis of the elbow due to repeated stress on the flexor muscles of the forearm, often seen in adolescent ballplayers. miners’ e. c. du mineur enlargement of the bursa over the point of the elbow, due to resting the body weight on the elbow as in mining. pulled e. pronation douloureuse subluxation of the head of the radius distally under the round ligament. tennis e. épicondylite latérale, tennis elbow a painful condition of the outer elbow, due to inflammation or irritation of the extensor tendon attachment of the lateral humeral epicondyle.

electro- electro- word element [Gr.] electricity.

electroacoustic électroacoustique pertaining to the interaction or interconversion of electric and acoustic phenomena.

electroacupuncture électroacupuncture acupuncture in which the needles are stimulated electrically. e. after Voll (EAV) é. selon Voll a system of diagnosis and treatment based on the measurement of the electrical characteristics of acupoints, the results being used to determine a specific remedy.

electroanalgesia électroanalgésie the reduction of pain by electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve or the dorsal column of the spinal cord.

electrobiology électrobiologie the study of electric phenomena in living tissue.

electrocardiogram électrocardiogramme a graphic tracing of the variations in electrical potential caused by the excitation of the heart muscle and detected at the body surface. The normal electrocardiogram is a scalar representation that shows deflections resulting from cardiac activity as changes in the magnitude of voltage and polarity over time and comprises the P wave, QRS complex, and T and U waves. Abbreviated ECG or EKG. See also electrogram. scalar e. é. scalaire see electrocardiogram.

electrocardiography électrocardiographie the making of graphic records of the variations in electrical potential caused by electrical activity of the heart muscle and detected at the body surface, as a method for studying the action of the heart muscle. See also electrocardiogram and electrogram. Adj.: electrocardiographic.

electrocautery électrocautère an apparatus for surgical dissection and hemostasis, using heat generated by a high-voltage, high-frequency alternating current passed through an electrode.

electrochemical électrochimique pertaining to interaction or interconversion of chemical and electrical energies.

electrocoagulation électrocoagulation coagulation of tissue by means of an electric current.

electrocochleography électrocochléographie measurement of electrical potentials of the eighth cranial nerve in response to acoustic stimuli applied by an electrode to the external acoustic canal, promontory, or tympanic membrane. Adj.: electrocochleographic.

electrocontractility électrocontractilité contractility in response to electrical stimulation.

electroconvulsive électroconvulsif inducing convulsions by means of electric shock.

electrocorticography électrocorticographie electroencephalography with the electrodes applied directly to the cerebral cortex.

electrode électrode a conductor or medium by which an electric current is conducted to or from any medium, such as a cell, body, solution, or apparatus. active e. é. active in electromyography, an exploring e. calomel e. é. au calomel one capable of both collecting and giving up chloride ions in neutral or acidic aqueous media, consisting of mercury in contact with mercurous chloride; used as a reference electrode in pH measurements. esophageal e., esophageal pill e. é. œsophagienne a pill electrode that lodges in the esophagus at the level of the atrium to obtain electrograms and deliver pacing stimuli. exploring e. é. exploratrice in electrodiagnosis, that placed nearest to the site of bioelectric activity being recorded, determining the potential in that localized area. ground e. é. de terre one that is connected to a ground. indifferent e. é. indifférente reference e. needle e. é. aiguille a thin, cylindrical electrode with an outer shaft beveled to a sharp point, enclosing a wire or series of wires. patch e. é. adhésive a tiny electrode with a blunt tip that is used in studies of membrane potentials. pill e. é. sonde an electrode usually encased in a gelatin capsule and attached to a flexible wire so that it can be swallowed. recording e. é. enregistreuse that used to measure electric potential change in body tissue; for recording, two electrodes must be used, the exploring e. and the reference e. reference e. é. de référence an electrode placed at a site remote from the source of recorded activity, so that its potential is assumed to be negligible or constant. stimulating e. é. stimulante one used to apply electric current to tissue.

electrodermal électrodermal pertaining to the electrical properties of the skin, especially to changes in its resistance.

electrodesiccation électrodessication destruction of tissue by dehydration, done by means of a high-frequency electric current.

electrodialyzer électrodialyseur a blood dialyzer utilizing an applied electric field and semipermeable membranes for separating the colloids from the solution.

electroejaculation (EEJ) électroéjaculation induction of ejaculation by application of a gradually increasing electrical current delivered through a probe inserted into the rectum.

electroencephalogram (EEJ) électroencéphalogramme a recording of the potentials on the skull generated by currents emanating spontaneously from nerve cells in the brain, with fluctuations in potential seen as waves.

electroencephalography électroencéphalographie the recording of changes in electric potential in various areas of the brain by means of electrodes placed on the scalp or on or in the brain itself. Adj.: electroencephalographic.

electrofulguration électrofulguration a type of electrosurgery used to produce superficial desiccation of tissue.

electrofocusing électrofocalisation isoelectric focusing.

electrogastrography électrogastrographie the recording of the electrical activity of the stomach as measured between its lumen and the body surface. Adj.: electrogastrographic.

electrogenic électrogène pertaining to a process by which net charge is transferred to a different location so that hyperpolarization occurs.

electrogram électrogramme any record produced by changes in electric potential. esophageal e. é. œsophagien one recorded by an esophageal electrode, for enhanced detection of P waves and elucidation of complex arrhythmias. His bundle e. (HBE) é. du faisceau de His an intracardiac electrogram of potentials in the lower right atrium, atrioventricular node, and His-Purkinje system, obtained by positioning intracardiac electrodes near the tricuspid valve. intracardiac e. é. intracavitaire a record of changes in the electric potentials of specific cardiac loci, as measured with electrodes placed within the heart via cardiac catheters; used for loci that cannot be assessed by body surface electrodes, such as the bundle of His or other regions within the cardiac conducting system.

electrogustometry électrogustométrie the testing of the sense of taste by application of galvanic stimuli to the tongue.

electrohemostasis électro-hémostase arrest of hemorrhage by electrocautery.

electrohysterography électrohystérographie recording of changes in electric potential associated with uterine contractions.

electroimmunodiffusion électro-immunodiffusion immunodiffusion accelerated by application of an electric current.

electrokymography cinédensigraphie the photography on x-ray film of the motion of the heart or of other moving structures that can be visualized radiographically.

electrolysis électrolyse destruction by passage of a galvanic current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution or removal of excessive hair from the body. Adj.: electrolytic.

electrolyte électrolyte a substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, thus becoming capable of conducting electricity. amphoteric e. é. amphotère ampholyte; a compound containing at least one group that can act as a base and at least one that can act as an acid.

electromagnet électro-aimant a temporary magnet made by passing electric current through a coil of wire surrounding a core of soft iron.

electromagnetic électromagnétique involving both electricity and magnetism.

electromechanical électromécanique pertaining to interaction or interconversion of electrical and mechanical energies.

electromotive électromoteur causing electric activity to be propagated along a conductor.

electromyography (EMG) électromyographie the recording and study of the electrical properties of skeletal muscle. Adj.: electromyographic.

electron électron an elementary particle with the unit quantum of (negative) charge, constituting the negatively charged particles arranged in orbits around the nucleus of an atom and determining all of the atom’s physical and chemical properties except mass and radioactivity. Adj.: electronic.

electron-dense dense aux électrons, opaque aux électrons in electron microscopy, having a density that prevents electrons from penetrating.

electronegative électronégatif bearing a negative electric charge.

electronegativity électronégativité the relative power of an atom or molecule to attract electrons.

electroneurography électroneurographie the measurement of the conduction velocity and latency of peripheral nerves.

electroneuromyography électroneuromyographie electromyography in which the nerve of the muscle under study is stimulated by application of an electric current.

electronystagmography électronystagmographie electroencephalographic recordings of eye movements that provide objective documentation of induced and spontaneous nystagmus.

electro-oculogram électro-oculogramme the electroencephalographic tracings made while moving the eyes a constant distance between two fixation points, inducing a deflection of fairly constant amplitude; abbreviated EOG.

electro-olfactogram électro-olfactogramme a recording of electrical potential changes detected by an electrode placed on the surface of the olfactory mucosa as the mucosa is subjected to an odorous stimulus. Abbreviated EOG.

electrophile électrophile an electron acceptor. Adj.: electrophilic.

electrophoresis électrophorèse the separation of ionic solutes based on differences in their rates of migration in an applied electric field. Support media include paper, starch, agarose gel, cellulose acetate, and polyacrylamide gel, and techniques include zone, disc (discontinuous), two-dimensional, and pulsed-field. Adj.: electrophoretic. counter e. électrosynérèse counterimmunoelectrophoresis.

electrophoretogram électrophorétogramme the record produced on or in a supporting medium by bands of material that have been separated by the process of electrophoresis.

electrophrenic électrophrénique pertaining to electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve or diaphragm.

electrophysiology électrophysiologie 1. the study of the mechanisms of production of electrical phenomena, particularly in the nervous system, and their consequences in the living organism. 2. the study of the effects of electricity on physiological phenomena.

electropositive électropositif bearing a positive electric charge.

electroretinograph électrorétinographe an instrument to measure the electrical response of the retina to light stimulation; abbreviated ERG.

electroscission électro-incision cutting of tissue by means of electric cautery.

electroscope électroscope an instrument for measuring radiation intensity.

electroshock électrochoc shock produced by applying electric current to the brain.

electrostatic électrostatique pertaining to static electricity.

electrostriatogram électroencéphalogramme du striatum an electroencephalogram showing differences in electric potential recorded at various levels of the corpus striatum.

electrosurgery électrochirurgie surgery performed by electrical methods; the active electrode may be a needle, bulb, or disk. Adj.: electrosurgical.

electrotaxis électrotaxie taxis in response to electric stimuli.

electrotherapy électrothérapie treatment of disease by means of electricity.

electrotonic électrotonique 1. pertaining to electrotonus. 2. denoting the direct spread of current in tissues by electrical conduction, without the generation of new current by action potentials.

electrotonus électrotonus the altered electrical state of a nerve or muscle cell when a constant electric current is passed through it.

electroureterography électro-urétérographie electromyography in which the action potentials produced by peristalsis of the ureter are recorded.

electrovalence électrovalence 1. the number of charges an atom acquires by the gain or loss of electrons in forming an ionic bond. 2. the ionic bonding resulting from such a transfer of electrons. Adj.: electrovalent.

electrovert faire une cardioversion to apply electricity to the heart or precordium to depolarize the heart and terminate a cardiac dysrhythmia.

eledoisin élédoïsine an endecapeptide from a species of octopus (Eledone), which is a precursor of a large group of biologically active peptides; it has vasodilator, hypotensive, and extravascular smooth muscle stimulant properties.

eleidin éléidine a substance, allied to keratin, found in the stratum lucidum of the skin.

element élément 1. any of the primary parts or constituents of a thing. 2. in chemistry, a simple substance that cannot be decomposed by chemical means and that is made up of atoms which are alike in their peripheral electronic configurations and so in their chemical properties and also in the number of protons in their nuclei, but which may differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei and so in their mass number and in their radioactive properties. See Table of Elements. 3. in the philosophies underlying some complementary medicine systems, a member of a group of basic substances that give rise to everything that exists. five e’s cinq é. 1. see under phase. 2. in ayurvedic tradition, the basic entities (earth, air, fire, water, and space) whose interaction gives rise to material existence. formed e’s of the blood é. figurés du sang the blood cells. IS e. é. IS insertion sequence. trace e’s oligo-éléments, éléments-traces chemical elements distributed throughout the tissues in very small amounts and that are either essential in nutrition, as cobalt, copper, etc., or harmful, as selenium. transposable e. é. transposable a segment of DNA that can move from one genomic location to another, such as an insertion sequence, transposon, or certain bacteriophages. However, sometimes used interchangeably with transposon.

elementary élémentaire not resolvable or divisible into simpler parts or components.

ele(o)- élé(o)- word element [Gr.], oil.

elephantiasis éléphantiasis 1. a chronic filarial disease, usually seen in the tropics, due to infection with Brugia malayi or Wuchereria bancrofti, marked by inflammation and obstruction of the lymphatics and hypertrophy of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, chiefly affecting the legs and external genitals. 2. hypertrophy and thickening of the tissues from any cause. e. nostras é. nostras swelling of a lower limb from chronic streptococcal erysipelas or chronic recurrent cellulitis. e. scroti é. scrotal that affecting mainly the scrotum.

elephantoid éléphantiasique relating to or resembling elephantiasis.

eletriptan élétriptan a selective serotonin receptor agonist, with actions similar to those of sumatriptan, used as the hydrobromide salt in the treatment of migraine; administered orally

eleuthero éleuthéro Siberian ginseng.

elevator élévateur an instrument for lifting or tissues for removing osseous fragments or roots of teeth.

elimination élimination 1. the act of expulsion or extrusion, especially expulsion from the body. 2. omission or exclusion.

ELISA Elisa Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay; any enzyme immunoassay using an enzyme-labeled immunoreactant and an immunosorbent.

elixir élixir a clear, sweetened, alcohol-containing, usually hydroalcoholic liquid containing flavoring substances and sometimes active medicinal ingredients.

Elizabethkingia Elizabethkingia a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, nonmotile bacteria, including E. meningoseptica, a major cause of nosocomial infections.

elliptocyte ovalocyte an oval or elliptical erythrocyte.

elliptocytosis elliptocytose a hereditary disorder characterized by elliptocytes, with increased red cell destruction and anemia.

elm orme any tree of the genus Ulmus; Ulmus rubra is the slippery elm, the source of slippery elm bark.

eluate éluat the substance separated out by, or the product of, elution or elutriation.

elution élution in chemistry, separation of material by washing; the process of pulverizing substances and mixing them with water in order to separate the heavier constituents, which settle out in solution, from the lighter.

elutriation sédimentation purification of a substance by dissolving it in a solvent and pouring off the solution, thus separating it from the undissolved foreign material.

Em Em emmetropia.

emaciation émaciation a wasted condition of the body.

emasculation émasculation bilateral orchiectomy.

embalming embaumement treatment of a dead body to retard decomposition.

embarrass gêner to impede the function of; to obstruct.

embedding enrobage fixation of tissue in a firm medium, in order to keep it intact during cutting of thin sections.

embolectomy embolectomie surgical removal of an embolus.

emboli emboles, emboli plural of embolus.

embolic embolique pertaining to an embolus or to embolism.

emboliform emboliforme resembling an embolus.

embolism embolie the sudden blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material which has been brought to its site of lodgment by the blood current. air e. e. gazeuse that due to air bubbles entering the veins from trauma, surgical procedures, or severe decompression sickness. cerebral e. e. cérébrale embolism of a cerebral artery. coronary e. e. coronarienne embolism of a coronary artery. fat e. e. graisseuse obstruction by a fat embolus, occurring especially after fractures of large bones. miliary e. e. miliaire embolism affecting many small blood vessels. paradoxical e. e. paradoxale blockage of a systemic artery by a thrombus originating in a systemic vein that has passed through a defect in the interatrial or interventricular septum. pulmonary e. e. pulmonaire obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus.

embolization embolisation 1. the process or condition of becoming an embolus. 2. therapeutic introduction of a substance into a vessel in order to occlude it.

embolus embole, embolus pl. emboli [L.] a mass of clotted blood or other material brought by the blood from one vessel and forced into a smaller one, obstructing the circulation. See embolism. fat e. e. graisseux one composed of oil or fat. riding e., saddle e., straddling e. e. à califourchon one at the bifurcation of an artery, blocking both branches.

emboly gastrulation invagination of the blastula to form the gastrula.

embrasure embrasure the interproximal space occlusal to the area of contact of adjacent teeth in the same dental arch.

embryectomy embryotomie excision of an extrauterine embryo or fetus.

embryo embryon 1. in animals, those derivatives of the zygote that eventually become the offspring, during their period of most rapid growth, i.e., from the time the long axis appears until all major structures are represented. 2. in humans, the developing organism from fertilization to the end of the eighth week. Cf. fetus. 3. in plants, the element of the seed that develops into a new individual. Adj.: embryonal, embryonic. presomite e. e. présomite the embryo at any stage before the appearance of the first somite. previllous e. e. prévilleux the embryo before the placental chorionic villi develop. somite e. e. somitique the embryo between the appearance of the first and the last somites.

embryoblast embryoblaste inner cell mass; an aggregation of cells at the embryonic pole of the blastocyst, destined to form the embryo proper.

embryogenesis embryogenèse 1. the production of an embryo. 2. the development of a new individual by means of sexual reproduction, that is, from a zygote. Adj.: embryogenetic, embryogenic.

embryoid embryoïde resembling an embryo.

embryolethality embryolétalité embryotoxicity that causes death of the embryo.

embryology embryologie the science of the origin and development of the individual from fertilization of an oocyte to the end of the eighth week of development and, by extension, during any stage of prenatal development.

embryoma embryome a neoplasm thought to be derived from embryonic cells or tissues, such as a dermoid cyst, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma or sarcoma, or a nephroblastoma.

embryopathy embryopathie a morbid condition of the embryo or a disorder resulting from abnormal embryonic development. rubella e. e. de la rubéole congenital rubella syndrome.

embryoplastic embryoplastique pertaining to or concerned in formation of an embryo.

embryotomy embryotomie 1. the dismemberment of a fetus in the uterus or vagina to facilitate delivery that is impossible by natural means. 2. the dissection of embryos and fetuses.

embryotoxicity embryotoxicité developmental toxicity to an embryo.

embryotoxon embryotoxon a ringlike opacity at the margin of the cornea. anterior e. e. antérieur de la cornée embryotoxon. posterior e. e. postérieur de la cornée Axenfeld anomaly.

emedastine émédastine an antihistamine applied topically to the conjunctiva as e. difumarate in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

emedullate déméduller to remove bone marrow.

emergency urgence an unlooked for or sudden occurrence, often dangerous.

emergent 1. émergent coming out from a cavity or other part. 2. urgent pertaining to an emergency.

emery émeri an abrasive substance consisting of corundum and various impurities, such as iron oxide.

emesis émèse vomiting.

-emesis -émèse word element [Gr.], vomiting.

emetic émétique 1. causing vomiting. 2. an agent that causes vomiting.

emetine émétine an alkaloid derived from ipecac or produced synthetically; its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiamebic.

emetocathartic émétocathartique both emetic and cathartic, or an agent that so acts.

EMF FEM electromotive force.

-emia -émie word element [Gr.], condition of the blood.

emigration émigration diapedesis. leukocyte e. migration leucocytaire the escape (diapedesis) of leukocytes through the walls of small blood vessels.

eminence éminence a projection or boss. caudal e. é. caudale a taillike eminence in the early embryo, the remnant of the primitive node and the precursor of hindgut, adjacent notochord and somites, and the caudal part of the spinal cord.

eminentia eminentia pl. eminentiae [L.] eminence.

emissary émissaire 1. affording an outlet, as an emissary vein. 2. emissary vein.

emission émission 1. discharge (1). 2. an involuntary discharge of semen. nocturnal e. spermatorrhée nocturne reflex emission of semen during sleep. positron e. é. de positrons a form of radioactive decay in which a positron (β⁺) and neutrino are ejected from the nucleus as a proton is transformed into a neutron. Collision of the positron with an electron causes annihilation of both particles and conversion of their masses into energy in the form of two 0.511 MeV gamma rays.

emmenagogue emménagogue an agent or measure that induces menstruation. Adj.: emmenagogic.

emmenology emménologie the sum of knowledge about menstruation and its disorders.

emmetropia emmétropie a state of proper correlation between the refractive system of the eye and the axial length of the eyeball, rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis being brought to focus exactly on the retina. Symbol E. Adj.: emmetropic.

Emmonsia Emmonsia a genus of Fungi Imperfecti, soil saprobes; two species, E. crescens and E. parva, cause adiaspiromycosis in rodents and humans.

emollient émollient 1. softening or soothing. 2. an agent that softens or soothes the skin, or soothes an irritated internal surface.

emotion émotion a strong feeling state, arising subjectively and directed toward a specific object, with physiological, somatic, and behavioral components. Adj.: emotional.

empathy empathie intellectual and emotional awareness and understanding of another’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Adj.: empathic.

emphysema emphysème 1. a pathologic accumulation of air in tissues or organs. 2. pulmonary e. Adj.: emphysematous. atrophic e. e. atrophique senile e. bullous e. e. bulleux single or multiple large cystic alveolar dilatations of lung tissue. centriacinar e., centrilobular e. e. centro-acinaire focal dilatations of respiratory bronchioles rather than alveoli, throughout the lung among normal lung tissue. congenital lobar e. e. lobaire congénital overinflation of a lung, usually in early life in one of the upper lobes, with respiratory distress. hypoplastic e. e. hypoplasique pulmonary emphysema due to a developmental anomaly, with fewer and abnormally large alveoli. infantile lobar e. e. lobaire infantile congenital lobar e. interlobular e. e. interlobulaire air in the septa between lung lobules. interstitial e. e. interstitiel air in the peribronchial and interstitial tissues of the lungs. intestinal e. e. entérique pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. lobar e. e. lobulaire pulmonary emphysema involving less than all the lobes of the affected lung, such as unilateral emphysema. mediastinal e. e. médiastinal pneumomediastinum. obstructive e. e. obstructif that associated with partial bronchial obstruction that interferes with exhalation. panacinar e., panlobular e. e. panacinaire a type characterized by enlargement of air spaces throughout the acini. pulmonary e. e. pulmonaire abnormal increase in size of lung air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles. pulmonary interstitial e. (PIE) e. pulmonaire interstitiel a condition seen mostly in premature infants, in which air leaks from lung alveoli into interstitial spaces, often because of underlying lung disease or use of mechanical ventilation. senile e. e. sénile overdistention and stretching of lung tissues due to atrophic changes. subcutaneous e. e. sous-cutané air or gas in subcutaneous tissues, usually caused by intrathoracic injury. surgical e. e. chirurgical subcutaneous emphysema following surgery. unilateral e. e. unilatéral pulmonary emphysema affecting only one lung; it may be either congenital or acquired. vesicular e. e. vésiculaire panacinar e.

empiricism empirisme skill or knowledge based entirely on experience. Adj.: empiric, empirical.

emprosthotonos emprosthotonos tetanic forward flexure of the body.

empyema 1. empyème abscess. 2. pleurésie purulente a pleural effusion containing pus. Adj.: empyemic.

EMS Samu Emergency Medical Services.

EMT EMT emergency medical technician.

emtricitabine emtricitabine a reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection.

emulgent émulsifiant causing a straining or purifying process.

emulsifier émulsifiant an agent used to produce an emulsion.

emulsion émulsion a mixture of two immiscible liquids, one being dispersed throughout the other in small droplets; a colloid system in which both the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium are liquids.

emulsoid émulsoïde 1. lyophilic colloid. 2. rarely, emulsion.

ENA Emergency Nurses Association.

enalapril énalapril an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used as the maleate salt in the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction.

enalaprilat énalaprilate an angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor, the active metabolite of enalapril, used to treat hypertensive crisis and as an intravenous substitute for oral enalapril maleate.

enamel émail 1. the glazed surface of baked porcelain, metal, or pottery. 2. any hard, smooth, glossy coating. 3. dental enamel; the hard, thin, translucent substance covering and protecting the dentin of a tooth crown and composed almost entirely of calcium salts. mottled e. darmous, é. tacheté dental fluorosis: hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation; characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration.

enameloma amélome, énamélome a small spherical nodule of enamel attached to a tooth at the cervical line or on the root.

enamelum enamelum [L.] enamel.

enanthate énanthate contraction for heptanoate, the anionic form of the seven-carbon saturated fatty acid enanthic acid, which is producible by oxidation of fats.

enanthema énanthème pl. enanthemas, enanthemata an eruption on a mucous surface.

enantiobiosis énantiobiose commensalism in which the associated organisms are mutually antagonistic.

enantiomer énantiomère one of a pair of compounds having a mirror image relationship.

enantiomerism énantiomérisme the relationship between two stereoisomers having molecules that are mirror images of each other; they have identical chemical and physical properties in an achiral environment but form different products when reacted with other chiral molecules and exhibit optical activity. The enantiomer that rotates the plane of polarization of a beam of polarized light in the clockwise direction is indicated by the prefix (+)-, formerly d- or dextro-; that rotating the plane of polarization in the counterclockwise direction is indicated by the prefix (–)-, formerly l- or levo-.

enantiomorph énantiomorphe 1. enantiomer. 2. either of two crystals exhibiting enantiomerism.

enarthrosis énarthrose a joint in which the rounded head of one bone is received into a socket in another, as in the hip bone. Adj.: enarthrodial.

encainide encaïnide a sodium channel blocker that acts on the Purkinje fibers and myocardium; used as the hydrochloride salt in treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.

encephalatrophy atrophie cérébrale atrophy of the brain.

encephalic encéphalique 1. pertaining to the encephalon. 2. within the skull.

encephalitis encéphalite pl. encephalitides Inflammation of the brain. acute disseminated e. e. aiguë postinfectieuse see under encephalomyelitis. equine e. e. équine see under encephalomyelitis. granulomatous amebic e. e. granulomateuse amibienne a rare, chronic, usually fatal opportunistic infection caused by species of Acanthamoeba or certain other amebae in debilitated, immunocompromised, diabetic, or alcoholic patients. hemorrhagic e. e. hémorragique that in which there is inflammation of the brain with hemorrhagic foci and perivascular exudate. herpes e. e. à herpès that caused by herpesvirus, characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis of parts of the temporal and frontal lobes. HIV e. e. à VIH see under encephalopathy. Japanese B e. e. japonaise B a form of epidemic encephalitis of varying severity, caused by a flavivirus and transmitted by the bites of infected mosquitoes in eastern and southern Asia and nearby islands. La Crosse e. e. de La Crosse that caused by the La Crosse virus, transmitted by Aedes triseriatus and occurring primarily in children. lead e. e. saturnine see under encephalopathy. postinfectious e., postvaccinal e. e. postinfectieuse acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. St. Louis e. e. de Saint-Louis a viral disease resembling western equine encephalomyelitis, usually transmitted by mosquitoes. tick-borne e. e. à tiques any of several types of epidemic encephalitis usually spread by the bites of ticks infected with flaviviruses, sometimes accompanied by degenerative changes in other organs. West Nile e. e. du Nil occidental a usually mild, febrile form caused by the flavivirus West Nile virus, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes and first observed in Uganda; symptoms may include drowsiness, severe frontal headache, maculopapular rash, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and generalized lymphadenopathy.

encephalitogenic encéphalitogène causing encephalitis.

Encephalitozoon Encephalitozoon a genus of parasitic protozoa, causing infection mainly in immunocompromised patients; E. cuniculi affects predominantly the brain and kidney, E. hellem affects the eye, and E. intestinalis affects the intestines.

encephalitozoonosis encéphalitozoonose infection with protozoa of the genus Encephalitozoon.

encephal(o)- encéphal(o) word element [Gr.], brain.

encephalocele encéphalocèle hernia of part of the brain and meninges through a congenital, traumatic, or postsurgical cranial defect.

encephalocystocele encéphalocystocèle hydroencephalocele.

encephalography encéphalographie radiography demonstrating the intracranial fluidcontaining spaces after the withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid and introduction of air or other gas; it includes pneumoencephalography and ventriculography.

encephaloid encéphaloïde resembling the brain or brain substance.

encephalolith encéphalolithe a brain calculus.

encephalomalacia encéphalomalacie softening of the brain.

encephalomeningitis encéphaloméningite meningoencephalitis.

encephalomeningocele encéphaloméningocèle encephalocele.

encephalomere encéphalomère one of the segments making up the embryonic brain.

encephalometer encéphalomètre an instrument used in locating certain of the brain regions.

encephalomyelitis encéphalomyélite inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. acute disseminated e. e. aiguë postinfectieuse inflammation of the brain and spinal cord after infection (especially measles) or, formerly, rabies vaccination. acute necrotizing hemorrhagic e. e. hémorragique nécrosante aiguë a rare, fatal postinfection or allergic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, having a fulminating course; characterized by liquefactive destruction of the white matter and widespread necrosis of blood vessel walls. benign myalgic e. e. myalgique bénigne chronic fatigue syndrome. eastern equine e. (EEE) e. équine de l’Est a viral disease of horses and mules that can be spread to humans, seen in eastern North America and farther south; it usually affects children and the elderly and manifests as fever, headache, and nausea followed by drowsiness, convulsions, and coma. equine e. e. équine see eastern equine e., western equine e., and Venezuelan equine e. postinfectious e., postvaccinal e. e. postinfectieuse acute disseminated e. Venezuelan equine e. (VEE) e. équine du Venezuela a viral disease of horses and mules, communicable to humans, seen from Venezuela north to the southwestern United States; human infection resembles influenza, with little or no indication of nervous system involvement. western equine e. (WEE) e. équine de l’Ouest a viral disease of horses and mules, communicable to humans, especially children, seen in western North America and farther south; symptoms include fever, drowsiness, and convulsions.

encephalomyeloneuropathy encéphalomyéloneuropathie a disease involving the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

encephalomyeloradiculitis encéphalomyéloradiculite inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and spinal nerve roots.

encephalomyeloradiculopathy encéphalomyéloradiculopathie a disease involving the brain, spinal cord, and spinal nerve roots.

encephalomyocarditis encéphalomyocardite a viral disease marked by degenerative and inflammatory changes in skeletal and cardiac muscle and by central lesions resembling those of poliomyelitis.

encephalon encéphale the brain.

encephalopathy encéphalopathie any degenerative brain disease. AIDS e. e. du sida HIV e. anoxic e. e. (post-) anoxique hypoxic e. biliary e., bilirubin e. ictère nucléaire du nouveau-né kernicterus. bovine spongiform e. e. spongiforme bovine a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of adult cattle, transmitted by feed containing protein in the form of meat and bone meal derived from infected animals. The etiologic agent is also the cause of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. boxer’s e., boxer’s traumatic e. e. (traumatique) des boxeurs slowing of mental function, confusion, and scattered memory loss due to continual head blows absorbed in the boxing ring. dialysis e. e. des dialysés a degenerative disease of the brain associated with long-term use of hemodialysis, marked by speech disorders and constant myoclonic jerks, progressing to global dementia; it is due to high levels of aluminum in the dialysis fluid water or to aluminum-containing drugs used in treatment. hepatic e. e. hépatique a condition, usually occurring secondarily to advanced liver disease, marked by disturbances of consciousness that may progress to deep coma (hepatic coma), psychiatric changes of varying degree, flapping tremor, and fetor hepaticus. HIV e., HIV-related e. e. liée au VIH AIDS encephalopathy; a progressive primary encephalopathy caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, manifested by a variety of cognitive, motor, and behavioral abnormalities. hypoxic e. e. hypoxique encephalopathy caused by hypoxia from decreased rate of blood flow or decreased oxygen in the blood; severe cases can cause permanent brain damage within five minutes. hypoxic-ischemic e. e. hypoxique ischémique that resulting from fetal or perinatal asphyxia, characterized by feeding difficulties, lethargy, and convulsions. lead e. e. saturnine edema and central demyelination caused by excessive ingestion of lead compounds, particularly in young children. myoclonic e. of childhood e. myoclonique infantile a neurologic disorder of unknown etiology with onset between ages 1 and 3, characterized by myoclonus of trunk and limbs and by opsoclonus with ataxia of gait, and intention tremor; some cases have been associated with occult neuroblastoma. subacute spongiform e., transmissible spongiform e. e. spongiforme subaiguë prion disease. Wernicke e. e. de Gayet-Wernicke an inflammatory hemorrhagic form due to thiamine deficiency, usually associated with chronic alcoholism, with paralysis of the eye muscles, diplopia, nystagmus, ataxia, and usually accompanying or followed by Korsakoff syndrome.

encephalopyosis abcès cérébral suppuration or abscess of the brain.

encephalorrhagia encéphalorragie hemorrhage within or from the brain.

encephalosis encéphalose encephalopathy.

encephalotomy encéphalotomie incision of the brain.

enchondroma enchondrome pl. enchondromas, enchondromata a benign growth of cartilage arising in the metaphysis of a bone. Adj.: enchondromatous.

enchondromatosis enchondromatose hamartomatous proliferation of cartilage cells within the metaphysis of several bones, causing thinning of the overlying cortex and distortion of the growth in length; it may undergo malignant transformation.

enclave enclavement tissue detached from its normal connection and enclosed within another organ.

encopresis encoprésie fecal incontinence.

encyopyelitis pyélite gravidique dilatation and edema of the ureters and renal pelvis during normal pregnancy, but seldom with all the classic signs of inflammation.

encysted enkysté enclosed in a sac, bladder, or cyst.

endangiitis endartérite intimitis; inflammation of the tunica intima of a vessel.

endaortitis inflammation de l’intima de l’aorte inflammation of the tunica intima of the aorta.

endarterectomy endartériectomie excision of thickened atheromatous areas of the innermost coat of an artery.

endarteritis endartérite inflammation of the tunica intima of an artery.

endaural endaural within the ear.

endbrain télencéphale telencephalon.

endemic endémique present or usually prevalent in a population at all times.

endemoepidemic endémoépidémique endemic, but occasionally becoming epidemic.

endergonic endergonique characterized or accompanied by the absorption of energy; requiring the input of free energy.

end-foot bouton synaptique bouton terminal.

end(o)- end (o)- word element [Gr.], within; inward.

endoaneurysmorrhaphy endoanévrysmorraphie opening of an aneurysmal sac and suture of the orifices.

endoappendicitis endoappendicite inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vermiform appendix.

endoblast endoblaste endoderm.

endobronchial endobronchique within a bronchus or bronchi.

endobronchitis endobronchite inflammation of the epithelial lining of the bronchi.

endocardial endocardique 1. situated or occurring within the heart. 2. pertaining to the endocardium.

endocarditis endocardite exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, usually characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but also affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. Adj.: endocarditic. atypical verrucous e. e. verruqueuse atypique Libman-Sacks e. bacterial e. e. bactérienne infective endocarditis caused by bacteria, such as streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci, gonococci, or gram-negative bacilli. infectious e., infective e. e. infectieuse that due to infection with microorganisms, especially bacteria and fungi; currently classified on the basis of etiology or underlying anatomy. Libman-Sacks e. e. de Libman-Sacks nonbacterial endocarditis found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus, usually occurring on the atrioventricular valves. Löffler e., Löffler fibroplastic parietal e. syndrome de Löffler endocarditis associated with eosinophilia, marked by fibroplastic thickening of the endocardium, resulting in congestive heart failure, persistent tachycardia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, serous effusions into the pleural cavity, and edema of the limbs. mycotic e. e. mycosique infective endocarditis, usually subacute, due to a fungal infection, most commonly by Candida, Aspergillus, or Histoplasma. nonbacterial thrombotic e. (NBTE) e. thrombotique non bactérienne that usually occurring in chronic debilitating disease, characterized by noninfected vegetations consisting of fibrin and other blood elements and susceptible to embolization. prosthetic valve e. e. sur prothèse valvulaire infective endocarditis as a complication of implantation of a prosthetic heart valve; the vegetations are usually along the line of suture. rheumatic e. e. rhumatismale that associated with rheumatic fever; more accurately termed rheumatic valvulitis when an entire valve is involved. rickettsial e. e. à Rickettsia endocarditis caused by invasion of the heart valves with Coxiella burnetii; it is a sequela of Q fever, usually occurring in persons who have had rheumatic fever. vegetative e., verrucous e. e. végétative endocarditis whose characteristic lesions are vegetations or verrucae on the endocardium; it may be either infective or some other type.

endocardium endocarde the endothelial lining membrane of the cavities of the heart and the connective tissue bed on which it lies.

endocervicitis endocervicite inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterine cervix.

endocervix endocol 1. the mucous membrane lining the canal of the cervix uteri. 2. the region of the opening of the cervix into the uterine cavity. Adj.: endocervical.

endochondral endochondral situated, formed, or occurring within cartilage.

endocolitis endocolite inflammation of the mucous membrane of the colon.

endocranium endocrâne the endosteal layer of the dura mater of the brain.

endocrine endocrine 1. secreting internally. 2. pertaining to internal secretions; hormonal. See also under system.

endocrinologist endocrinologue a specialist in endocrinology.

endocrinology endocrinologie 1. the study of hormones and the endocrine system. 2. a medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system.

endocrinopathy endocrinopathie any disease due to disorder of the endocrine system. Adj.: endocrinopathic.

endocytosis endocytose the uptake by a cell of material from the environment by invagination of its plasma membrane; it includes both phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

endoderm endoderme the innermost of the three primitive germ layers of the embryo; from it are derived the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract (except the nose), digestive tract, bladder, and urethra. Adj.: endodermal, endodermic.

Endodermophyton Endodermophyton Trichophyton.

endodontics endodontie the branch of dentistry concerned with the etiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions that affect the tooth pulp, root, and periapical tissues.

endodontium endodonte dental pulp.

endodontology endodontie endodontics.

endoenteritis endoentérite inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.

endogamy endogamie fertilization by union of separate cells having the same genetic ancestry. Adj.: endogamous.

endogenous endogène produced within or caused by factors within the organism.

endolaryngeal endolaryngé situated or occurring within the larynx.

endolymph endolymphe the fluid within the membranous labyrinth. Adj.: endolymphatic.

endolysin endolysine a bactericidal substance in cells, acting directly on bacteria.

endometrial endométrial pertaining to the endometrium.

endometrioid endométrioïde resembling endometrium.

endometrioma endométriome a solitary nonneoplastic mass containing endometrial tissue.

endometriosis endométriose the aberrant occurrence of tissue containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements, in various locations in the pelvic cavity or other areas of the body. Adj.: endometriotic. e. externa e. externe endometriosis. e. interna e. interne adenomyosis. ovarian e. e. ovarienne that involving the ovary, in the form of either small superficial islands or epithelial (“chocolate”) cysts of various sizes.

endometritis endométrite inflammation of the endometrium. postpartum e., puerperal e. e. du postpartum that following childbirth, often a precursor of puerperal fever. syncytial e. e. syncytiale a benign tumor-like lesion with infiltration of the uterine wall by large syncytial trophoblastic cells. tuberculous e. e. tuberculeuse inflammation of the endometrium, usually also involving the uterine tubes, due to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with the presence of tubercles.

endometrium endomètre pl. endometria the mucous membrane lining the uterus.

endomitosis endomitose reproduction of nuclear elements within an intact nuclear envelope, not followed by chromosome movements and cytoplasmic division. Adj.: endomitotic.

endomorph endomorphe an individual having the type of body build in which endodermal tissues predominate: soft roundness throughout, large digestive viscera, fat accumulations, large trunk and thighs, and tapering limbs.

endomyocardial endomyocardique pertaining to the endocardium and the myocardium.

endomyocarditis endomyocardite inflammation of the endocardium and myocardium.

endomysium endomysium the sheath of delicate reticular fibrils surrounding each muscle fiber.

endoneuritis endonévrite inflammation of the endoneurium.

endoneurium endonèvre the innermost layer of connective tissue in a peripheral nerve, forming an interstitial layer around each individual fiber outside the neurilemma. Adj.: endoneurial.

endonuclease endonucléase any nuclease specifically catalyzing the hydrolysis of interior bonds of ribonucleotide or deoxyribonucleotide chains. restriction e. e. de restriction an endonuclease that hydrolyzes DNA, cleaving it at an individual site of a specific base pattern.

endopelvic endopelvien intrapelvic.

endopeptidase endopeptidase protease; any peptidase that catalyzes the cleavage of internal bonds in a polypeptide or protein.

endopericarditis endopéricardite inflammation of the endocardium and pericardium.

endoperitonitis endopéritonite inflammation of the serous lining of peritoneal cavity.

endophthalmitis endophtalmie inflammation of the ocular cavities and their adjacent structures.

endophyte endophyte a parasitic plant organism living within its host’s body.

endophytic endophytique 1. pertaining to an endophyte. 2. growing inward; proliferating on the interior of an organ or structure.

endoplasm endoplasme the central portion of the cytoplasm of a cell. Adj.: endoplasmic.

endopolyploidy endopolyploïdie [endo- + polyploidy] the occurrence in a diploid individual of cells containing 4, 8, 16, 32, etc., times the haploid number of chromosomes as the result of endomitosis. Adj.: endopolyploid.

endoprosthesis endoprothèse 1. a prosthesis entirely inside the body. 2. a hollow stent, such as in a bile duct for biliary drainage across an obstruction.

endopyelotomy endopyélotomie incision to correct a stenosed ureteropelvic junction, cutting from within using an instrument inserted through an endoscope.

endoreduplication endoréduplication replication of chromosomes without subsequent cell division.

end-organ plaque terminale one of the large encapsulated endings of sensory nerves.

endorphin endorphine any of three neuropeptides, α-, β-, and γ–endorphins; they are amino acid residues of β-lipotropin that bind to opiate receptors in various areas of the brain and have potent analgesic effect.

endosalpingitis endosalpingite inflammation of the endosalpinx.

endosalpingoma endosalpingiome adenomyoma of the uterine tube.

endosalpinx endosalpinx the mucous membrane lining the uterine tube.

endoscope endoscope an instrument for examining the interior of a hollow viscus.

endoscopy endoscopie visual examination by means of an endoscope. Adj.: endoscopic. peroral e. e. perorale examination of organs accessible to observation through an endoscope passed through the mouth.

endoskeleton endosquelette the cartilaginous and bony skeleton of the body, exclusive of that part of the skeleton of dermal origin.

endosmosis endosmose inward osmosis; inward passage of liquid through a membrane of a cell or cavity. Adj.: endosmotic.

endosome endosome 1. in endocytosis, a vesicle that has lost its coat of clathrin. 2. a nucleoluslike, intranuclear, RNA-containing organelle of certain flagellate protozoa that persists during mitosis.

endosseous endosseux endosteal (2).

endosteal endo-osseux 1. pertaining to the endosteum. 2. occurring or located within a bone.

endosteoma endostéome a tumor in the medullary cavity of a bone.

endosteum endoste the tissue lining the medullary cavity of a bone.

endotendineum endotendon the delicate connective tissue separating the secondary bundles (fascicles) of a tendon.

endothelia endothéliums [Gr.] plural of endothelium.

endothelial endothélial pertaining to or made up of endothelium.

endothelioblastoma endothélioblastome a tumor derived from primitive vasoformative tissue, it includes hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, lymphangioendothelioma, and lymphangiosarcoma.

endothelioma endothéliome any tumor, particularly a benign one, arising from the endothelial lining of blood vessels.

endotheliomatosis endothéliomatose formation of multiple, diffuse endotheliomas.

endotheliosis endothéliose proliferation of endothelium. glomerular capillary e. e. capillaire glomérulaire a renal lesion typical of eclampsia, characterized by deposition of fibrous material in and beneath the cells of the swollen glomerular capillary epithelium, occluding the capillaries.

endothelium endothélium pl. endothelia the layer of epithelial cells that lines the cavities of the heart, the serous cavities, and the lumina of the blood and lymph vessels.

endothermal endothermique endothermic.

endothermic endothermique characterized by or accompanied by the absorption of heat.

endothermy endothermie diathermy.

endothoracic endothoracique within the thorax; situated internal to the ribs.

endothrix endothrix a dermatophyte whose growth and spore production are confined chiefly within the hair shaft.

endotoxemia endotoxémie the presence of endotoxins in the blood, which may result in shock.

endotoxin endotoxine a heat-stable toxin present in the intact bacterial cell but not in cell-free filtrates of cultures of intact bacteria. Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharide complexes that occur in the cell wall; they are pyrogenic and increase capillary permeability. Adj.: endotoxic.

endotracheal endotrachéal within or through the trachea.

endourology endo-urologie the branch of urologic surgery concerned with closed procedures for visualizing or manipulating the urinary tract.

endovasculitis endovasculite endangiitis.

end plate plaque terminale a flat termination. motor e. p. p. motrice the discoid expansion of a terminal branch of the axon of a motor nerve fiber where it joins a skeletal muscle fiber, forming the neuromuscular junction.

endrin endrine a highly toxic insecticide of the chlorinated hydrocarbon group.

end-tidal téloexpiratoire pertaining to or occurring at the end of exhalation of a normal tidal volume.

enema lavement [Gr.] a solution introduced into the rectum to promote evacuation of feces or as a means of introducing nutrients, medicinal substances, or opaque material for radiologic examination of the lower intestinal tract. barium e. l. baryté contrast e. contrast e. l. au produit de contraste a suspension of barium injected into the intestine as a contrast medium. double-contrast e. l. à double contraste doublecontrast examination (q.v.) of the intestine.

energy énergie power which may be translated into motion, overcoming resistance, or effecting physical change; the ability to do work. Symbol E. free e., Gibbs free e. (G) é. libre that equal to the maximum amount of work that can be obtained from a process occurring under conditions of fixed temperature and pressure. kinetic e. é. cinétique the energy of motion. nuclear e. é. nucléaire energy that can be liberated by changes in the nucleus of an atom (as by fission of a heavy nucleus or fusion of light nuclei into heavier ones with accompanying loss of mass). potential e. é. potentielle energy at rest or not manifested in actual work. vital e. é. vitale see under force.

enervation énervation 1. lack of nervous energy. 2. neurectomy.

ENG ENG electronystagmography.

engagement engagement the entrance of the fetal head or presenting part into the superior pelvic strait.

engineering ingénierie the application of physical, mathematical, and mechanical principles to practical purposes. biomedical e. i. biomédicale the use of engineering in biomedical technology, such as the analysis of movement of body parts or prosthetics. genetic e. génie génétique, i. génétique the directed manipulation of the genome of a living organism for a variety of analytical, industrial, and medical applications; most methods involve use of recombinant DNA technology (q.v.).

engorgement engorgement 1. local congestion; distention with fluids. 2. hyperemia.

engraftment prise de greffe incorporation of grafted tissue into the body of the host.

enhancement facilitation 1. the act of augmenting or the state of being augmented. 2. immunologic enhancement; prolonged survival of tumor cells in animals immunized with antigens of the tumor because of “enhancing” or “facilitating” antibodies preventing an immune response against these antigens.

enkephalin enképhaline either of two pentapeptides (leu-enkephalin and met-enkephalin) occurring in the brain and spinal cord and also in the gastrointestinal tract; they have potent opiate-like effects and probably serve as neurotransmitters.

enol énol an organic compound in which one carbon of a double-bonded pair is also attached to a hydroxyl group, thus a tautomer of the ketone form; also used as a prefix or infix, often italicized.

enolase énolase an enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate, a step in the pathway of glucose metabolism. neuron-specific e. é. neurospécifique an isozyme of enolase found in normal neurons and all the cells of the neuroendocrine system; it is a marker for neuroendocrine differentiation in tumors.

enostosis énostase a morbid bony growth within a bone cavity or on the internal surface of the bone cortex.

enoxacin énoxacine a synthetic antibacterial effective against many gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria.

enoxaparin énoxaparine a low molecular weight heparin used as the sodium salt as an antithrombotic.

enoximone énoximone a phosphodiesterase inhibitor similar to inamrinone; used as a cardiotonic in the short-term management of congestive heart failure, administered intravenously.

ensiform ensiforme xiphoid (1).

ensulizole ensulizole a water-soluble absorber of ultraviolet B radiation, used topically as a sunscreen.

ENT ORL ears, nose, and throat (otorhinolaryngology).

entacapone entacapone an antidyskinetic used in conjunction with levodopa and carbidopa in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson disease.

entad en direction de l’intérieur toward a center; inwardly.

entamebiasis amibiase amebiasis caused by Entamoeba species.

Entamoeba Entamoeba a genus of amebas parasitic in the intestines of vertebrates, including three species commonly parasitic in humans: E. coli, found in the intestinal tract; E. gingivalis (E. buccalis), found in the mouth; and E. histolytica, the cause of amebic dysentery and tropical abscess of the liver.

enteral entéral enteric.

enteralgia entéralgie pain in the intestine.

enteric entérique within or pertaining to the small intestine.

enteric-coated gastrorésistant designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules that prevents release and absorption of active ingredients until they reach the intestine.

enteritis entérite inflammation of the intestine, especially of the small intestine. regional e. e. régionale Crohn disease.

enter(o)- entér(o)- word element [Gr.], intestines.

Enterobacter Enterobacter a genus of gramnegative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, widely distributed in nature and occurring in the intestinal tract of humans and animals; they frequently cause nosocomial infection, arising from contaminated medical devices and personnel. Species include E. cloacae, E. gergoviae, and E. sakazakii.

Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae a large, widespread family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the order Enterobacteriales, consisting of saprophytes and plant and animal parasites; members frequently cause nosocomial infection and are opportunistic pathogens.

Enterobacteriales Enterobacteriales an order of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the class Gammaproteobacteria.

enterobiasis entérobiase infection with nematodes of the genus Enterobius, especially E. vermicularis.

Enterobius Enterobius a genus of intestinal nematodes (superfamily Oxyuroidea), including E. vermicularis, the seatworm or pinworm, parasitic in the upper large intestine, and occasionally in the female genitals and bladder; infection is frequent in children, sometimes causing itching.

enterocele entérocèle 1. any hernia containing intestine. 2. hernia of intestine or a viscus into the posterior end of the labium majus.

enterocentesis entérocentèse surgical puncture of the intestine.

enteroclysis entéroclyse 1. the injection of liquids into the intestine. 2. introduction of barium into the small intestine through a nasogastric tube for radiographic examination.

Enterococcaceae Enterococcaceae a family of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic to microaerophilic, nonmotile cocci of the order Lactobacillales.

Enterococcus Enterococcus a genus of grampositive facultatively anaerobic cocci of the family Enterococcaceae; E. faecalis and E. faecium are normal inhabitants of the human intestinal tract that occasionally cause urinary tract infections, infective endocarditis, and bacteremia; E. avium is found primarily in the feces of chickens and may be associated with appendicitis, otitis, and brain abscesses in humans.

enterococcus entérocoque pl. enterococci an organism belonging to the genus Enterococcus.

enterocolectomy entérocolectomie resection of the intestine, including the ileum, cecum, and colon.

enterocolitis entérocolite inflammation of the small intestine and colon. antibiotic-associated e. e. associée aux antibiotiques that in which treatment with antibiotics alters the bowel flora and results in diarrhea or pseudomembranous enterocolitis. hemorrhagic e. e. hémorragique enterocolitis characterized by hemorrhagic breakdown of the intestinal mucosa, with inflammatory cell infiltration. necrotizing e., pseudomembranous e. e. nécrosante an acute inflammation of the bowel mucosa with formation of pseudomembranous plaques overlying an area of superficial ulceration, with passage of the pseudomembranous material in the feces; it may result from shock and ischemia or be associated with antibiotic therapy.

enterocutaneous entérocutanée pertaining to or communicating with the intestine and the skin, or surface of the body.

enterocyst entérokyste enteric cyst.

enterocystoma entérocystome enteric cyst.

enterocystoplasty entérocystoplastie the most common type of augmentation cystoplasty, using a portion of intestine for the graft.

enteroenterostomy entéro-entérostomie surgical anastomosis between two segments of the intestine.

enterogastrone entérogastrone anthelone E; a hormone of the duodenum which mediates the humoral inhibition of gastric secretion and motility produced by ingestion of fat.

enterogenous entérogène 1. arising from the foregut. 2. originating within the small intestine.

enteroglucagon entéroglucagon a glucagonlike hyperglycemic agent released by the mucosa of the upper intestine in response to the ingestion of glucose; immunologically distinct from pancreatic glucagon but with similar activities.

enterography entérographie radiographic examination of the intestines.

enterogram entérogramme 1. a radiograph of the intestines. 2. a tracing made by an instrument of the movements of the intestine.

enterohepatic entérohépatique pertaining to or connecting the liver and intestine.

enterohepatitis entérohépatite inflammation of the intestine and liver.

enterohepatocele entérohépatocèle an umbilical hernia containing intestine and liver.

enterolith entérolithe a calculus in the intestine.

enterology entérologie scientific study of the intestine.

enterolysis entérolyse surgical separation of intestinal adhesions.

enteroparesis entéroparésie relaxation of the intestine resulting in dilatation.

enteropathogenesis entéropathogenèse the production of intestinal diseases or disorders.

enteropathy entéropathie any disease of the intestine. Adj.: enteropathic. gluten e. e. (sensible) au gluten celiac disease.

enteropeptidase entérokinase an endopeptidase, secreted by the small intestine, which catalyzes the cleavage of trypsinogen to the active form trypsin.

enteropexy entéropexie surgical fixation of the intestine to the abdominal wall.

enteroplasty entéroplastie plastic repair of the intestine.

enterorrhagia entérorragie intestinal hemorrhage.

enterorrhexis entérorrhexie rupture of the intestine.

enteroscope entéroscope an endoscope for inspecting the inside of the intestine.

enteroscopy entéroscopie examination of the intestine with an enteroscope.

enterosepsis entérosepsie sepsis developed from the intestinal contents.

enterostenosis entérosténose narrowing or stricture of the intestine.

enterostomy entérostomie formation of a permanent opening into the intestine through the abdominal wall. Adj.: enterostomal.

enterotoxemia entérotoxémie a condition characterized by the presence in the blood of toxins produced in the intestines.

enterotoxin entérotoxine a toxin specific for the cells of the intestinal mucosa.

enterotropic entérotrope affecting the intestine.

enterovaginal entérovaginal pertaining to or communicating with the intestine and the vagina.

enterovenous entéroveineux communicating between the intestinal lumen and the lumen of a vein.

enterovesical entérovésical pertaining to or communicating with the urinary bladder and intestine.

Enterovirus Entérovirus enteroviruses; a genus of viruses of the family Picornaviridae that preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract, with infection usually asymptomatic or mild. Human enteroviruses were originally classified as polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, or echoviruses.

enterovirus entérovirus any virus of the genus Enterovirus. Adj.: enteroviral.

enthalpy enthalpie the heat content or chemical energy of a physical system; a thermodynamic function equal to the internal energy plus the product of the pressure and volume. Symbol H.

enthesis enthèse the site of attachment of a muscle or ligament to bone.

enthesopathy enthésopathie disorder of the muscular or tendinous attachment to bone.

enthetobiosis enthétobiose dependency on a mechanical implant, as on an artificial cardiac pacemaker.

ent(o)- ent(o)- word element [Gr.], within; inner.

entoblast entoblaste endoderm.

entochoroidea entochoroïde the inner layer of the choroid.

entocornea membrane de Descemet Descemet membrane.

entoderm entoderme endoderm. Adj.: entodermal, entodermic.

entomion entomion the tip of mastoid angle of parietal bone.

entomology entomologie that branch of biology concerned with the study of insects.

Entomophthorales Entomophtorales an order of fungi of the class Zygomycetes, typically parasites of insects but also causing human infections, often in apparently immunologically and physiologically normal people.

entomophthoromycosis entomophthoromycose any disease caused by fungi of the order Entomophthorales.

entopic entopique occurring in the proper place.

entoptic entoptique originating within the eye.

entoptoscopy entoscopie inspection of the interior of the eye.

entoretina entorétine the nervous or inner layer of the retina.

entozoon entozoaire pl. entozoa an internal animal parasite. Adj.: entozoic.

entrain soumettre à un rythme imposé to modulate the cardiac rhythm by gaining control of the rate of the pacemaker with an external stimulus.

entrainment 1. entraînement a technique for identifying the slowest pacing necessary to terminate an arrhythmia, particularly atrial flutter. 2. régulation the synchronization and control of cardiac rhythm by an external stimulus.

entrapment compression (trouble par) compression of a nerve or vessel by adjacent tissue.

entropion entropion inversion, or the turning inward, as of the margin of an eyelid.

entropy entropie 1. the measure of that part of the heat or energy of a system not available to perform work; it increases in all natural (spontaneous and irreversible) processes. Symbol S. 2. the tendency of any system to move toward randomness or disorder. 3. diminished capacity for spontaneous change.

entypy entypie a method of gastrulation in which the endoderm lies external to the amniotic ectoderm.

enucleation énucléation removal of an organ or other mass intact from its supporting tissues, as of the eyeball from the orbit.

enuresis énurésie urinary incontinence.

envelope enveloppe 1. an encompassing structure or membrane. 2. in virology the peplos, a coat surrounding the capsid and usually furnished at least partially by the host cell. 3. in bacteriology, the cell wall and the plasma membrane considered together. nuclear e. e. nucléaire the condensed double layer of lipids and proteins enclosing the cell nucleus and separating it from the cytoplasm; its two concentric membranes, inner and outer, are separated by a perinuclear space.

envenomation envenimement poisoning by venom.

environment environnement the sum total of all the conditions and elements that make up the surroundings and influence the development of an individual. Adj.: environmental.

envy envie a desire to have anothers possessions or qualities for oneself. penis e. e. du pénis the concept that the female envies the male his possession of a penis or, more generally, any of his characteristics.

enzacamene enzacamène an absorber of ultraviolet radiation, used topically as a sunscreen.

enzygotic monozygote developed from the same zygote.

enzyme enzyme a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reactions. Enzymes are divided into six main groups: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. Symbol E. allosteric e. e. allostérique one whose catalytic activity is altered by binding of specific ligands at sites other than the substrate binding site. brancher e., branching e. e. branchante 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme: an enzyme that catalyzes the creation of branch points in glycogen (in plants, amylopectin); deficiency causes glycogen storage disease type IV. constitutive e. e. constitutive one produced constantly, irrespective of environmental conditions or demand. debrancher e., debranching e. e. débranchante 1. amylo-1,6-glucosidase. 2. any enzyme removing branches from macromolecules, usually polysaccharides, by cleaving at branch points. induced e., inducible e. e. adaptative one whose production can be stimulated by another compound, often a substrate or a structurally related molecule. proteolytic e. e. protéolytique peptidase. repressible e. e. répressible one whose rate of production is decreased as the concentration of certain metabolites is increased. respiratory e. e. respiratoire one that is part of an electron transport (respiratory) chain.

enzymopathy enzymopathie an inborn error of metabolism consisting of defective or absent enzymes, as in the glycogenoses or the mucopolysaccharidoses.

EOG EOG electro-olfactogram.

eosin éosine any of a class of rose-colored stains or dyes, all being bromine derivatives of fluorescein; eosin Y, the sodium salt of tetrabromofluorescein, is much used in histologic and laboratory procedures.

eosinopenia éosinopénie abnormal deficiency of eosinophils in the blood.

eosinophil éosinophile a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with two lobes connected by a thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules of uniform size.

eosinophilia éosinophilie abnormally increased eosinophils in the blood.

eosinophilic éosinophile 1. readily stainable with eosin. 2. pertaining to eosinophils. 3. pertaining to or characterized by eosinophilia.

EP PE evoked potential.

ep- ep- see epi-.

EPA EPA eicosapentaenoic acid.

epactal épactal 1. supernumerary. 2. sutural bone.

epallobiosis épallobiose dependency on an external life-support system, as on a heart-lung machine or hemodialyzer.

epaxial épi-axial situated upon or above an axis.

ependyma épendyme the membrane lining the cerebral ventricles and the central canal of the spine. Adj.: ependymal.

ependymoblast épendymoblaste an embryonic ependymal cell.

ependymocyte épendymocite an ependymal cell.

ependymoma épendymome a neoplasm, usually slow growing and benign, composed of differentiated ependymal cells.

ephapse éphapse electrical synapse. Adj.: ephaptic.

ephebiatrics médecine adolescente the branch of medicine which deals especially with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and problems peculiar to youth.

Ephedra Ephedra a genus of low, branching shrubs indigenous to China and India. E. equisetina Bunge., E. sinica Stapf., E. vulgaris, and other species (all called ma huang in China) are sources of ephedrine.

ephedrine éphédrine an adrenergic extracted from several species of Ephedra or produced synthetically; used in the form of the hydrochloride, sulfate, or tannate salt as a bronchodilator, antiallergic, central nervous system stimulant, and antihypotensive. It has also been used in supplements, with benefits claimed to include weight loss, increased energy, and enhanced athletic performance.

ephelis éphélide pl. ephelides [Gr.] freckle.

epi- épi- word element [Gr.], upon; over.

epiandrosterone épiandrostérone an androgenic steroid less active than androsterone and excreted in small amounts in normal human urine.

epiblast épiblaste 1. the upper layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc present during the second week; it gives rise to ectoderm. 2. ectoderm. 3. ectoderm, except for the neural plate. Adj.: epiblastic.

epiblepharon épiblépharon a developmental anomaly in which a horizontal fold of skin stretches across the border of the eyelid, pressing the eyelashes inward, against the eyelid.

epiboly épibolie a process by which an outside cell layer spreads to envelope a yolk mass or deeper layer of cells.

epibulbar épibulbaire situated upon the eyeball.

epicanthus épicanthus a vertical fold of skin on either side of the nose, sometimes covering the inner canthus; a normal characteristic in persons of certain races, but anomalous in others. Adj.: epicanthal, epicanthic.

epicardia portion inférieure de l’œsophage the portion of the esophagus below the diaphragm.

epicardium épicarde the visceral pericardium.

epichorion épichorion the portion of the uterine mucosa enclosing the implanted conceptus.

epicondylalgia épichondylalgie pain in the muscles or tendons attached to the epicondyle of the humerus.

epicondyle épicondyle an eminence upon a bone, above its condyle.

epicondylus epicondylus pl. epicondyli [L.] epicondyle.

epicranium épicranium the muscles, skin, and aponeurosis covering the skull.

epicrisis épicrise a secondary crisis.

epicritic épicritique determining accurately; said of cutaneous nerve fibers sensitive to fine variations of touch or temperature.

epicystotomy épicystotomie cystotomy by the suprapubic method.

epicyte épicyte cell membrane.

epidemic épidémique occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

epidemiology épidémiologie the science concerned with the study of the factors determining and influencing the frequency and distribution of disease, injury, and other health-related events and their causes in a defined human population. Also, the sum of knowledge gained in such a study.

epidermis épiderme pl. epidermides the outermost and nonvascular layer of the skin, derived from the embryonic ectoderm, varying in thickness from 0.07-1.4 mm. On the palmar and plantar surfaces it comprises, from within outward, five layers: (1) basal layer (stratum basale), composed of columnar cells arranged perpendicularly; (2) prickle cell or spinous layer (stratum spinosum), composed of flattened polyhedral cells with short processes or spines; (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum) composed of flattened granular cells; (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum), composed of several layers of clear, transparent cells in which the nuclei are indistinct or absent; and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum), composed of flattened, cornified, non-nucleated cells. In the epidermis of the general body surface, the clear layer is usually absent. Adj.: epidermal, epidermic.

epidermitis épidermite inflammation of the epidermis.

epidermodysplasia épidermodysplasie faulty development of the epidermis. e. verruciformis é. verruciforme a rare, autosomal recessive condition of widespread verruca plana, caused by infection with human papillomavirus, with a tendency to malignant degeneration.

epidermoid épidermoïde 1. pertaining to or resembling the epidermis. 2. epidermoid cyst.

epidermoidoma épidermoïdome epidermoid cyst (2).

epidermolysis épidermolyse loosening of the epidermis. Adj.: epidermolytic. acquired e. bullosa é. bulleuse acquise an autoimmune condition with autoantibodies against collagen in fibrils at the dermal-epidermal junction; bullae and blisters are usually on pressure areas of the hands and feet. e. bullosa é. bulleuse a large group of skin diseases in which bullae and vesicles develop at the site of trauma; there are hereditary and acquired forms. In the hereditary types there may be severe scarring after healing, or extensive denuded areas after rupture of the lesions. e. bullosa simplex é. bulleuse simple a group of hereditary nonscarring types; the localized type may not be evident until adolescence or adulthood when the person exerts heavily such as by hiking; generalized forms are seen in infants and vary widely from moderate to severe, becoming evident as the infant begins to crawl and bump around. dystrophic e. bullosa é. bulleuse dystrophique hereditary types seen in neonates and infants, with atrophy and scarring after blisters heal, and dystrophy or absence of the nails. Autosomal dominant and recessive forms exist, with the recessive forms often being severely disabling or even fatal. hereditary e. bullosa é. bulleuse héréditaire types that are inherited; see dystrophic e. bullosa, junctional e. bullosa, and e. bullosa simplex. junctional e. bullosa é. bulleuse jonctionnelle hereditary types seen in neonates and babies, with severe generalized blistering on the head, trunk, or lower limbs and often death from septicemia.

Epidermophyton Epidermophyton a genus of fungi, including E. floccosum, which attacks skin and nails but not hair and is one of the causative agents of tinea cruris, tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), and onychomycosis.

epidermophytosis épidermophytose 1. dermatophytosis. 2. a fungal skin infection due to Epidermophyton.

epididymis épididyme pl. epididymides [Gr.] an elongated cordlike structure along the posterior border of the testis; its coiled duct provides for storage, transit, and maturation of spermatozoa and is continuous with the ductus deferens. Adj.: epididymal.

epididymitis épididymite inflammation of the epididymis.

epididymo-orchitis épididymo-orchite inflammation of the epididymis and testis.

epididymovasostomy épididymovasostomie vasoepididymostomy.

epidural épidural situated upon or outside the dura mater.

epidurography épidurographie radiography of the spine after a radiopaque medium has been injected into the epidural space.

epiestriol épiestriol an estrogenic steroid found in pregnant women.

epigastrium épigastre the upper and middle region of the abdomen, located within the sternal angle. Adj.: epigastric.

epigenesis épigenèse the development of an organism from an undifferentiated cell, consisting in the successive formation and development of organs and parts that do not preexist in the fertilized egg.

epigenetic épigénétique 1. pertaining to epigenesis. 2. altering the activity of genes without changing their DNA sequence.

epigenetics épigénétique the study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without changes in the DNA sequence.

epigenome épigénome the set of heritable modifications that interact with a genome to affect gene expression in a given differentiated cell without altering the nucleotide sequence.

epigenotype épigénotype the pattern of gene expression in a differentiated cell, being a function of the combination of the genotype and epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation.

epiglottidectomy épiglottectomie excision of the epiglottis.

epiglottis épiglotte the lidlike cartilaginous structure overhanging the entrance to the larynx, guarding it during swallowing; see Plate 31. Adj.: epiglottic.

epiglottitis épiglottite supraglottitis.

epilation épilation depilation.

epilatory épilatoire depilatory.

epilemma épilemme endoneurium.

epilepsia épilepsie [L.] epilepsy. e. partialis continua é. partielle continue a form of status epilepticus with focal motor seizures, marked by continuous clonic movements of a limited part of the body.

epilepsy épilepsie any of a group of syndromes characterized by paroxysmal transient disturbances of brain function that may be manifested as episodic impairment or loss of consciousness, abnormal motor phenomena, psychic or sensory disturbances, or perturbation of the autonomic nervous system; symptoms are due to disturbance of the electrical activity of the brain. absence e. absence épileptique that characterized by absence seizures, usually having its onset in childhood or adolescence. Baltic myoclonic e. é. myoclonique baltique Unverricht-Lundborg disease. focal e. é. focale that consisting of focal seizures. generalized e. é. généralisée epilepsy in which the seizures are generalized; they may have a focal onset or be generalized from the beginning. grand mal e. é. tonicoclonique, grand mal a symptomatic form of epilepsy, often preceded by an aura, characterized by sudden loss of consciousness with tonic-clonic seizures. jacksonian e. é. jacksonienne epilepsy marked by focal motor seizures with unilateral clonic movements that start in one muscle group and spread systematically to adjacent groups, reflecting the march of epileptic activity through the motor cortex. juvenile myoclonic e. é. myoclonique juvénile a syndrome of sudden myoclonic jerks, occurring particularly in the morning or under periods of stress or fatigue, primarily in children and adolescents. Lafora myoclonic e. é. myoclonique de Lafora Lafora disease. myoclonic e., myoclonus e. é. myoclonique any of a group of disorders in which seizures (epilepsy) are accompanied by muscle contractions (myoclonus); included are a benign idiopathic form, juvenile myoclonic e., as well as various progressive inherited disorders. petit mal e. petit mal absence e. photic e., photogenic e. é. photosensible reflex epilepsy in which seizures are induced by a flickering light. posttraumatic e. é. posttraumatique that occurring after head injury. psychomotor e. é. psychomotrice temporal lobe e. reflex e. é. réflexe epileptic seizures occurring in response to sensory stimuli. rotatory e. é. versive giratoire temporal lobe epilepsy in which the automatisms consist of rotating body movements. sensory e. épigénétique 1. seizures manifested by paresthesias or hallucinations of sight, smell, or taste. 2. reflex e. somatosensory e. é. somesthésique, é. somatosensorielle sensory epilepsy with paresthesias such as burning, tingling, or numbness. temporal lobe e. é. du lobe temporal a form characterized by complex partial seizures. visual e. é. visuelle sensory epilepsy in which there are visual hallucinations.

epileptic épileptique 1. pertaining to or affected with epilepsy. 2. a person affected with epilepsy.

epileptiform épileptiforme 1. resembling epilepsy or its manifestations. 2. occurring in severe or sudden paroxysms.

epileptogenic épileptogène causing an epileptic seizure.

epileptoid épileptoïde epileptiform.

epimandibular épimandibulaire situated on the lower jaw.

epimastigote épimastigote a morphologic stage in the life cycle of certain trypanosomatid protozoa; the kinetoplast and basal body are located anterior to the central vesicular nucleus of the slender elongate cell, and the flagellum passes anteriorly attached to the body by an undulating membrane, becoming free-flowing at the anterior end.

epimer épimère either of two optical isomers that differ in the configuration around one asymmetric carbon atom.

epimerase épimérase an isomerase that catalyzes inversion of the configuration about an asymmetric carbon atom in a substrate having more than one center of asymmetry; thus epimers are interconverted.

epimere épimère the dorsal portion of a somite, from which is formed muscles innervated by the dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve.

epimerization épimérisation the changing of one epimeric form of a compound into another, as by enzymatic action.

epimorphosis épimorphose the regeneration of a part of an organism by proliferation at the cut surface. Adj.: epimorphic.

epimysiotomy épimysiotomie incision of the epimysium.

epimysium épimysium the fibrous sheath around an entire skeletal muscle. See Plate 7.

epinephrine adrénaline, épinéphrine a catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a central nervous system neurotransmitter released by some neurons. It is stored in chromaffin granules and is released in response to hypoglycemia, stress, and other factors. It is a potent stimulator of the sympathetic nervous system (adrenergic receptors), and a powerful vasopressor, increasing blood pressure, stimulating the heart muscle, accelerating the heart rate, and increasing cardiac output. It is used as a topical vasoconstrictor, cardiac stimulant, systemic antiallergic, bronchodilator, and topical antiglaucoma agent; for the last two uses it is also administered as the bitartrate salt. Called also adrenaline (Great Britain).

epinephros capsule surrénale adrenal gland.

epinephryl borate borate d’épinéphryl epinephrine complexed with borate; applied topically to the conjunctiva in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma.

epineurium épinèvre the outermost layer of connective tissue of a peripheral nerve. Adj.: epineurial.

epiotic épiotique situated on or above the ear.

epiphenomenon épiphénomène an accessory, exceptional, or accidental occurrence in the course of any disease.

epiphora épiphora [Gr.] overflow of tears due to obstruction of lacrimal duct.

epiphyseal épiphysaire pertaining to or of the nature of an epiphysis.

epiphysial épiphysaire epiphyseal.

epiphysis épiphyse pl. epiphyses [Gr.] the expanded articular end of a long bone, developed from a secondary ossification center, which during the period of growth is either entirely cartilaginous or is separated from the shaft by a cartilaginous disk. annular e. é. annulaire a raised ring of compact bone at the periphery of the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body; generally considered to be a secondary ossification center. stippled e’s maladie (congénitale) des épiphyses pointillées chondrodysplasia punctata.

epiphysitis épiphysite inflammation of an epiphysis or of the cartilage joining the epiphysis to a bone shaft.

epiphyte épiphyte a plant ectoparasite. Adj.: epiphytic.

epipia partie de la pie-mère adjacente à l’arachnoïde the part of the pia mater adjacent to the arachnoidea mater, as distinguished from the pia-glia. Adj.: epipial.

epiploon épiploon [Gr.] omentum. Adj.: epiploic.

epiretinal épirétinien overlying the retina.

epirubicin épirubicine an antineoplastic with action similar to doxorubicin; used in the treatment of various carcinomas, leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.

episclera épisclère the loose connective tissue between the sclera and the conjunctiva.

episcleral épiscléral 1. overlying the sclera. 2. of or pertaining to the episclera.

episcleritis épisclérite inflammation of the episclera and adjacent tissues. nodular e. é. nodulaire that characterized by a mobile, tender, localized, injected nodule within the inflamed area.

episioperineoplasty épisiopérinéoplastie plastic repair of the vulva and perineum.

episioperineorrhaphy épisiopérinéorraphie suture of the vulva and perineum.

episiorrhaphy épisiorraphie 1. suture of the labia majora. 2. suture of a lacerated perineum.

episiostenosis épisiosténose narrowing of the vulvar orifice.

episiotomy épisiotomie surgical incision into the perineum and vagina to prevent traumatic tearing during delivery.

episode épisode a noteworthy happening occurring in the course of a continuous series of events. hypomanic e. é. hypomaniaque a period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood resembling a manic episode but less severe. major depressive e. é. dépressif majeur a period of at least two weeks marked by depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in virtually all activities, associated with some combination of: altered weight, appetite, or sleep patterns, psychomotor agitation or retardation, difficulty in thinking or concentration, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, and thoughts of death and suicide. manic e. é. maniaque a period of predominant mood elevation, expansiveness, or irritation together with some combination of inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need of sleep, talkativeness, flight of ideas, distractibility, hyperactivity, hypersexuality, and recklessness. mixed e. é. mixte a period during which the symptoms of both a major depressive episode and of a manic episode occur nearly every day, with rapidly alternating moods.

episome épisome in bacterial genetics, any accessory extrachromosomal replicating genetic element that can exist either autonomously or integrated with the chromosome.

epispadias épispadias congenital absence of the upper wall of the urethra, occurring in both sexes, but more often in the male, with the urethral opening somewhere on the dorsum of the penis. Adj.: epispadiac, epispadial.

epistasis 1. epistasis stase suppression of a secretion or excretion. 2. épistasie the interaction between genes at different loci that results in one gene masking the expresssion of the other.

epistaxis épistaxis nosebleed; hemorrhage from the nose, usually due to rupture of small vessels overlying the anterior part of the cartilaginous nasal septum.

episternum épisternum a bone present in reptiles and monotremes that may be represented as part of the manubrium, or first piece of the sternum.

epithalamus épithalamus the part of the diencephalon just superior and posterior to the thalamus, comprising the pineal body and adjacent structures; considered by some to include the stria medullaris.

epithelial épithélial pertaining to or composed of epithelium.

epithelialization épithélialisation healing by the growth of epithelium over a denuded surface.

epithelialize épithélialiser to cover with epithelium.

epitheliitis épithéliite inflammation of epithelium.

epithelioid épithélioïde resembling epithelium.

epitheliolysin épithéliolysine a cytolysin formed in the serum in response to injection of epithelial cells from a different species; it is capable of destroying epithelial cells of animals of the donor species.

epitheliolysis épithéliolyse destruction of epithelial tissue. Adj.: epitheliolytic.

epithelioma épithéliome 1. any tumor derived from epithelium. 2. loosely and incorrectly, carcinoma. Adj.: epitheliomatous. malignant e. é. malin carcinoma.

epithelium épithélium pl. epithelia [Gr.] the cellular covering of internal and external body surfaces, including skin and the lining of vessels and small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances and is classified according to the number of layers and the shape of the cells. ciliated e. é. cilié that bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface. columnar e. é. prismatique that composed of columnar cells. cuboidal e. é. cubique that composed of cuboidal cells. glandular e. é. glandulaire that composed of secreting cells. olfactory e. é. olfactif pseudostratified epithelium lining the olfactory region of the nasal cavity and containing the receptors for the sense of smell. pseudostratified e. é. pseudostratifié a type that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels. sense e., sensory e. é. sensoriel neuroepithelium (def. 1). simple e. é. simple that composed of a single layer of cells. squamous e. é. pavimenteux that composed of squamous cells. stratified e. é. stratifié that composed of cells arranged in layers. stratified squamous e. é. pavimenteux stratifié epithelium such as that of typical skin, having a basal layer of cuboidal cells and overlying layers of squamous cells. transitional e. é. de transition a type often found lining hollow organs that are subject to great mechanical change due to contraction and distention; formerly thought to represent a transition between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium.

epitope épitope an antigenic determinant (see under determinant) of known structure.

epitrichium épitrichium periderm (1).

epitrochlea épitrochlée the inner condyle of the humerus.

epitympanic épitympanique 1. situated upon or over the tympanum. 2. pertaining to the epitympanum (epitympanic recess).

epitympanum attique epitympanic recess.

eplerenone éplérénone an aldosterone antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.

epoetin époétine alfa a recombinant form of human erythropoietin, used as an antianemic; in the United States the form used is e. alfa but e. beta may be used elsewhere.

eponychium éponychium 1. cuticle; the narrow band of epidermis extending from the nail wall onto the nail surface. 2. the horny fetal epidermis at the site of the future nail.

epoöphoron époophore, organe de Rosen-Müller a vestigial structure associated with the ovary.

epoprostenol époprosténol name for prostacyclin when used pharmaceutically; used in the form of the sodium salt as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation when blood contacts nonbiological systems, a pulmonary antihypertensive, and a vasodilator.

epoxide époxyde an organic compound containing a reactive group resulting from the union of an oxygen atom with two other atoms, usually carbon, that are themselves joined together.

epoxy époxy 1. epoxide. 2. see under resin.

EPP PPE erythropoietic protoporphyria.

eprosartan éprosartan an angiotensin II antagonist used as the mesylate salt as an antihypertensive.

Epsilonproteobacteria Epsilonproteobacteria a class of bacteria of the Proteobacteria.

eptifibatide eptifibatide an inhibitor of platelet aggregation used for the prevention of thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome or undergoing certain percutaneous coronary procedures.

epulis épulis pl. epulides [Gr.] 1. a nonspecific term used for tumors and tumorlike masses of the gingiva. 2. peripheral ossifying fibroma. giant cell e. é. à cellules géantes a sessile or pedunculated lesion of the gingiva, representing an inflammatory reaction to injury or hemorrhage.

equation équation an expression of equality between two parts. Henderson-Hasselbalch é. é. de Henderson-Hasselbalch a formula for calculating the pH of a buffer solution such as blood plasma.

equatorial équatorial 1. pertaining to an equator. 2. occurring at the same distance from each extremity of an axis.

equiaxial équiaxial having axes of the same length.

equilibration équilibration the achievement of a balance between opposing elements or forces. occlusal e. é. occlusale modification of the occlusal stress, to produce simultaneous occlusal contacts, or to achieve harmonious occlusion.

equilibrium équilibre 1. balance; harmonious adjustment of parts. 2. sense of equilibrium. dynamic e. é. dynamique the condition of balance between varying, shifting, and opposing forces that is characteristic of living processes.

equilin équiline an estrogen in urine of pregnant mares.

equine équin pertaining to, characteristic of, or derived from the horse.

equinovalgus équinovalgus talipes equinovalgus.

equinovarus équinovarus talipes equinovarus.

equipotential équipotentiel having similar and equal power or capability.

equivalent équivalent 1. having the same value; neutralizing or counterbalancing each other. 2. see under weight. migraine e. é. migraineux the presence of the aura associated with a migraine but in the absence of a headache.

ER SU emergency room; endoplasmic reticulum; estrogen receptor.

Er Er erbium.

ERBF DSRE effective renal blood flow.

erbium (Er) erbium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 68.

erectile érectile capable of erection.

erection érection the condition of being rigid and elevated, as erectile tissue when filled with blood.

erector érecteur [L.] a structure that erects, as a muscle which raises or holds up a part.

erg erg a unit of work or energy, being the work performed when a force of 1 dyne moves its point of operation through a distance of 1 cm; equal to 10⁻⁷joule.

ERGIC CIREG endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment

ergocalciferol ergocalciférol vitamin D2; a sterol occurring in fungi and some fish oils or synthesized from ergosterol, with similar activity and metabolism to those of cholecalciferol; used as a dietary source of vitamin D and in the treatment of hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, rickets, and osteodystrophy associated with a variety of disorders

ergometer ergomètre a dynamometer. bicycle e. véloergomètre an apparatus for measuring the muscular, metabolic, and respiratory effects of exercise.

ergonomics ergonomie the science relating to humans and their work, including the factors affecting the efficient use of human energy.

ergonovine ergométrine an alkaloid, from ergot or produced synthetically, used in the form of the maleate salt as an oxytocic and as a diagnostic aid in coronary vasospasm.

ergostat ergostat a machine to be worked for muscular exercise.

ergosterol ergostérol a sterol occurring mainly in yeast and forming ergocalciferol (vitamin D₂) on ultraviolet irradiation or electronic bombardment.

ergot ergot du seigle the dried sclerotium of the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which is developed on rye plants; ergot alkaloids are used as oxytocics and in treatment of migraine. See also ergotism.

ergotamine ergotamine an alkaloid of ergot; the tartrate salt is used for relief of migraine and cluster headaches.

ergotism ergotisme chronic poisoning produced by ingestion of ergot, marked by cerebrospinal symptoms, spasms, cramps, or by a kind of dry gangrene.

erogenous érogène arousing erotic feelings.

erosion érosion wearing away of a surface; a shallow or superficial ulceration; in dentistry, the wasting away or loss of tooth substance by a chemical process without known bacterial action. Adj.: erosive.

erotic érotique 1. charged with sexual feeling. 2. pertaining to sexual desire.

erotism érotisme a sexual instinct or desire; the expression of one’s instinctual energy or drive, especially the sex drive. anal e. é. anal fixation of libido at (or regression to) the anal phase of infantile development; said to produce egotistic, dogmatic, stubborn, miserly character. genital e. é. génital achievement and maintenance of libido at the genital phase of psychosexual development, permitting acceptance of normal adult relationships and responsibilities. oral e. é. buccal fixation of libido at the oral phase of infantile development; said to produce passive, insecure, sensitive character.

erotogenic érotogène erogenous.

erotomania érotomanie 1. a type of delusional disorder in which the subject harbors a delusion that a particular person is deeply in love with them; lack of response is rationalized, and pursuit and harassment may occur. 2. occasionally, hypersexuality. Adj.: erotomanic.

erotophobia érotophobie irrational fear of love, especially of sexual feelings and activities.

ERP résection endocardiaque endocardial resection procedure.

ERPF FPRE effective renal plasma flow.

error erreur a defect in structure or function; a deviation. inborn e. of metabolism e. innée du métabolisme a genetically determined biochemical disorder in which a specific enzyme defect causes a metabolic block that may have pathologic consequences at birth or in later life. refractive e. e. de réfraction deviation from optimal focusing of light by the lens of the eye onto the retina.

erucic acid acide érucique a fatty acid occurring in rapeseed and mustard oils; because it has been linked to cardiac muscle damage, edible canola oil products are prepared from low erucic acid varieties of rapeseed plants.

eructation éructation belching; casting up wind from the stomach through the mouth.

eruption éruption 1. the act of breaking out, appearing, or becoming visible, as eruption of the teeth. 2. visible efflorescent lesions of the skin due to disease, with redness, prominence, or both; a rash. Adj.: eruptive. creeping e. dermatite vermineuse rampante, myiase rampante cutanemée cutaneous larva migrans. drug e. toxidermie an eruption or a solitary lesion caused by a drug taken internally. fixed e. é. fixe a circumscribed inflammatory skin lesion(s) recurring at the same site(s) over a period of months or years; each attack lasts only a few days but leaves residual pigmentation which is cumulative.

ERV VRE expiratory reserve volume.

erysipelas érysipèle an acute contagious type of cellulitis due to infection with Streptococcus pyogenes, with redness and swelling of affected areas, constitutional symptoms, and sometimes vesicular and bullous lesions.

erysipeloid érysipéloïde a cellulitis of the hand seen in handlers of fish or meat products, caused by Erysipelothrix insidiosa.

Erysipelothrix Erysipelothrix a genus of gram-positive, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Erysipelotrichaceae, containing the single species E. rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of swine erysipelas and erysipeloid.

Erysipelotrichaceae Erysipelotrichaceae a family of gram-positive, aerobic to anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the class Mollicutes.

erythema érythème redness of the skin due to congestion of the capillaries. Adj.: erythematous, erythemic. e. annulare é. annulaire a type of gyrate erythema with ring-shaped lesions. e. annulare centrifugum é. annulaire centrifuge a chronic variant of erythema multiforme usually affecting the thighs and lower legs, with single or multiple erythematous-edematous papules that enlarge peripherally and clear in the center to produce annular lesions that may coalesce. e. chronicum migrans é. chronique migrateur a deep form of gyrate erythema seen in Lyme disease. At the site of the tick bite a red papule develops and expands slowly, producing an annular lesion with central clearing. cold e. é. au froid a congenital hypersensitivity to cold seen in children, characterized by localized pain, widespread erythema, occasional muscle spasms, and vascular collapse on exposure to cold, and vomiting after drinking cold liquids. gyrate e. é. gyratum erythema multiforme with lesions of different shapes that tend to spread peripherally with central clearing. e. gyratum repens erythema gyratum repens a superficial form of gyrate erythema, almost always associated with internal malignancy, characterized by migratory, elevated wavy bands over the entire body. e. induratum é. induré de Bazin a type of chronic necrotizing vasculitis, usually on the calves of young women and often associated with cutaneous tuberculosis. e. infectiosum é. infectieux a mildly contagious, sometimes epidemic, disease of children between age 4 and 12, marked by a rose-colored, coarsely lacelike macular rash and caused by human parvovirus B19. e. marginatum eczéma marginé, é. marginé discoïde de Besnier a superficial, often asymptomatic, form of gyrate erythema sometimes seen with rheumatic fever, characterized by a transient, slightly indurated eruption on the trunk and extensor surfaces of the limbs. e. migrans é. migrateur 1. benign migratory glossitis. 2. e. chronicum migrans. e. multiforme é. polymorphe a symptom complex with highly variable skin lesions, including macular papules, vesicles, and bullae; attacks are usually self-limited but recurrences are the rule. e. nodosum é. noueux an acute inflammatory skin disease marked by tender red nodules, usually on the shins, due to exudation of blood and serum. e. nodosum leprosum é. noueux lépreux a form of lepra reaction seen in lepromatous and sometimes borderline leprosy, marked by tender, inflamed subcutaneous nodules; the reactions resemble multifocal Arthus reactions. e. toxicum neonatorum é. allergique des nouveau-nés a self-limited urticarial condition affecting infants in the first few days of life.

erythemogenic érythématogène producing erythema.

erythrasma érythrasma a chronic bacterial infection of the major skin folds due to Corynebacterium minutissimum, marked by red or brownish patches on the skin.

erythremia maladie de Vaquezpolyglobulie primitive polycythemia vera.

erythremic érythrémique pertaining to erythroid cells, particularly to those occurring in the blood in abnormal numbers or exhibiting abnormal development.

erythr(o)érythr(o)word element [Gr.], red; erythrocyte.

erythroblast érythroblaste originally, any nucleated erythrocyte, but now more generally used to designate a nucleated precursor cell in the erythrocytic series (q.v.). Four developmental stages in the series are recognized: the proerythroblast (q.v.), the basophilic e., in which the cytoplasm is basophilic, the nucleus is large with clumped chromatin, and the nucleoli have disappeared; the polychromatophilic e., in which the nuclear chromatin shows increased clumping and the cytoplasm begins to acquire hemoglobin and takes on an acidophilic tint; and the orthochromatic e., the final stage before nuclear loss, in which the nucleus is small and ultimately becomes a blue-black, homogeneous, structureless mass.

erythroblastoma érythroblastome a tumorlike mass composed of nucleated red blood cells.

erythroblastopenia érythroblastopénie abnormal deficiency of erythroblasts.

erythroblastosis érythroblastose the presence of erythroblasts in the circulating blood. Adj.: erythroblastotic. e. fetalis, e. neonatorum é. du nouveau-né hemolytic anemia of the fetus or newborn due to transplacental transmission of maternally formed antibody against the fetus’ erythrocytes, usually secondary to an incompatibility between the mother’s Rh blood group and that of her offspring.

erythrochromia érythrochromie hemorrhagic, red pigmentation of the spinal fluid.

erythroclasis érythroclasie fragmentation of the red blood cells. Adj.: erythroclastic.

erythroclast érythroclaste ghost cell (2).

erythrocyanosis érythrocyanose susmalléolaire (des jeunes filles) coarsely mottled bluish red discoloration on the legs and thighs, especially of girls; thought to be a circulatory reaction to exposure to cold.

erythrocytapheresis érythraphérèse the withdrawal of blood, separation and retention of red blood cells, and retransfusion of the remainder into the donor.

erythrocyte érythrocyte red blood cell; corpuscle; one of the formed elements in peripheral blood. Normally, in humans, the mature form is a non-nucleated, yellowish, biconcave disk, containing hemoglobin and transporting oxygen. For immature forms, see erythrocytic series, under series. basophilic e. é. basophile an abnormal erythrocyte that takes basic stains, as seen in basophilia. hypochromic e. é. hypochrome one that contains less than normal concentration of hemoglobin and as a result appears paler than normal; it is usually also microcytic. normochromic e. é. normochrome one of normal color with a normal concentration of hemoglobin. polychromatic e., polychromatophilic e. é. polychromatique one that, on staining, shows shades of blue combined with tinges of pink. target e. leptocyte see under cell.

erythrocythemia érythrocythémie hypercythemia; an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the blood, as in erythrocytosis.

erythrocytic érythrocytaire 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of erythrocytes. 2. pertaining to the erythrocytic series.

erythrocytolysis érythrocytolyse dissolution of erythrocytes and escape of the hemoglobin.

erythrocytophagy érythrocytophagie erythrophagocytosis.

erythrocytorrhexis érythrocytorrhexis the escape from erythrocytes of round, shiny granules and the splitting off of particles.

erythrocytoschisis érythrocytoschisis degeneration of erythrocytes into platelet-like bodies.

erythrocytosis érythrocytose increase in the total red cell mass secondary to any of a number of nonhematogenic systemic disorders in response to a known stimulus (secondary polycythemia), in contrast to primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera). leukemic e. é. leucémique polycythemia vera. stress e. é. de stress, syndrome de Gaisböck see under polycythemia.

erythroderma érythrodermie abnormal redness of the skin over widespread areas of the body. Adj.: erythrodermic. congenital ichthyosiform e. é. ichtyosiforme congénitale a generalized hereditary dermatitis with scaling, which occurs in bullous (epidermolytic hyperkeratosis) and nonbullous (lamellar ichthyosis) forms. e. desquamativum é. desquamative des nourrissons Leiner disease. psoriatic e. psoriasis érythrodermique erythrodermic psoriasis.

erythrodontia érythrodontie reddish brown pigmentation of the teeth.

erythrogenesis érythrogenèse erythropoiesis. e. imperfecta anémie hypoplasique congénitale, anémie hypoplasique de Diamond-Blackfan congenital hypoplastic anemia (1).

erythrogenic érythrogène 1. producing erythrocytes. 2. producing a sensation of red. 3. erythemogenic.

erythroid érythroïde 1. of a red color; reddish. 2. pertaining to the cells of the erythrocytic series.

erythrokeratodermia érythrokératodermie a reddening and hyperkeratosis of the skin. e. variabilis é. variable (de Mendes da Costa) a rare hereditary form of ichthyosis marked by transient, migratory areas of discrete, macular erythroderma as well as fixed hyperkeratotic plaques.

erythrokinetics érythrocinétique the quantitative, dynamic study of in vivo production and destruction of erythrocytes.

erythrolabe érythrolabe the pigment in retinal cones that is more sensitive to the red range of the spectrum than are the other pigments (chlorolabe and cyanolabe).

erythroleukemia érythroleucémie a malignant blood dyscrasia, one of the myeloproliferative disorders, with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.

erythromelalgia érythromélalgie paroxysmal, bilateral vasodilation, particularly of the limbs, with burning pain and increased skin temperature and redness.

erythromycin érythromycine a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces erythreus; used against gram-positive bacteria and certain gram-negative bacteria, spirochetes, some rickettsiae, Entamoeba, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae; used in the form of the gluceptate, lactobionate, stearate, and other salts.

erythron érythron the circulating erythrocytes in the blood, their precursors, and all the body elements concerned in their production.

erythroneocytosis érythronéocytose presence of immature erythrocytes in the blood.

erythropenia érythropénie deficiency in the number of erythrocytes.

erythrophage érythrophage a phagocyte that ingests erythrocytes.

erythrophagocytosis érythrophagocytose phagocytosis of erythrocytes.

erythrophil érythrophile 1. a cell or other element that stains easily with red. 2. easily stained with red. Adj.: erythrophilous.

erythrophobia érythrophobie 1. irrational fear of the color red, often accompanied by fear of blood (hematophobia). 2. fear of blushing; a distressing tendency to blush frequently.

erythrophose érythrophose any red phose.

erythroplakia érythroplakie a slow-growing, erythematous, velvety red lesion with well-defined margins, occurring on a mucous membrane, most often in the oral cavity.

erythroplasia érythroplasie a condition of the mucous membranes characterized by erythematous papular lesions. e. of Queyrat maladie de Queyrat penile intraepithelial neoplasia.

erythropoiesis érythropoïèse the formation of erythrocytes. Adj.: erythropoietic.

erythropoietin érythropoïétine a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the kidney in the adult and by the liver in the fetus, which acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production (erythropoiesis). recombinant human e. (r-HuEPO) é. humaine recombinante epoetin.

erythroprosopalgia érythroprosopalgie a disorder similar to erythromelalgia, but with the redness and pain in the face.

erythrorrhexis érythrorrhexie erythrocytorrhexis.

erythrosis érythrose 1. red to purple discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, caused by capillary dilatation. 2. hyperplasia of the hematopoietic tissue.

erythrostasis érythrostase the stoppage of erythrocytes in the capillaries, as in sickle cell anemia.

Es Es einsteinium.

escape échappement, évasion the act of becoming free. atrioventricular junctional e., nodal e. échappement de la jonction auriculoventriculaire one or more escape beats in which the atrioventricular node is the cardiac pacemaker. vagal e. échappement vagal the exhaustion of or adaptation to neural chemical mediators in the regulation of systemic arterial pressure. ventricular e. échappement ventriculaire the occurrence of one or more ectopic beats in which a ventricular pacemaker becomes effective before the sinoatrial pacemaker; it usually occurs with slow sinus rates and often, but not necessarily, with increased vagal tone.

eschar escarre 1. a slough produced by a thermal burn, by a corrosive application, or by gangrene. 2. tache noire.

escharotic escarotique an agent corrosive to tissue.

Escherichia Escherichia a widely distributed genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Most species are nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens E. coli E. coli a species constituting the greater part of the normal intestinal flora of humans and other animals; most are nonpathogenic, but pathogenic strains causing pyogenic infections and diarrhea are common.

escutcheon pilosité pubienne the pattern of distribution of the pubic hair.

-esis -ésie word element [Gr.], state; condition.

esmarch bande d’Esmarch Esmarch bandage.

esmolol esmolol a cardioselective β1-blocker used as the hydrochloride salt as an antiarrhythmic in the short-term control of atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and noncompensatory sinus tachycardia.

eso- éso- word element [Gr.], within.

esomeprazole magnesium ésoméprazole a proton pump inhibitor, administered orally as the magnesium salt in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and in the treatment of duodenal ulcer associated with Helicobacter pylori infection.

esophageal œsophagien of or pertaining to the esophagus.

esophagism œsophagisme spasm of the esophagus.

esophagitis œsophagite inflammation of the esophagus. chronic peptic e. œ. peptique chronique reflux e. pill e. œ. due à une pilule that resulting from irritation by a pill that passes too slowly through the esophagus. reflux e. œ. peptique (œ. par reflux gastro-œsophagien) severe gastroesophageal reflux with damage to the esophageal mucosa, often with erosion and ulceration, and sometimes leading to stricture, scarring, and perforation.

esophagocele œsophagocèle abnormal distention of the esophagus; protrusion of the esophageal mucosa through a rupture in the muscular coat.

esophagocoloplasty œsophagocoloplastie excision of a portion of esophagus and its replacement by a segment of colon.

esophagoesophagostomy œsophagœsophagostomie anastomosis between two formerly remote parts of the esophagus.

esophagogastric œsophagogastrique gastroesophageal (def. 1).

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) fibroscopie œsophagogastroduodénale endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

esophagogastroplasty œsophagogastroplastie plastic repair of the esophagus and stomach.

esophagogastrostomy œsophagogastrostomie anastomosis of the esophagus to the stomach.

esophagojejunostomy œsophagojéjunostomie anastomosis of the esophagus to the jejunum.

esophagomyotomy œsophago-myotomie incision through the muscular coat of the esophagus.

esophagorespiratory œsophago-respiratoire pertaining to or communicating with the esophagus and respiratory tract (trachea or a bronchus).

esophagoscopy œsophagoscopie endoscopic examination of the esophagus.

esophagostenosis stricture of the esophagus.

esophagotomy œsophagotomie incision of the esophagus.

esophagus œsophage the musculomembranous passage extending from the pharynx to the stomach.

esophoria ésophorie deviation of the visual axis toward that of the other eye in the absence of visual fusional stimuli.

esotropia ésotropie cross-eye; deviation of the visual axis of one eye toward that of the other eye. Adj.: esotropic.

ESR TSE erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

ESRD IRT end-stage renal disease.

essence essence 1. that which is or necessarily exists as the cause of the properties of a body. 2. in traditional Chinese medicine, jing (q.v.). 3. huile essentielle a solution of a volatile oil in alcohol.

essential essentiel 1. constituting the inherent part of a thing; giving a substance its peculiar and necessary qualities. 2. indispensable; required in the diet, as essential fatty acids. 3. idiopathic; having no obvious external cause.

EST TEC electroshock therapy.

ester ester a compound formed from an alcohol and an acid by removal of water.

esterase estérase any enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an ester into its alcohol and acid.

esterify estérifier to combine with an alcohol with elimination of a molecule of water, forming an ester.

esterolysis estérolyse the hydrolysis of an ester into its alcohol and acid. Adj.: esterolytic.

esthesiology esthésiologie the scientific study or description of the sense organs and sensations.

esthesodic esthésodique conducting or pertaining to conduction of sensory impulses.

esthetics esthétique in dentistry, a philosophy concerned especially with the appearance of a dental restoration, as achieved through its color or form.

estimate estimation 1. a rough calculation or one based on incomplete data. 2. a statistic used to characterize the value of a population parameter.

estimate estimer 1. to produce or use a rough calculation. 2. to measure or calculate a statistic for characterization of a population parameter.

estimator estimateur estimate (2).

estradiol estradiol the most potent estrogen in humans; pharmacologically, it is often used in the form of its esters (e.g., e. cypionate, e. valerate) or as a semisynthetic derivative (ethinyl e.). For properties and uses, see estrogen.

estramustine estramustine an antineoplastic containing estradiol joined to mechlorethamine, used for palliative treatment of metastatic or progressive carcinoma of the prostate; used as e. phosphate sodium.

estrin œstrogène estrogen.

estriol œstriol a relatively weak human estrogen (q.v.), being a metabolic product of estradiol and estrone found in high concentrations in urine, especially during pregnancy.

estrogen œstrogène a generic term for estrus-producing compounds; the female sex hormones, including estradiol, estriol, and estrone. In humans, the estrogens are formed in the ovary, adrenal cortex, testis, and fetoplacental unit, and are responsible for female secondary sex characteristic development, and, during the menstrual cycle, act on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Uses for estrogens include oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, advanced prostate or postmenopausal breast carcinoma treatment, and osteoporosis prophylaxis. conjugated e’s o. œ. conjugués a mixture of the sodium salts of the sulfate esters of estrone and equilin, having the actions and uses of estrogens. esterified e’s o. œ. estérifiés a mixture of the sodium salts of esters of estrogenic substances, principally estrone; the uses are those of estrogens.

estrogenic œstrogénique 1. estrus-producing; having the properties of, or similar to, an estrogen. 2. pertaining to, having the effects of, or similar to an estrogen.

estrone estrone an estrogen isolated from pregnancy urine, human placenta, palm kernel oil, and other sources, also prepared synthetically; for properties and uses, see estrogen.

estrophilin œstrophiline a cell protein that acts as a receptor for estrogen, found in estrogenic target tissue and in estrogen-dependent tumors and metastases.

estropipate estropipate a compound of estrone sulfate and piperazine; used as an estrogen.

ESV VTS end-systolic volume.

etanercept étanercept a soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor that inactivates tumor necrosis factor, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

ethacrynate étacrynate a salt, ester, or the conjugate base of ethacrynic acid; the sodium salt has the same actions as the acid.

ethacrynic acid acide étacrynique a loop diuretic used in the treatment of edema, including that associated with congestive heart failure or hepatic or renal disease, ascites, and hypertension.

ethambutol éthambutol an antibacterial, specifically effective against Mycobacterium; used with one or more other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, administered as the hydrochloride salt.

ethanol éthanol ethyl alcohol; a primary alcohol formed by microbial fermentation of carbohydrates or by synthesis from ethylene. Excessive ingestion results in acute intoxication and ingestion during pregnancy can harm the fetus. The pharmaceutical preparation is called alcohol.

ethanolamine éthanolamine monoethanolamine. e. oleate oléate d’éthanolamine the oleate salt of monoethanolamine, used as a sclerosing agent in treatment of varicose veins and esophageal varices.

ether 1. éther an organic compound having an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms; R-O-R′. 2. é. éthylique C₂H₅OC₂H₅ (diethyl or ethyl e.); the first inhalational anesthetic used for surgical anesthesia, now little used because of its flammability.

ethereal éthéré 1. pertaining to, prepared with, containing, or resembling ether. 2. evanescent; delicate.

ethinyl éthinyl the radical HC C—, derived from acetylene. e. estradiol éthinylestradiol a semisynthetic derivative of estradiol; used in combination with a progestational agent as an oral contraceptive, in hormone replacement therapy, and as an antineoplastic in the treatment of advanced breast and prostate cancers.

ethionamide éthionamide an antibacterial, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis; used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

ethmofrontal ethmoïdofrontal pertaining to the ethmoid and frontal bones.

ethmoid ethmoïde 1. sievelike; cribriform. 2. ethmoid bone. Adj.: ethmoidal.

ethmoidectomy ethmoïdectomie excision of ethmoidal cells or of a portion of the ethmoid bone.

ethmoidotomy ethmoïdotomie incision into the ethmoid sinus.

ethmomaxillary ethmoïdomaxillaire pertaining to the ethmoid and maxillary bones.

ethmoturbinal ethmoturbinal pertaining to the superior and middle nasal conchae.

ethnic ethnique pertaining to a group sharing cultural bonds or physical characteristics.

ethnobiology ethnobiologie the study of the interaction between cultural groups and the plant and animal life in their environment.

ethnobotany ethnobotanique the systematic study of the interactions between a culture and the plants in its environment, particularly the knowledge about and use of such plants.

ethnology ethnologie the science dealing with the major cultural groups of humans, their descent, relationship, etc.

ethnomedicine ethnomédecine medical systems based on the cultural beliefs and practices of specific ethnic groups. Adj.: ethnomedical.

ethnopharmacology ethnopharmacologie the systematic study of the use of medicinal plants by specific cultural groups.

ethology éthologie the scientific study of animal behavior, particularly in the natural state. Adj.: ethological.

ethopropazine éthopropazine profénamine an antidyskinetic used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of parkinsonism and for the control of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions.

ethosuximide éthosuximide an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of seizures in absence epilepsy.

ethotoin éthotoïne an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of grand mal epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy.

ethyl éthyle the monovalent radical, C₂H₅. e. chloride chlorure d’é. a local anesthetic sprayed on intact skin to produce anesthesia by superficial freezing caused by its rapid evaporation.

ethylcellulose éthylcellulose an ethyl ether of cellulose; used as a pharmaceutical tablet binder.

ethylene éthylène a colorless flammable gas, CH₂5CH₂, with a slightly sweet odor and taste; formerly used as an inhalation anesthetic. e. dibromide dibromure d’é. a fumigant and gasoline additive; it is a skin and mucous membrane irritant and is carcinogenic. e. dichloride dichlorure d’é. a solvent, gasoline additive, and intermediate; it is irritating and toxic, and can be carcinogenic. e. glycol é. glycol a solvent used as an antifreeze; ingestion can cause central nervous system depression, vomiting, hypotension, coma, convulsions, and death. e. oxide oxyde d’é. a gas used in manufacturing organic compounds and as a fumigant, fungicide, and sterilizing agent; it is highly irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes and is carcinogenic.

ethylenediamine éthylène-diamine a clear liquid with an ammonialike odor and a strong alkaline reaction; complexed with theophylline it forms aminophylline.

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) acide éthylène-diamine-tétraacétique a chelating agent that binds calcium and other metals, used as an anticoagulant for preserving blood specimens; also used to treat lead poisoning and hypercalcemia (see edetate).

ethylidene éthylidène the bivalent radical CH₃CH its chloride derivative is used as a solvent and fumigant and is toxic and irritant.

ethylnorepinephrine éthylnoradrénaline a synthetic adrenergic, used as the hydrochloride salt in treatment of bronchial asthma.

ethynodiol éthynodiol a progestational agent used, as the diacetate salt, in combination with an estrogen component as an oral contraceptive.

etidocaine étidocaïne a local anesthetic used as the hydrochloride salt for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, retrobulbar block, and epidural block.

etidronate étidronate a diphosphonate compound used for treatment of osteitis deformans, heterotopic ossification, and neoplasm-associated hypercalcemia, usually as the disodium salt. Complexed with technetium 99 m it is also used in bone scanning.

etiology étiologie 1. the science dealing with causes of disease. 2. the cause of a disease. Adj.: etiologic, etiological.

ET-NANB ET-NANB enterically transmitted non-A, non-B; see hepatitis E, under hepatitis.

etodolac étodolac a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug used as an analgesic and antiinflammatory, especially to treat arthritis.

etomidate étomidate a sedative-hypnotic, administered intravenously for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia.

etoposide étoposide a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin used as the base or the phosphate salt as an antineoplastic, particularly for treating testicular tumors and small cell lung carcinoma.

Eu Eu europium.

eu- eu- word element [Gr.], normal; good; well; easy.

Eubacteriaceae Eubacteriaceae a family of gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the order Clostridiales.

Eubacterium Eubactérium a genus of grampositive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Eubacteriaceae, found as saprophytes in soil and water and as normal inhabitants of human skin and cavities, occasionally causing soft tissue infection.

eucalyptol eucalyptol the chief constituent of eucalyptus oil, also obtained from other oils, and used as a flavoring agent, expectorant, and local anesthetic.

eucapnia eucapnie normal carbon dioxide tension of the blood.

Eucarya Eucarya the domain (q.v.) that includes all eukaryotic organisms: plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Eucaryotae Eucaryotae a kingdom of organisms that includes higher plants and animals, fungi, protozoa, and most algae (except bluegreen algae); it comprises all organisms made of eukaryotic cells.

euchlorhydria euchlorhydrie the presence of the normal amount of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice.

eucholia eucholie normal condition of the bile.

euchromatin euchromatine chromatin that is genetically active and constitutes the majority of the chromosomes; it is relatively uncoiled and stains lightly during interphase and condenses and stains more darkly during nuclear division. Adj.: euchromatic.

eucrasia eucrasie 1. a state of health; proper balance of different factors constituting a healthy state. 2. a state in which the body reacts normally to ingested or injected drugs, proteins, etc.

eugenol eugénol a dental analgesic and antiseptic obtained from clove oil or other natural sources; applied topically to dental cavities and also used as a component of dental protectives.

euglobulin euglobuline one of a class of globulins characterized by being insoluble in water but soluble in saline solutions.

euglycemia euglycémie normal glucose content of the blood. Adj.: euglycemic.

eugonic eugonique growing luxuriantly; said of bacterial cultures.

eukaryosis eukaryosis the state of having a true nucleus.

Eukaryotae Eukaryotae Eucaryotae.

eukaryote eucaryote an organism whose cells have a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane within which lie the chromosomes; eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound organelles, in which cellular functions are performed, and are supported by a cytoskeleton. The cells of higher plants and animals, fungi, protozoa, and most algae are eukaryotic. Cf. prokaryote.

eukaryotic eucaryote pertaining to a eukaryon or to a eukaryote.

eulaminate eulaminé having the normal number of laminae, as certain areas of the cerebral cortex.

eumenorrhea euménorrhée normal menstruation.

eumetria eumétrie [Gr.] a normal condition of nerve impulse, so that a voluntary movement just reaches the intended goal; the proper range of movement.

Eumycota Eumycota in some systems of classification, a division of the Fungi, the true fungi; organisms whose trophic phase is not motile but whose reproductive cells may be motile.

eunuch eunuque a male deprived of the testes or external genitals, especially one castrated before puberty (so that male secondary sex characteristics fail to develop).

eunuchoidism eunuchoïdisme hypogonadism in a male; deficiency of the testes or of their secretion, with deficient secondary sex characters. female e. e. féminin hypogonadism in which the ovaries fail to function at puberty, resulting in infertility, absence of development of secondary sex characteristics, infantile sexual organs, and excessive growth of the long bones. hypergonadotropic e. e. hypergonadotrophique see under hypogonadism. hypogonadotropic e. e. hypogonadotrophique see under hypogonadism.

eupepsia eupepsie good digestion; the presence of a normal amount of pepsin in the gastric juice. Adj.: eupeptic.

Euphorbia Euphorbe a large genus of trees, shrubs, and herbs of the family Euphorbiaceae, whose sap is emetic and cathartic and in some species poisonous.

euphoria euphorie an exaggerated feeling of physical and mental well-being, especially when not justified by external reality. Adj.: euphoric.

euplastic euplastique readily becoming organized; adapted to the formation of tissue, as in embryonic development or wound healing.

euploid euploïde having an exact multiple of the haploid number (n) of chromosomes.

eupnea eupnée normal respiration. Adj.: eupneic.

eurhythmia eurhythmie harmonious relationships in body or organ development.

europium (Eu) europium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 63.

Eurotium Eurotium a genus of fungi or molds.

eury- eury- word element [Gr.], wide; broad.

eurycephalic eurycéphalique having a wide head.

euryon euryon a point on either parietal bone marking either end of the greatest transverse diameter of the skull.

euthanasia euthanasie 1. an easy or painless death. 2. mercy killing; the deliberate ending of life of a person suffering from an incurable disease.

eutocia eutocie normal labor, or childbirth.

eutopic eutopique situated normally; arising from the normal site or tissue.

Eutrombicula Eutrombicula a subgenus of Trombicula; E. alfreddugèsi is the most common chigger of the United States.

eutrophia eutrophie a state of normal (good) nutrition. Adj.: eutrophic.

eV eV electron volt.

evacuant évacuant 1. emptying. 2. cathartic (1, 2). 3. a remedy that empties any organ, such as a cathartic, emetic, or diuretic.

evacuation évacuation 1. an emptying. 2. catharsis; emptying of the bowels.

evagination évagination obtrusion of a layer or part to form a pouch.

eventration éventration 1. herniation of intestines, such as in an abdominal hernia. 2. evisceration (1). diaphragmatic e. é. diaphragmatique a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of muscular development of part or all of one (or occasionally both) hemidiaphragms, resulting in superior displacement of abdominal viscera and altered lung development.

eversion éversion a turning inside out; a turning outward.

evisceration éviscération 1. removal of the abdominal viscera. 2. removal of the contents of the eyeball while leaving the sclera.

evocation évocation the calling forth of morphogenetic potentialities through contact with organizer material.

evocator évocateur a chemical substance emitted by an organizer that evokes a specific morphogenetic response from competent embryonic tissue in contact with it.

evolution évolution a developmental process in which an organ or organism becomes more and more complex by differentiation of its parts; a continuous and progressive change according to certain laws and by means of resident forces. convergent e. é. convergente the appearance of similar forms and/or functions in two or more lines not sufficiently related phylogenetically to account for the similarity. organic e. é. organique the origin and development of species; the theory that existing organisms are the result of descent with modification from those of past times.

evulsion évulsion extraction by force.

ex- ex- word element [L.], away from; out of.

exa- exa- a word element used in naming units of measurement to designate a quantity 10¹⁸ (a quintillion, or million million million) times the unit to which it is joined. Symbol E.

examination examen inspection or investigation, especially as a means of diagnosing disease. double-contrast e. examen en double contraste radiologic examination of the stomach or intestine by following a high concentration of contrast medium with evacuation and injection of air or an effervescent substance to inflate the organ; the remaining light coating of contrast medium delineates the mucosal surface.

exanthem exanthème 1. any eruptive disease or fever. 2. an eruption characterizing an eruptive fever.

exanthema exanthème pl. exanthemas, exanthemata [Gr.] exanthem. e. subitum e. subit an acute but mild viral disease of children, with high fever for about 3 days, followed by a rash on the trunk; caused by human herpesvirus 6.

exanthematous exanthémateux characterized by or of the nature of an eruption or rash.

exarticulation désarticulation disarticulation.

excalation excalation absence or exclusion of one member of a normal series, such as a vertebra.

excavatio excavation pl. excavationes [L.] excavation.

excavation excavation 1. the act of hollowing out. 2. a hollowed-out space, or pouchlike cavity. atrophic e. e. atrophique cupping of the optic disk, due to atrophy of the optic nerve fibers. dental e. e. dentaire removal of carious material from a tooth in preparation for filling. rectouterine e. e. recto-utérine a sac formed by a fold of peritoneum dipping down between the uterus and rectum. rectovesical e. cul-desac de Douglas the space between the rectum and bladder in the peritoneal cavity of the male. vesicouterine e. cul-de-sac pré-utérin the space between the bladder and uterus in the peritoneal cavity of the female.

excess excédent a surplus, an amount greater than that which is normal or that which is required. antigen e. excès d’antigène the presence of more than enough antigen to saturate all available antibody binding sites.

exchange 1. échange the substitution of one thing for another. 2. échanger to substitute one thing for another. plasma e. plasmaphérèse thérapeutique the removal of plasma from withdrawn blood, with retransfusion of the formed elements into the donor; done for removal of circulating antibodies or abnormal plasma constituents. The plasma removed is replaced by type-specific frozen plasma or by albumin.

exchanger échangeur an apparatus by which something may be exchanged. heat e. é. de chaleur a device placed in the circuit of extracorporeal circulation to induce rapid cooling and rewarming of blood.

excipient excipient any more or less inert substance added to a drug to give suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle.

excise exciser to remove by cutting.

excision excision resection; removal of a portion or all of an organ or other structure. Adj.: excisional.

excitable excitable irritable (1).

excitation excitation 1. irritation or stimulation. 2. the addition of energy, such as excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. direct e. e. directe electrostimulation of a muscle by placing the electrode on the muscle itself. indirect e. e. indirecte electrostimulation of a muscle by placing the electrode on its nerve.

excitor excitateur a nerve which stimulates a part to greater activity.

exclave exclave a detached part of an organ.

exclusion exclusion 1. a shutting out or elimination. 2. surgical isolation of a part, as of a segment of intestine, without removal from the body.

excochleation évidement curettement of a cavity.

excoriation excoriation scratch (3).

excrement excrément 1. feces. 2. excretion (2).

excrescence excroissance an abnormal outgrowth; a projection of morbid origin. Adj.: excrescent.

excreta excreta excretion (2).

excrete excréter to throw off or eliminate by a normal discharge, such as waste matter.

excretion excrétion 1. the act, process, or function of excreting. 2. material that is excreted. Adj.: excretory.

excursion excursion a range of movement regularly repeated in performance of a function, e.g., excursion of the jaws in mastication. Adj.: excursive.

excyclophoria excyclophorie cyclophoria in which the upper pole of the visual axis deviates toward the temple.

excyclotropia excyclotropie cyclotropia in which the upper pole of the visual axis deviates toward the temple.

excystation libération de parasite par rupture d’un kyste escape from a cyst or envelope, as in that stage in the life cycle of parasites occurring after the cystic form has been swallowed by the host.

exemestane exémestane an aromatase inactivator related to androstenedione; used as an antineoplastic.

exenatide exénatide a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist that stimulates insulin secretion, used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

exenteration exentération 1. extensive evisceration of organs and nearby structures. 2. in ophthalmology, removal of the entire contents of the orbit. pelvic e. e. pelvienne excision of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis.

exenterative exentération (d’) pertaining to or requiring exenteration, as exenterative surgery.

exercise exercice performance of physical exertion for improvement of health or correction of physical deformity. active e. e. actif motion imparted to a part by voluntary contraction and relaxation of its controlling muscles. aerobic e. e. aérobique that designed to increase oxygen consumption and improve functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. endurance e. e. d’endurance one that involves the use of several large groups of muscles and is thus dependent on the delivery of oxygen to the muscles by the cardiovascular system. isokinetic e. e. isocinétique active exercise performed at a constant angular velocity; torque and tension remain constant while muscles shorten or lengthen. isometric e. e. isométrique active exercise performed against stable resistance, without change in the length of the muscle. isotonic e. e. isotonique active exercise without appreciable change in the force of muscular contraction, with shortening of the muscle. Kegel e’s e. de Kegel exercises performed to strengthen the pubococcygeal muscle. passive e. e. passif motion imparted to a part by another person or outside force, or produced by voluntary effort of another segment of the patient’s own body. range of motion e. e. d’amplitude articulaire the putting of a joint through its full range of normal movements, either actively or passively. resistance e., resistive e. e. contre résistance that performed by the patient against resistance, as from a weight.

exflagellation exflagellation the rapid formation in the gut of the insect vector of microgametes from the microgamont in Plasmodium and certain other sporozoan protozoa.

exfoliation exfoliation 1. a falling off in scales or layers. 2. the removal of scales or flakes from the surface of the skin. 3. expulsion (chute) the normal loss of primary teeth after loss of their root structure. Adj.: exfoliative. lamellar e. of newborn e. lamellaire du nouveau-né the condition in a minority of collodion babies when shedding of the membrane leaves relatively normal skin.

exhalation exhalation 1. the giving off of watery or other vapor. 2. a vapor or other substance exhaled or given off. 3. expiration the act of breathing out; called also expiration.

exhale expirer to breathe out.

exhaustion 1. épuisement, abattement a state of extreme mental or physical fatigue. 2. é. the state of being drained, emptied, or consumed. heat e. é. dû à la chaleur, coup de chaleur an effect of excessive exposure to heat, marked by subnormal body temperature with dizziness, headache, nausea, and sometimes delirium and/or collapse.

exhibitionism exhibitionnisme a paraphilia marked by recurrent sexual urges for and fantasies of exposing one’s genitals to an unsuspecting stranger.

exhibitionist exhibitionniste a person who indulges in exhibitionism.

exo- exo- word element [Gr.], outside; outward.

exocrine exocrine 1. secreting externally via a duct. 2. denoting such a gland or its secretion.

exocyclic exocyclique denoting one or more atoms attached to a ring but outside it.

exocytosis exocytose 1. the discharge from a cell of particles that are too large to diffuse through the wall; the opposite of endocytosis. 2. the aggregation of migrating leukocytes in the epidermis as part of the inflammatory response.

exodeviation exodéviation a turning outward; in ophthalmology, exotropia.

exodontics exodontie that branch of dentistry dealing with extraction of teeth.

exoenzyme exoenzyme an enzyme that acts outside the cell which secretes it.

exoerythrocytic exo-érythrocytaire occurring outside the erythrocyte; applied to developmental stages of malarial parasites taking place in cells other than erythrocytes.

exogamy exogamie fertilization by union of cells not derived from the same parent cell. Adj.: exogamous.

exogenous exogène originating outside or caused by factors outside the organism.

exomphalos omphalocèle umbilical hernia.

exon exon a coding sequence in a gene.

exonuclease exonucléase any nuclease specifically catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal bonds of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide chains, releasing mononucleotides.

exopeptidase exopeptidase any peptidase that catalyzes the cleavage of the terminal or penultimate peptide bond, releasing a single amino acid or dipeptide from the peptide chain.

Exophiala Exophiala a genus of saprobic fungi; E. werneckii is now called Hortaea werneckii.

exophoria exophorie deviation of the visual axis of one eye away from that of the other eye in the absence of visual fusional stimuli. Adj.: exophoric.

exophthalmometry exophthalmométrie measurement of the extent of protrusion of the eyeball in exophthalmos. Adj.: exophthalmometric.

exophthalmos exophthalmie abnormal protrusion of the eye. Adj.: exophthalmic.

exophytic exophytique growing outward; in oncology, proliferating on the exterior or surface epithelium of an organ or other structure in which the growth originated.

exoskeleton exosquelette a hard structure formed on the outside of the body, as a crustacean’s shell; in vertebrates, applied to structures produced by the epidermis, as hair, nails, hoofs, teeth, etc.

exosmosis exosmose osmosis or diffusion from within outward.

exostosis exostose 1. a benign bony growth projecting outward from a bone surface. 2. osteochondroma. Adj.: exostotic. e. cartilaginea e. cartilagineuse a variety of osteoma consisting of a layer of cartilage developing beneath the periosteum of a bone. ivory e. ostéome ivoire compact osteoma. multiple e’s, multiple cartilaginous e’s e. multiple an inherited condition in which multiple cartilaginous or osteocartilaginous excrescences grow out from the cortical surfaces of long bones. subungual e. e. sous unguéale a cartilage-capped reactive bone spur occurring on the distal phalanx, usually of the great toe.

exothermal exotherme exothermic.

exothermic exothermique marked or accompanied by evolution of heat; liberating heat or energy.

exotoxin exotoxine a potent toxin formed and excreted by the bacterial cell, and free in the surrounding medium. Adj.: exotoxic.

exotropia exotropie strabismus in which there is permanent deviation of the visual axis of one eye away from that of the other, resulting in diplopia. Adj.: exotropic.

expander compose d’addition [L.] extender. subperiosteal tissue e. (STE) a fillable tube inserted temporarily into the subperiosteal tissue and progressively inflated to expand the periosteal mucosa and create space for later reconstruction.

expansion expansion 1. the process or state of being increased in extent, surface, or bulk. 2. a region or area of increased bulk or surface. clonal e. e. clonale an immunological response in which lymphocytes stimulated by antigen proliferate and amplify the population of relevant cells. dorsal digital e., extensor e. e. digitale dorsale extensor aponeurosis; a triangular aponeurotic extension of the digital extensor tendon on the dorsum of the proximal phalanx of each digit, to which the tendons of the lumbrical and interosseous muscles are also attached, forming a movable hood around the metacarpophalangeal joint.

expectorant expectorant 1. promoting expectoration. 2. an agent that promotes expectoration. liquefying e. fluidifiant du mucus bronchique an expectorant that promotes the ejection of mucus from the respiratory tract by decreasing its viscosity.

expectoration expectoration 1. the coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea. 2. sputum.

experiment expérience a procedure done in order to discover or demonstrate some fact or general truth. Adj.: experimental. control e. e. témoin one made under standard conditions, to test the correctness of other observations.

expirate gaz expiré exhaled air or gas.

expiration expiration 1. exhalation. Adj.: expiratory. 2. termination or death.

expire expirer 1. to exhale. 2. to die.

explant explant tissue taken from its original site and transferred to an artificial medium for growth.

explant explanter to remove something from the body, such as an implant, or tissue placed in artificial medium for growth.

exploration exploration investigation or examination for diagnostic purposes. Adj.: exploratory.

explosive explosif 1. pertaining to or occurring in a sudden violent burst. 2. tending to sudden violent outbursts.

exposure exposition 1. the act of laying open, as surgical exposure. 2. the condition of being subjected to something, as to infectious agents, extremes of weather, or radiation, which may have a harmful effect. 3. in radiology, a measure of the amount of ionizing radiation at the surface of the irradiated object, e.g., the body. air e. e. à l’air radiation exposure measured in a small mass of air, excluding backscatter from irradiated objects.

expression expression 1. the aspect or appearance of the face as determined by the physical or emotional state. 2. the act of squeezing out or evacuating by pressure. 3. gene e. gene e. e. génétique 1. the flow of genetic information from gene to protein. 2. the process, or the regulation thereof, by which the effects of a gene are manifested. 3. the manifestation of a heritable trait.

expressivity expressivité in genetics, the level of phenotypic expression of an inherited trait in an individual.

exsanguination exsanguination extensive loss of blood due to internal or external hemorrhage.

exsiccation dessication the act of drying out; in chemistry, the deprival of a crystalline substance of its water of crystallization.

exsorption exsorption the movement of substances out of the blood into the intestinal lumen.

exstrophy exstrophie the turning inside out of an organ. e. of the bladder e. vésicale congenital absence of a portion of the lower anterior abdominal wall and the anterior bladder wall, with eversion of the posterior bladder wall through the defect, an open pubic arch, and widely separated ischia connected by a fibrous band. e. of cloaca, cloacal e. e. du cloaque a developmental anomaly in which two hemibladders are separated by an area of intestine with a mucosal surface, resembling a large red tumor in the midline of the lower abdomen.

ext. ext. extract.

extended-release libération modifiée (à) allowing a twofold or greater reduction in frequency of administration of a drug in comparison with the frequency required by a conventional dosage form.

extender produit d’addition something that enlarges or prolongs. artificial plasma e. succédané de plasma a substance that can be transfused to maintain fluid volume of the blood in event of great necessity, supplemental to the use of whole blood and plasma.

extension extension 1. the movement by which the two ends of any jointed part are drawn away from each other. 2. the bringing of the members of a limb into or toward a straight condition. nail e. e. continue extension exerted on the distal fragment of a fractured bone by means of a nail or pin (Steinmann pin) driven into the fragment.

extensor extenseur [L.] 1. causing extension. 2. a muscle that extends a joint.

exteriorize extérioriser 1. to form a correct mental reference of the image of an object seen. 2. in psychiatry, to turn one’s interest outward. 3. to transpose an internal organ to the exterior of the body.

extern externe a medical student or graduate in medicine who assists in patient care in the hospital but does not reside there.

external externe situated or occurring on the outside. In anatomy, situated toward or near the outside; lateral.

externus externus external; in anatomy, denoting a structure farther from the center of the part or cavity.

exteroceptor extérocepteur a sensory nerve ending stimulated by the immediate external environment, such as those in the skin and mucous membranes. Adj.: exteroceptive.

extima extima [L.] outermost; the outermost coat of a blood vessel.

extinction extinction in psychology, the disappearance of a conditioned response as a result of nonreinforcement; also, the process by which the disappearance is accomplished.

extorsion extorsion outward rotation of the upper pole of the vertical meridian of each eye.

extortor 1. muscle rotateur externe an outward rotator. 2. extorteur an extraocular muscle that produces extorsion.

extra- extra- word element [L.], outside; beyond the scope of; in addition.

extra-abdominal extra-abdominal outside the abdomen.

extra-anatomic extra-anatomique not following the normal anatomic path.

extracapsular extracapsulaire situated or occurring outside a capsule.

extracardiac extracardiaque outside the heart.

extracellular extracellulaire outside a cell or cells.

extrachromosomal extrachromosomique outside or not involving the chromosome.

extracorporeal extracorporel situated or occurring outside the body.

extract extrait a concentrated preparation of a vegetable or animal drug.

extraction extraction 1. the process or act of pulling or drawing out. 2. the preparation of an extract. breech e. e. par le siège extraction of an infant from the uterus in breech presentation. flap e. e. capsulaire extraction of a cataract by an incision which makes a flap of cornea. serial e. e. en série the selective extraction of deciduous teeth during an extended period of time to allow autonomous adjustment. testicular sperm e. (TESE) e. du sperme testiculaire for men with obstructive azoospermia, extraction of spermatozoa directly from the testis through the skin.

extractive extractif any substance present in an organized tissue, or in a mixture in a small quantity, and requiring extraction by a special method.

extractor extracteur an instrument for removing a calculus or foreign body. basket e. panier e. a device for removal of calculi from the upper urinary tract. vacuum e., vacuum extractor, ventouse obstétricale a device to assist delivery consisting of a metal traction cup that is attached to the fetus’ head; negative pressure is applied and traction is made on a chain passed through the suction tube.

extraembryonic extra-embryonnaire external to the embryo proper, as the extraembryonic coelom or extraembryonic membranes.

extramalleolus malléole exteme the external malleolus.

extramedullary extramédullaire situated or occurring outside a medulla, especially the medulla oblongata.

extramural extrapariétal situated or occurring outside the wall of an organ or structure.

extranuclear extranucléaire situated or occurring outside a cell nucleus.

extraocular extraoculaire situated outside the eye.

extraplacental extraplacentaire outside of or independent of the placenta.

extrapolation extrapolation inference of a value on the basis of that which is known or has been observed.

extrapsychic extrapsychique occurring outside the mind; taking place between the mind and the external environment.

extrapulmonary extrapulmonaire not connected with the lungs.

extrapyramidal extrapyramidal outside the pyramidal tracts; see under system.

extrarenal extrarénal outside the kidney.

extrastimulus extra-stimulus a premature stimulus delivered, singly or in a group of several stimuli, at precise intervals during an extrasystole in order to terminate it.

extrasystole extrasystole a premature cardiac contraction that is independent of the normal rhythm and arises in response to an impulse outside the sinoatrial node. atrial e. e. auriculaire atrial premature complex. atrioventricular (AV) e. e. auriculoventriculaire atrioventricular junctional premature complex. infranodal e. e. infranodale ventricular e. interpolated e. e. interpolée see under beat. junctional e. e. jonctionnelle atrioventricular junctional premature complex. nodal e. e. nodale atrioventricular e. retrograde e. e. rétrograde a premature ventricular contraction, followed by a premature atrial contraction, due to transmission of the stimulus backward, usually over the bundle of His. ventricular e. e. ventriculaire ventricular premature complex.

extrathyroidal extrathyroïdien outside or not involving the thyroid gland.

extrauterine extra-utérin outside the uterus.

extravasation extravasation 1. a discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues; blood or other substance so discharged. 2. the process of being extravasated.

extraversion extraversion extroversion.

extravert extraverti extrovert.

extremitas extremitas pl. extremitates [L.] extremity.

extremity extrémité 1. the distal or terminal portion of elongated or pointed structures. 2. limb.

extrinsic extrinsèque of external origin.

extroversion extroversion 1. a turning inside out. 2. direction of one’s energies and attention outward from the self.

extrovert extroverti 1. a person whose interest is turned outward. 2. to turn one’s interest outward to the external world.

extrude 1. extruder to force out, or to occupy a position distal to that normally occupied. 2. extrusé (être) in dentistry, to occupy a position occlusal to that normally occupied.

extubation extubation removal of a tube used in intubation.

exuberant exubérant copious or excessive in production; showing excessive proliferation.

exudate exsudat a fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation.

exudation exsudation 1. the escape of fluid, cells, and cellular debris from blood vessels and their deposition in or on the tissues, usually as the result of inflammation. 2. an exudate. Adj.: exudative.

exumbilication hernie ombilicale 1. marked protrusion of the navel. 2. umbilical hernia.

exuviation exuviation shedding an epithelial structure, e.g., deciduous teeth.

ex vivo ex vivo outside the living body; denoting removal of an organ (e.g., the kidney) for reparative surgery, after which it is returned to the original site.

eye œil the organ of vision; see Plate 30. black e. coquard, œ. au beurre noir a bruise of the tissue around the eye, marked by discoloration, swelling, and pain. crossed e’s strabisme esotropia. exciting e. œ. excitant the eye that is primarily injured and from which the influences start which involve the other eye in sympathetic ophthalmia. Klieg e. œ. de Klieg conjunctivitis, edema of the eyelids, lacrimation, and photophobia due to exposure to intense lights (Klieg lights). pink e. œ. rouge acute contagious conjunctivitis. shipyard e. kératoconjonctivite epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. wall e. wall eye 1. leukoma of the cornea. 2. exophoria.

eyeball globe oculaire the ball or globe of the eye.

eyebrow sourcil 1. the transverse elevation at the junction of the forehead and the upper eyelid. 2. the hairs growing on this elevation.

eyecup œillère 1. a small vessel for application of cleansing or medicated solution to the exposed area of the eyeball. 2. optic cup (2).

eyeglasses lunettes glasses.

eyeground fond d’œil the fundus of the eye as seen with the ophthalmoscope.

eyelash cil cilium; one of the hairs growing on the edge of an eyelid.

eyelid paupière either of two movable folds (upper and lower) protecting the anterior surface of the eyeball.

eyepiece oculaire the lens or system of lenses of a microscope (or telescope) nearest the user’s eye, serving to further magnify the image produced by the objective.

eyestrain fatigue visuelle fatigue of the eye from overuse or from uncorrected defect in focus of the eye.

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