S | Medicine Key

segment segment a demarcated portion of a whole. anterior s. of eye, anterior s. of eyeball s. antérieur de l’œil the sclera, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, and lens. bronchopulmonary s’s s. bronchopulmonaires one of the smaller subdivisions of the lobes of the lungs, separated by connective tissue septa and supplied by branches of the respective lobar bronchi. See Plate 26. posterior s. of eye, posterior s. of eyeball s. postérieur de l’œil the vitreous, retina, and optic nerve. renal s’s s. rénaux subdivisions of the kidney that have independent blood supply from branches of the renal artery, including the superior, anterior superior, inferior, anterior inferior, and posterior segments. spinal s’s, s’s of spinal cord s. rachidiens the regions of the spinal cord to each of which is attached anterior and posterior roots of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3 coccygeal. ST s. s. ST the interval from the end of ventricular depolarization to the onset of the T wave. uterine s. s. utérin either of the portions into which the uterus differentiates in early labor; the upper contractile portion (corpus uteri) becomes thicker as labor advances, and the lower noncontractile portion (the isthmus) is expanded and thin-walled.

segmental segmentaire 1. pertaining to or forming a segment or a product of division, especially into serially arranged or nearly equal parts. 2. undergoing segmentation.

segmentation segmentation 1. division into similar parts. 2. cleavage.

segmentum segmentum pl. segmenta [L.] segment.

segregation ségrégation 1. the separation of allelic genes during meiosis as homologous chromosomes begin to migrate toward opposite poles of the cell, so that the members of each pair of allelic genes go to separate gametes. 2. the progressive restriction of potencies in the zygote to the various regions of the forming embryo.

seizure 1. ictus the sudden attack or recurrence of a disease. 2. crise a single episode of epilepsy, often named for the type it represents. absence s. absence the seizure of absence epilepsy, marked by a momentary break in consciousness of thought or activity and accompanied by a symmetrical 3-cps spike and wave activity on the electroencephalogram. adversive s. c. adversive a type of focal motor seizure in which there is forceful, sustained turning to one side by the eyes, head, or body. atonic s. c. atonique an absence seizure characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone. automatic s. attaque automatique a type of complex partial seizure characterized by automatisms, often ambulatory and involving quasipurposeful acts. clonic s. c. clonique one in which there are generalized clonic contractions without a preceding tonic phase. complex partial s. c. partielle complexe a type of partial seizure associated with disease of the temporal lobe and characterized by varying degrees of impairment of consciousness and automatisms, for which the patient is later amnestic. febrile s’s c. fébrile see under convulsion. generalized tonic-clonic s. c. tonico clonique généralisée the seizure of grand mal epilepsy, consisting of a loss of consciousness and generalized tonic convulsions followed by clonic convulsions. myoclonic s. c. myoclonique one characterized by a brief episode of myoclonus. partial s. c. partielle complexe any seizure due to a lesion in a specific, known area of the cerebral cortex. reflex s. c. d’épilepsie réflexe an episode of reflex epilepsy. sensory s. c. sensorielle 1. a simple partial seizure manifested by paresthesias or other hallucinations, including several types of aura. 2. a reflex seizure in response to a sensory stimulus. simple partial s. c. partielle simple a localized type of partial seizure, without loss of consciousness; if it progresses to another type of seizure it is called an aura. tonic s. c. tonique one characterized by tonic but not clonic contractions.

selection sélection the play of forces that determines the relative reproductive performance of the various genotypes in a population. natural s. s. naturelle the survival in nature of those individuals and their progeny best equipped to adapt to environmental conditions. sexual s. s. sexuelle natural selection in which certain characteristics attract male or female members of a species, thus ensuring survival of those characteristics.

selective sélectif 1. having a high degree of selectivity. 2. discriminating; making a choice from multiple alternatives; singling out in preference.

selectivity sélectivité in pharmacology, the degree to which a dose of a drug produces the desired effect in relation to adverse effects.

selegiline sélégiline an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type B; adminstered transdermally in the treatment of major depressive disorder; also used orally as the hydrochloride salt in conjunction with levodopa and carbidopa as an antiparkinsonian agent.

selenious acid acide sélénieux monohydrated selenium dioxide, a source of elemental selenium.

selenium sélénium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 34, symbol Se; it is an essential mineral nutrient, being a constituent of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. s. sulfide sulfure de s. a topical antiseborrheic and antifungal, used in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff of the scalp and of tinea versicolor.

self-antigen antigène du soi autoantigen.

self-limited autolimité limited by its own peculiarities, and not by outside influence; said of a disease that runs a definite limited course.

self-tolerance tolérance au soi, autotolérance immunological tolerance to self-antigens.

sella selle pl. sellae 1. [L.] a saddle-shaped depression. Adj.: sellar. 2. s. turcica. s. turcica s. turcique a depression on the upper surface of the sphenoid bone, lodging the pituitary gland.

semen sperme [L.] fluid discharged at ejaculation in the male, consisting of secretions of glands associated with the urogenital tract and containing spermatozoa. Adj.: seminal.

semi- semi- word element [L.], half.

semicanal canal a channel open at one side.

semicoma coma vigil a stupor from which the patient may be aroused. Adj.: semicomatose.

semidominance semi-dominance incomplete dominance.

semiflexion demi-flexion position of a limb midway between flexion and extension; the act of bringing to such a position.

semilunar semi-lunaire resembling a crescent or half-moon.

seminal séminal pertaining to semen or to a seed.

seminiferous séminifère producing or conveying semen.

seminoma séminome a radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. Cf. germinoma. classical s. s. classique the most common type, composed of well-differentiated sheets or cords of polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells). ovarian s. s. ovarien dysgerminoma. spermatocytic s. s. spermatocytaire a less malignant form characterized by cells resembling maturing spermatogonia with filamentous chromatin.

seminuria séminurie the presence of semen in the urine.

semiotic sémiotique 1. pertaining to signs or symptoms. 2. pathognomonic.

semiotics sémiotique symptomatology.

semipermeable semi-perméable permitting passage only of certain molecules.

semiquantitative semi-quantitatif yielding an approximation of the quantity or amount of a substance; between a qualitative and a quantitative result.

semis (ss.) semi [L.] half.

semisulcus semi-sulcus a depression which, with an adjoining one, forms a sulcus.

semisupination semi-supination a position of partial supination.

semisynthetic semi-synthétique produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances.

senescence sénescence the process of growing old, especially the condition resulting from the transitions and accumulations of the deleterious aging processes.

senile sénile pertaining to old age; manifesting senility.

senilism sénilisme premature old age.

senility sénilité the physical and mental deterioration associated with old age.

senna séné the dried leaflets of Cassia acutifolia or C. angustifolia; used chiefly as a cathartic.

sennoside sennoside either of two anthraquinone glucosides, sennoside A and B, found in senna as the calcium salts; a mixture of the two is used as a cathartic.

sensation sensation an impression produced by impulses conveyed by an afferent nerve to the sensorium. girdle s. s. de ceinture abdominale zonesthesia. referred s., reflex s. s. référée one felt elsewhere than at the site of application of a stimulus. subjective s. s. subjective one perceptible only to the subject, and not connected with any object external to the body.

sense 1. sens any of the physical processes by which stimuli are received, transduced, and conducted as impulses to be interpreted to the brain. 2. sentir to perceive by one of these processes. 3. in molecular genetics, referring to the strand of a nucleic acid that directly specifies the product. body s. somesthésie somatognosis. color s. s. chromatique the faculty by which colors are perceived and distinguished. s. of equilibrium s. de l’équilibre the sense that maintains awareness of being or not being in an upright position, controlled by receptors in the vestibule of the ear. joint s. s. arthrocinétique arthresthesia. kinesthetic s. s. kinesthésique 1. kinesthesia. 2. muscle s. light s. s. lumineux the sense by which degrees of brilliancy are distinguished. motion s., movement s. s. de la motilité the awareness of motion by the head or body. muscle s., muscular s. s. musculaire 1. sensory impressions, such as movement and stretch, that come from the muscles. 2. movement s. pain s. s. algique the ability to feel pain, caused by stimulation of a nociceptor. position s., posture s. s. de l’espace the awareness of the position of the body or its parts in space, a combination of the sense of equilibrium and kinesthesia. pressure s. baresthésie the sense by which pressure upon the surface of the body is perceived. sixth s. sixième s. somatognosis. somatic s’s s. somatiques senses other than the special senses, including touch, pressure, pain, and temperature, kinesthesia, muscle sense, visceral sense, and sometimes sense of equilibrium. space s. s. de l’espace the sense by which relative positions and relations of objects in space are perceived. special s’s s. spéciaux those of seeing, hearing, taste, smell, and sometimes sense of equilibrium. stereognostic s. s. stéréognostique the sense by which form and solidity are perceived. temperature s. s. thermique the sense by which differences of temperature are distinguished by the thermoreceptors. vestibular s. s. vestibulaire s. of equilibrium. vibration s. s. vibratoire pallesthesia. visceral s. s. viscéral the awareness of sensations that arise from the viscera and stimulate the interoceptors; sensations include pain, pressure or fullness, and organ movement.

sensibility sensibilité susceptibility of feeling; ability to feel or perceive. deep s. s. profonde sensibility to stimuli such as pain, pressure, and movement that activate receptors below the body surface but not in the viscera. epicritic s. s. épicritique the sensibility of the skin to gentle stimulations permitting fine discriminations of touch and temperature. proprioceptive s. s. proprioceptive proprioception. protopathic s. s. protopathique sensibility to pain and temperature which is low in degree and poorly localized. splanchnesthetic s. s. somesthésique visceral sense.

sensible sensible 1. capable of sensation. 2. perceptible to the senses.

sensitive 1. sensitif able to receive or respond to stimuli. 2. sensible unusually responsive to stimulation, such as too quickly or acutely.

sensitivity sensibilité 1. the state or quality of being sensitive. 2. the smallest concentration of a substance that can be reliably measured by a given analytical method. 3. the probability that a person having a disease will be correctly identified by a clinical test.

sensitization sensibilisation 1. administration of an antigen to induce a primary immune response. 2. exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. autoerythrocyte s. s. de Gardner-Diamond, s. autoérythrocytaire see painful bruising syndrome, under syndrome.

sensitized sensibilisé rendered sensitive.

sensomotor sensitivomoteur sensorimotor.

sensorial sensoriel pertaining to the sensorium.

sensorimotor sensorimoteur both sensory and motor.

sensorineural neurosensoriel of or pertaining to a sensory nerve or mechanism.

sensorium sensorium 1. a sensory nerve center.2. the state of an individual as regards consciousness or mental awareness.

sensory sensoriel pertaining to sensation.

sentient sensible able to feel; sensitive.

sentinel sentinelle an individual or object that gives a warning or indicates danger.

Sephadex Sephadex trademark for cross-linked dextran beads. Various forms are used in chromatography.

sepsis sepsis, sepsie 1. presence in the blood or other tissues of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins. 2. septicemia. catheter s. sepsis sur cathéter sepsis occurring as a complication of intravenous catheterization. puerperal s. s. puerpérale see under fever.

septa septa [L.] plural of septum.

septal septal pertaining to a septum.

septate cloisonné divided by a septum.

septectomy septectomie excision of part of the nasal septum.

septic septique pertaining to sepsis.

septicemia septicémie blood poisoning; systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Adj.: septicemic. cryptogenic s. s. cryptogénétique septicemia in which the focus of infection is not evident during life. puerperal s. s. puerpérale see under fever.

septicopyemia septicopyohémie septicemia and pyemia combined. Adj.: septicopyemic.

septomarginal septomarginal pertaining to the margin of a septum.

septonasal septonasal pertaining to the nasal septum.

septoplasty septoplastie surgical reconstruction of the nasal septum.

septostomy septostomie surgical creation of an opening in a septum.

septotomy septostomie incision of the nasal septum.

septulum septulum pl. septula [L.] a small separating wall or partition.

septum septum pl. septa [L.] a dividing wall or partition. alveolar s. s. alvéolaire interalveolar s. atrioventricular s. of heart s. atrioventriculaire the part of the membranous portion of the interventricular septum between the left ventricle and the right atrium. Cloquet s., crural s., femoral s. ligament de Cloquet the thin fibrous membrane that helps close the femoral ring. gingival s. s. gingival the part of the gingiva interposed between adjoining teeth. interalveolar s. s. interalvéolaire one of the thin plates of bone separating the alveoli of the different teeth in the mandible and maxilla. one of the thin septa separating adjacent pulmonary alveoli. interatrial s. of heart s. interauriculaire the partition separating the right and left atria of the heart. interdental s. s. interdentaire interalveolar s. interradicular s. s. interradiculaire interalveolar s. (1). interventricular s. of heart s. interventriculaire the partition separating the right and left ventricles of the heart. lingual s. s. lingual the median vertical fibrous part of the tongue. nasal s. s. nasal the partition between the two nasal cavities. s. pectiniforme s. pectiniforme s. penis. pellucid s., s. pellucidum s. pellucide the triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. s. penis s. du pénis the fibrous sheet between the corpora cavernosa of the penis. s. primum s. primum the first septum in the embryonic heart, dividing the primordial atrium into right and left chambers. rectovaginal s. s. rectovaginal the membranous partition between the rectum and vagina. rectovesical s. s. rectovésical a membranous partition separating the rectum from the prostate and urinary bladder. scrotal s. s. scrotal the partition between the two chambers of the scrotum. s. secundum s. secundum the second septum in the embryonic heart, to the right of the septum primum; after birth it fuses with the septum primum to close the foramen ovale and form the interatrial septum.

septuplet septuplé one of seven offspring produced at one birth.

sequel séquelle sequela.

sequela séquelle pl. sequelae [L.] a morbid condition following or occurring as a consequence of another condition or event.

sequence séquence 1. a connected series of events or things. 2. in dysmorphology, a pattern of multiple anomalies derived from a single prior anomaly or mechanical factor. 3. the order of arrangement of residues or constituents in a biological polymer, as the order of nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or of amino acids in a protein. 4. a specific fragment or segment of a biological polymer, with a known arrangement of its residues. 5. séquencer to ascertain the order of the residues of a biological polymer. amniotic band s. s. des bandelettes amniotiques early rupture of the amnion with formation of strands of amnion that may adhere to or compress parts of the fetus, resulting in a wide variety of deformities. insertion s. (IS) s. d’insertion a small bacterial transposable element encoding transposition functions and terminating in inverted repeated sequences; it can act alone or a pair can form the ends of a more complex transposon. oligohydramnios s. s. d’oligoamnios a group of anomalies, usually fatal shortly after birth, caused by compression of the fetus secondary to oligohydramnios, which may result from renal agenesis or other urinary tract defects or from leakage of amniotic fluid; infants have characteristic flattened facies (Potter facies), skeletal abnormalities, and often hypoplasia of the lungs.

sequester séquestrer 1. to detach or separate abnormally a small portion from the whole. See sequestration and sequestrum. 2. to isolate a constituent of a chemical system by chelation or other means.

sequestrant séquestrant a sequestering agent, as, for example, cholestyramine resin, which binds bile acids in the intestine, thus preventing their absorption.

sequestration séquestration 1. the formation of a sequestrum. 2. the isolation of a patient. 3. a net increase in the quantity of blood within a limited vascular area, occurring physiologically, with forward flow persisting or not, or produced artificially by the application of tourniquets. pulmonary s. s. pulmonaire loss of connection of lung tissue with the bronchial tree and the pulmonary veins.

sequestrectomy séquestrectomie excision of a sequestrum.

sequestrum séquestre pl. sequestra [L.] 1. any sequestered tissue. 2. a piece of dead bone separated from the sound bone in the process of necrosis.

sequoiosis séquoiose hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to inhalation of and tissue reaction to dust from moldy redwood bark.

Ser Ser serine.

sera sera [L.] plural of serum.

series série a group or succession of events, objects, or substances arranged in regular order or forming a kind of chain; in electricity, parts of a circuit connected successively end to end to form a single path for the current. Adj.: serial. erythrocytic s. s. érythrocytaire the succession of morphologically distinguishable cells that are stages in erythrocyte development: proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast, reticulocyte, and erythrocyte. granulocytic s. s. granulocytaire the succession of morphologically distinguishable cells that are stages in granulocyte development; there are distinct basophil, eosinophil, and neutrophil series but the morphological stages are the same. lymphocytic s. s. lymphocytaire a series of morphologically distinguishable cells once thought to represent stages in lymphocyte development; now known to represent various forms of mature lymphocytes. monocytic s. s. monocytaire the succession of developing cells that ultimately culminates in the monocyte. thrombocytic s. s. thrombocytaire the succession of developing cells that ultimately culminates in the blood platelets (thrombocytes).

serine (Ser, S) sérine a naturally occurring nonessential amino acid present in many proteins.

sermorelin sermoréline a synthetic peptide corresponding to a portion of growth hormone-releasing hormone; used as the acetate salt in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency.

seroconversion séroconversion the change of serologic test results from negative to positive, indicating development of antibodies in response to immunization or infection.

serodiagnosis sérodiagnostic diagnosis of disease based on serologic tests. Adj.: serodiagnostic.

seroenteritis séroentérite inflammation of the serous coat of the intestine.

serofibrinous sérofibrineux composed of serum and fibrin, as a serofibrinous exudate.

serogroup sérogroupe 1. an unofficial designation denoting a group of bacteria containing a common antigen, possibly including more than one serovar, species, or genus. 2. a group of viral species that are closely related antigenically.

serology sérologie the study of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. Adj.: serologic.

seroma sérome a tumorlike collection of serum in the tissues.

seromembranous séromembraneux pertaining to or composed of serous membrane.

seromucous séromuqueux both serous and mucous.

seromuscular séromusculaire pertaining to the serous and muscular coats of the intestine.

seronegative séronégatif showing negative results on serological examination; showing a lack of antibody.

seropositive séropositif showing positive results on serological examination; showing a high level of antibody.

seropurulent séropurulent both serous and purulent.

seroreaction séroréaction a reaction occurring in serum or as a result of the action of a serum.

seroreversion séroréversion spontaneous or induced conversion from a seropositive to a seronegative state.

serosa séreuse 1. tunica serosa. 2. chorion. Adj.: serosal.

serosanguineous sérosanguin composed of serum and blood.

seroserous séroséreux pertaining to two or more serous membranes.

serositis sérosite pl. serositides inflammation of a serous membrane.

serosurvey test sérique a screening test of the serum of persons at risk to determine susceptibility to a particular disease.

serosynovitis sérosynovite synovitis with effusion of serum.

serotherapy sérothérapie treatment of infectious disease by injection of immune serum or antitoxin.

serotonin sérotonine a hormone and neurotransmitter,5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT), found in many tissues, including blood platelets, intestinal mucosa, the pineal body, and the central nervous system; it has many physiologic properties including inhibition of gastric secretion, stimulation of smooth muscles, and production of vasoconstriction.

serotoninergic sérotoninergique 1. containing or activated by serotonin. 2. pertaining to neurons that secrete serotonin.

serotype sérotype 1. the type of a microorganism determined by its constituent antigens; a taxonomic subdivision based thereon. 2. serovar.

serous séreux 1. pertaining to or resembling serum. 2. producing or containing serum.

serovaccination sérovaccination injection of serum combined with bacterial vaccination to produce passive immunity by the former and active immunity by the latter.

serovar sérotype a taxonomic subdivision of bacteria based on the kinds and combinations of constituent antigens present in the cell. Called also serotype.

serpiginous serpigineux creeping; having a wavy or much indented border.

serpin serpine any of a superfamily of serine protease inhibitors, found in plasma and tissues; they are homologous single-chain glycoproteins targeting specific serine proteases involved in coagulation, complement activation, fibrinolysis, inflammation, and tissue remodeling.

serrated denté having a sawlike edge.

Serratia Serratia a genus of bacteria made up of motile gram-negative rods that produce a white, pink, or red pigment. For the most part, they are free-living saprophytes, but they cause a variety of infections in immunocompromised patients.

serration dentelure 1. the state of being serrated. 2. a serrated structure or formation.

sertraline sertraline a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder.

serum sérum pl. serums, sera [L.] 1. the clear portion of any liquid separated from its more solid elements. 2. blood s. 3. antiserum. antilymphocyte s. (ALS) s. antilymphocytaire antiserum derived from animals immunized against human lymphocytes; a powerful nonspecific immunosuppressive agent that causes destruction of circulating lymphocytes. antirabies s. s. antirabique antiserum obtained from the blood serum or plasma of animals immunized with rabies vaccine; used for postexposure prophylaxis against rabies if rabies immune globulin is unavailable. blood s. s. sanguin the clear liquid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot completely, and is therefore blood plasma from which fibrogen has been removed during clotting. foreign s. s. étranger heterologous s. heterologous s. s. hétérologue 1. that obtained from an animal belonging to species different from that of the recipient. 2. that prepared from an animal immunized by an organism differing from that against which it is to be used. homologous s. s. homologue 1. that obtained from an animal belonging to the same species as the recipient. 2. that prepared from an animal immunized by the same organism against which it is to be used. immune s. s. immun antiserum. polyvalent s. s. polyvalent antiserum containing antibody to more than one kind of antigen. pooled s. pool de s. the mixed serum from a number of individuals.

serumal sérique pertaining to or formed from serum.

serum-fast sérorésistant resistant to the effects of serum.

sesamoid sésamoïde 1. denoting a small nodular bone embedded in a tendon or joint capsule. 2. a sesamoid bone.

sessile sessile attached by a broad base, as opposed to being pedunculated or stalked.

setaceous sétacé bristlelike.

Setaria Setaria a genus of filarial nematodes.

set-point valeur de consigne the target value of a controlled variable that is maintained physiologically by bodily control mechanisms for homeostasis.

sevelamer sevelamer a phosphate-binding substance used as the hydrochloride salt to reduce serum phosphorus concentrations in hyperphosphatemia associated with end-stage renal disease.

sex sexe 1. a distinctive character of most animals and plants, based on the type of gametes produced by the gonads, ova (macrogametes) being typical of the female, and spermatozoa (microgametes) of the male, or the category in which the individual is placed on such basis. see 2. gender identity, under identity. 3. sexual intercourse. 4. sexer to determine whether an organism is male or female. chromosomal s., genetic s. s. chromosomique sex as determined by the presence of the XX (female) or the XY (male) genotype, without regard to phenotypic manifestations. gonadal s. s. gonadique that part of the phenotypic sex that is determined by the gonadal tissue present (ovarian or testicular). morphological s. s. anatomique that part of the phenotypic sex that is determined by the morphology of the external genitals. phenotypic s. s. génétique the phenotypic manifestations of sex determined by endocrine influences.

-sexduction sexduction the process whereby part of the bacterial chromosome is attached to the autonomous F (sex) factor and thus is transferred from donor (male) bacterium to recipient (female).

sex-influenced influencé par le sexe pertaining to a trait carried on an autosome but expressed differently, in either frequency or degree, in males and females, e.g., androgenetic alopecia.

sex-limited limité à un sexe pertaining to a trait caried on an autosome but expressed in one sex only, e.g., lactation.

sex-linked lié au sexe carried on one of the sex chromosomes, as a gene; by extension, sexually determined, as an inherited trait determined by such a gene.

sexology sexologie the scientific study of sex and sexual relations.

sextuplet sextuplé any one of six offspring produced at the same birth.

sexual sexuel 1. pertaining to, characterized by, involving, or endowed with sex, sexuality, the sexes, or the sex organs and their functions. 2. characterized by the property of maleness or femaleness. 3. pertaining to reproduction involving both male and female gametes. 4. implying or symbolizing erotic desires or activity.

sexuality sexualité 1. the characteristic of the male and female reproductive elements. 2. the constitution of an individual in relation to sexual attitudes and behavior. infantile s. s. infantile in freudian theory, the erotic life of infants and children, encompassing the oral, anal, and phallic stages of psychosexual development.

SGOT SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; see aspartate transaminase.

SGPT SGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; see alanine transaminase.

shadow-casting couche de masquage application of a coating of gold, chromium, or other metal to ultramicroscopic structures to increase their visibility under the microscope.

shaft tige a long slender part, such as the diaphysis of a long bone.

shaggy chevelu 1. covered with, having, or resembling rough long hair or wool. 2. having a rough texture or surface or hairlike processes.

sham 1. supercherie, imposture a hoax; a fraudulent imitation. 2. factice, feint not genuine; fraudulent; marked by falseness.

shamanism chamanisme a traditional system, occurring in tribal societies, in which certain individuals (shamans) are believed to be gifted with access to an invisible spiritual world and are able to mediate between it and the physical world to heal, divine, and affect events in the latter.

shank 1. bande de jambe leg (1). 2. jambe crus ( 2).

shaping façonnage a technique in behavior therapy in which new behavior is produced by providing reinforcement for progressively closer approximations of the final desired behavior.

shave raser 1. to cut at or parallel to the surface of the skin. 2. to remove the beard or other body hair by such a process. 3. effiler to cut thin slices from or to cut into thin slices.

SHBG TeBG sex hormone-binding globulin.

sheath gaine a tubular case or envelope. arachnoid s. g. arachnoïde the continuation of the arachnoidea mater around the optic nerve, forming part of its internal sheath. carotid s. g. carotidienne a portion of the cervical fascia enclosing the carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve. crural s. g. crurale femoral s. dentinal s. g. dentinaire the layer of tissue forming the wall of a dentinal tubule. dural s. g. durale the external investment of the optic nerve. femoral s. g. fémorale the investing fascia of the proximal portion of the femoral vessels. Henle s. g. de Henle endoneurium. Hertwig s. g. de Hertwig root s. (1). s. of Key and Retzius g. de Key et Retzius endoneurium. lamellar s. g. lamellaire the perineurium. Mauthner s. g. de Mauthner axolemma. medullary s., myelin s. g. médullaire the sheath surrounding the axon of myelinated nerve cells, consisting of concentric layers of myelin formed in the peripheral nervous system by the plasma membrane of Schwann cells, and in the central nervous system by oligodendrocytes. It is interrupted at intervals along the length of the axon by gaps known as nodes of Ranvier. Myelin is an electrical insulator that serves to speed the conduction of nerve impulses. periarterial lymphatic s. g. lymphatique périartérielle any of the sheaths of lymphatic tissue that make up the white pulp of the spleen. pial s. g. piale the continuation of the pia mater around the optic nerve, forming part of its internal sheath. root s. manchon de Hertwig 1. an investment of epithelial cells around the unerupted tooth and inside the dental follicle. 2. the epithelial layer of a hair follicle, divided into an inner and an outer root sheath. s. of Schwann g. de Schwann neurilemma. synovial s. g. synoviale a double-layered, fibrous sheath with synovial fluid present between the layers, such as surrounds a tendon. tendon s. g. tendineuse the fibrous sheath covering a tendon.

sheet drap 1. an oblong piece of cotton, linen, etc., for a bed covering. 2. any structure resembling such a covering. draw s. alèze one folded and placed under a patient’s body so it may be removed with minimal disturbance of the patient.

shen shen one of the basic substances that according to traditional Chinese medicine pervade the body, usually translated “spirit,” encompassing both the mind of the individual and healthy mental and physical function.

shiatsu shiatsu [Japanese] a Japanese form of acupressure, in which pressure is applied using the thumb, elbow, or knee, perpendicularly to the skin at acupoints, combined with passive stretching and rotation of the joints.

shield écran any protecting structure. Buller s. bandeau de Buller a watch glass fitted over the eye to guard it from infection. nipple s. protège-mamelon a device to protect the nipple of a nursing woman.

shift déplacement a change or deviation. chloride s. échange d’ions chlore contre des ions bicarbonate the exchange of chloride (Cl⁻) and bicarbonate (HCO₃ centre des ions bicarbonate₃⁻) between plasma and the erythrocytes occurring whenever HCO₃⁻ is generated or decomposed within the erythrocytes. Doppler s. d. Doppler the magnitude of frequency change due to the Doppler effect. s. to the left d. vers la gauche an increase in the percentage of neutrophils having only one or a few lobes. s. to the right d. vers la droite an increase in the percentage of multilobed neutrophils.

Shigella Shigella a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae; its members cause dysentery. It contains the species S. boydii, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, and S. sonnei.

shigella shigella pl. shigellae an individual organism of the genus Shigella.

shigellosis shigellose intestinal infection with Shigella, such as bacillary dysentery.

shin tibia the prominent anterior edge of the tibia or the leg. saber s. t. en lame de sabre marked anterior convexity of the tibia, seen in congenital syphilis and in yaws.

shingles zona herpes zoster.

shivering 1. frissonnement involuntary shaking of the body, as with cold. 2. maladie des tremblements a disease of horses, with trembling or quivering of various muscles.

shock choc 1. a sudden disturbance of mental equilibrium. 2. a profound hemodynamic and metabolic disturbance due to failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs. anaphylactic s. c. anaphylactique see anaphylaxis. cardiogenic s. c. cardiogénique shock resulting from inadequate cardiac function, as from myocardial infarction or mechanical obstruction; characteristics include hypovolemia, hypotension, cold skin, weak pulse, and confusion. endotoxic s., endotoxin s. c. endotoxique septic shock due to release of endotoxins by gram-negative bacteria. hypovolemic s. c. hypovolémique shock due to insufficient blood volume, either from hemorrhage or other loss of fluid or from widespread vasodilation so that normal blood volume cannot maintain tissue perfusion; symptoms are like those of cardiogenic shock. insulin s. c. insulinique a hypoglycemic reaction to overdosage of insulin, a skipped meal, or strenuous exercise in an insulin-dependent diabetic, with tremor, dizziness, cool moist skin, hunger, and tachycardia, sometimes progressing to coma and convulsions. septic s. c. septique shock associated with overwhelming infection, most commonly infection with gram-negative bacteria, thought to result from the actions of endotoxins and other products of the infectious agent that cause sequestration of blood in the capillaries and veins. serum s. c. anaphylactique, maladie sérique see anaphylaxis and see under sickness.

shotty piqueté like shot; resembling the pellets used in shotgun cartridges.

shoulder épaule the area where the arm joins the trunk and the clavicle meets the scapula. frozen s. é. gelée adhesive capsulitis.

shoulder-blade omoplate scapula.

show 1. trace a tiny amount or appearance of something. 2. perte du bouchon muqueux bloody s. bloody s. p. du bouchon muqueux vaginal discharge of blood-tinged mucus, usually meaning that the cervix has begun to dilate and the onset of labor is imminent.

shunt 1. dériver to turn to one side; to bypass. 2. shunt a passage or anastomosis between two natural channels, especially between blood vessels, formed physiologically or anomalously. 3. dérivation, shunt a surgically created anastomosis; also, the operation of forming a shunt. arteriovenous s. s. artérioveineux 1.arteriovenous anastomosis (1). 2.a U-shaped plastic tube inserted between an artery and a vein; usually to allow repeated access to the arterial system for hemodialysis. Blalock-Taussig s. s. de Blalock-Taussig see under operation. cardiovascular s. s. cardiovasculaire diversion of the blood flow through an anomalous opening from the left side of the heart to the right side or from the systemic to the pulmonary circulation (left-to-right s.), or from the right side to the left side or from the pulmonary to the systemic circulation (right-to-left s.). left-to-right s. s. gauche-droit see cardiovascular s. LeVeen s. s. de LeVeen peritoneovenous s. peritoneovenous s. s. péritonéoveineux a surgically implanted subcutaneous plastic tube for continuous shunting of ascites fluid from the peritoneal cavity to the jugular vein; a pressure-activated valve buried in the abdominal wall ensures one-way flow. portacaval s. s. portocave surgical anastomosis of the portal vein and the vena cava. right-to-left s. s. droite-gauche see cardiovascular s. splenorenal s. s. splénorénal removal of the spleen with anastomosis of the splenic vein to the left renal vein. ventriculoatrial s. ventriculo-atriostomie the surgical creation of a communication between a cerebral ventricle and a cardiac atrium by means of a plastic tube, to permit drainage of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus. ventriculoperitoneal s. s. ventriculopéritonéal a communication between a cerebral ventricle and the peritoneum by means of plastic tubing; done for the relief of hydrocephalus.

SI SI Systme International d’Units, or International System of Units. See SI unit, under unit.

Si Si silicon.

SIADH syndrome de Schwartz-Bartter syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.

sialadenitis sialadénite inflammation of a salivary gland.

sialadenoma sialadénomie a benign tumor of the salivary glands.

sialadenopathy sialadénopathie sialadenosis.

sialadenosis sialadénose sialadenopathy; a disease of a salivary gland.

sialagogue sialagogue an agent which stimulates the flow of saliva. Adj.: sialagogic.

sialectasia sialectasie dilatation of a salivary duct.

sialic acid acide sialique any of a group of acetylated derivatives of neuraminic acid; they occur in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria.

sialitis sialite inflammation of a salivary gland or duct.

sial(o)- sial(o)- word element [Gr.], saliva; salivary glands.

sialoadenectomy sialoadénectomie excision of a salivary gland.

sialoadenitis sialoadénite sialadenitis.

sialoadenotomy sialodénotomie incision and drainage of a salivary gland.

sialoaerophagy sialoaérophagie the swallowing of saliva and air.

sialoangiectasis sialoangiectasis sialectasia.

sialoangiitis sialoangiite sialoductitis; inflammation of a salivary duct.

sialoangiography sialoangiographie radiography of the ducts of the salivary glands after injection of a radiopaque medium.

sialocele sialocèle a salivary cyst.

sialodochitis sialodochite sialoangiitis.

sialodochoplasty sialodochoplastie plastic repair of a salivary duct.

sialoductitis sialodochite sialoangiitis.

sialogenous sialogène producing saliva.

sialography sialographie sialoangiography.

sialolith sialolithe a calcareous concretion or calculus in the salivary ducts or glands, usually the submaxillary gland and its duct.

sialolithiasis sialolithiase the formation of salivary calculi.

sialolithotomy sialolithotomie excision of a salivary calculus.

sialometaplasia sialométaplasie metaplasia of the salivary glands. necrotizing s. s. nécrosante a benign inflammatory condition of the salivary glands, simulating mucoepidermoid and squamous cell carcinoma.

sialomucin sialomucine a mucin whose carbohydrate groups contain sialic acid.

sialorrhea sialorrhée ptyalism.

sialoschesis sialoschèse suppression of secretion of saliva.

sialostenosis sialosténose stenosis of a salivary duct.

sialosyrinx sialosyrinx 1. salivary fistula. 2. a syringe for washing out the salivary ducts, or a drainage tube for the salivary ducts.

sib membre de la même fratrie 1. a blood relative; one of a group of persons all descended from a common ancestor. 2. sibling.

sibilant sibilant whistling or hissing.

sibling membre de la même fratrie any of two or more offspring of the same parents; a brother or sister.

sibship fratrie 1. relationship by blood. 2. a group of persons all descended from a common ancestor. 3. a group of siblings.

sibutramine sibutramine an anorectic used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of obesity.

siccus siccus [L.] dry.

sick 1. malade not in good health; afflicted by disease; ill. 2. nauséeux nauseated.

sicklemia drépanocytose sickle cell anemia.

sickling falciformation the development of sickle cells in the blood.

sickness mal, maladie disease. African sleeping s. maladie du sommeil African trypanosomiasis. air s. m. de l’air airsickness. altitude s. m. de l’altitude a condition due to difficulty adjusting to lowered oxygen pressure at high altitudes; it may take the form of mountain sickness, highaltitude pulmonary edema, or cerebral edema. car s. m. de la route carsickness. decompression s. maladie des caissons divers’ paralysis; joint pain, respiratory problems, skin lesions, and neurologic signs, due to rapid reduction of air pressure in a person’s environment. green tobacco s. maladie du tabac vert transient, recurring nicotine poisoning in tobacco harvesters. high-altitude s. m. de haute altitude altitude s. milk s. indigestion au lait an acute, often fatal disease in humans after they ingest milk, milk products, or flesh of cattle or sheep who have eaten certain toxic plants; human disease is marked by weakness, anorexia, vomiting, and sometimes muscular tremors. morning s. maladie gravidique précoce nausea of early pregnancy. motion s. m. des transports nausea and malaise due to unaccustomed motion, such as in travel by airplane, automobile, ship, or train. mountain s. m. des montagnes a type of high altitude sickness with oliguria, dyspnea, blood pressure and pulse rate changes, and neurological disorders. radiation s. m. des rayons a condition resulting from exposure to a whole-body dose of over 1 gray of ionizing radiation and characterized by the symptoms of the acute radiation syndrome. sea s. m. de mer seasickness. serum s. maladie sérique a hypersensitivity reaction after administration of foreign serum or serum proteins, marked by urticaria, arthralgia, edema, and lymphadenopathy. sleeping s. maladie du sommeil 1. African trypanosomiasis. 2. increasing lethargy and drowsiness due to a disease process such as African trypanosomiasis or types of encephalomyelitis.

s.i.d. s.i.d. [L.] semel in die (once a day).

sider(o)- sidér(o)- word element [Gr.], iron.

sideroblast sidéroblaste a nucleated erythrocyte containing iron granules in its cytoplasm. Adj.: sideroblastic. ringed s. s. annulaire an abnormal sideroblast with many iron granules in its mitochondria, found in a ring around the nucleus; seen in sideroblastic anemia.

siderocyte sidérocyte an erythrocyte containing nonhemoglobin iron.

sideroderma sidérodermie bronzed coloration of the skin due to disordered iron metabolism.

siderofibrosis sidérofibrose fibrosis of the spleen with deposits of iron. Adj.: siderofibrotic.

sideromycin sidéromycine any of a class of antibiotics, synthesized by certain actinomycetes, that inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with iron uptake.

sideropenia sidéropénie iron deficiency. Adj.: sideropenic.

siderophil sidérophile 1. siderophilous. 2. a siderophilous cell or tissue.

siderophilous sidérophile tending to absorb iron.

siderophore sidérophore a macrophage containing hemosiderin.

siderosilicosis sidérosilicose pneumoconiosis from inhalation of dust containing particles of iron ore and silica.

siderosis sidérose pneumoconiosis 1. due to inhalation of iron particles. 2. hyperferremia. hemosiderosis. hepatic s. s. hépatique the deposit of an abnormal quantity of iron in the liver. urinary s. s. urinaire hemosiderinuria.

SIDS MSN sudden infant death syndrome.

siemens (S) siemens the SI unit of conductance; the conductance of one ampere per volt in a body with one ohm resistance.

sig. sig. [L.] signa (mark).

sight vue vision (1, 2). far s. hypermétropie hyperopia. near s. myopie myopia. night s. nyctalopie hemeralopia.

sigmatism sigmatisme faulty enunciation or too frequent use of the s sound.

sigmoid sigmoïde 1. shaped like the letter C or S. 2. sigmoid colon.

sigmoidectomy sigmoïdectomie excision of part or all of the sigmoid colon.

sigmoiditis sigmoïdite inflammation of the sigmoid colon.

sigmoidopexy sigmoïdopexie fixation of the sigmoid colon, as for rectal prolapse.

sigmoidoproctostomy sigmoïdoproctostomie surgical anastomosis of the sigmoid colon to the rectum.

sigmoidoscopy sigmoïdoscopie direct examination of the interior of the sigmoid colon.

sigmoidosigmoidostomy sigmoïdosigmoïdostomie surgical anastomosis of two portions of the sigmoid colon; the opening so created.

sigmoidostomy sigmoïdostomie creation of an artificial opening from the sigmoid colon to the body surface; the opening so created.

sigmoidotomy sigmoïdotomie incision of the sigmoid colon.

sigmoidovesical sigmoïdovésical pertaining to or communicating with the sigmoid colon and the urinary bladder.

sign signe an indication of the existence of something; any objective evidence of a disease, i.e., such evidence as is perceptible to the examining physician, as opposed to the subjective sensations (symptoms) of the patient. Abadie s. s. d’Abadie insensibility of the Achilles tendon to pressure in tabes dorsalis. Babinski s. s. de Babinski 1. loss or lessening of the triceps surae reflex in organic sciatica. 2. see under reflex. 3. in organic hemiplegia, failure of the platysma muscle to contract on the affected side in opening the mouth, whistling, etc. 4. in organic hemiplegia, flexion of the thigh and lifting of the heel from the ground when the patient tries to sit up from a supine position with arms crossed upon chest. 5. in organic paralysis, when the affected forearm is placed in supination, it turns over to pronation. Beevor s. s. de Beevor 1. in functional paralysis, inability to inhibit the antagonistic muscles. 2. in paralysis of the lower abdominal muscles due to a spinal cord lesion in the region of the lower thoracic vertebrae, there is upward excursion of the umbilicus on attempting to lift the head. Bergman s. s. de Bergman in urologic radiography, (a) the ureter is dilated immediately below a neoplasm, rather than collapsed as below an obstructing stone, and (b) the ureteral catheter tends to coil in this dilated portion of the ureter. Biernacki s. s. de Biernacki analgesia of the ulnar nerve in general paresis and tabes dorsalis. Blumberg s. s. de Blumberg pain on abrupt release of steady pressure (rebound tenderness) over the site of a suspected abdominal lesion, indicative of peritonitis. Branham s. s. de Branham bradycardia produced by digital closure of an artery proximal to an arteriovenous fistula. Braxton Hicks s. s. de Braxton-Hicks see under contraction. Broadbent s. s. de Broadbent retraction on the left side of the back, near the eleventh and twelfth ribs, related to pericardial adhesion. Brudzinski s. s. de Brudzinski 1. in meningitis, flexion of the neck usually causes flexion of the hip and knee. 2. in meningitis, on passive flexion of one lower limb, the contralateral limb shows a similar movement. Chaddock s. s. de Chaddock see under reflex. Chadwick s. s. de Chadwick a dark blue to purplish-red congested appearance of the vaginal mucosa, an indication of pregnancy. Chvostek s., Chvostek-Weiss s. s. de Chvostek spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of the parotid gland; seen in tetany. Cullen s. s. de Cullen bluish discoloration around the umbilicus sometimes associated with intraperitoneal hemorrhage, especially after rupture of the uterine tube in ectopic pregnancy; similar discoloration occurs in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Dalrymple s. s. de Dalrymple abnormal wideness of the palpebral opening in Graves disease. Delbet s. s. de Delbet in aneurysm of a limb’s main artery, if nutrition of the part distal to the aneurysm is maintained despite absence of the pulse, collateral circulation is sufficient. de Musset s. s. de De Musset Musset s. Ewart s. s. d’Ewart bronchial breathing and dullness on percussion at the lower angle of the left scapula in pericardial effusion. fabere s. s. de fabere see Patrick test. Friedreich s. s. de Friedreich diastolic collapse of the cervical veins due to adhesion of the pericardium. Goodell s. s. de Goodell softening of the cervix; a sign of pregnancy. Gorlin s. s. de Gorlin the ability to touch the tip of the nose with the tongue, often a sign of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Graefe s. s. de von Graefe tardy or jerky downward movement of the upper eyelids when the gaze is directed downward; noted in thyrotoxicosis. halo s. s. du halo a halo effect produced in the radiograph of the fetal head between the subcutaneous fat and the cranium; said to be indicative of intrauterine death of the fetus. harlequin s. s. d’Arlequin reddening of the lower half of the laterally recumbent body and blanching of the upper half, due to temporary vasomotor disturbance in newborn infants. Hegar s. s. de Hegar softening of the lower uterine segment; indicative of pregnancy. Hoffmann s. s. de Hoffmann 1. increased mechanical irritability of the sensory nerves in tetany; the ulnar nerve is usually tested. 2. a sudden nipping of the nail of the index, middle, or ring finger produces flexion of the terminal phalanx of the thumb and of the second and third phalanges of some other finger. Homans s. s. de Homans discomfort behind the knee on forced dorsiflexion of the foot, due to thrombosis in the calf veins. Hoover s. s. de Hoover 1. in the normal state or in true paralysis, when the supine patient presses the leg against the surface on which he is lying, the other leg will lift. 2. movement of the costal margins toward the midline in inhalation, bilaterally in pulmonary emphysema and unilaterally in conditions causing flattening of the diaphragm. Kernig s. s. de Kernig in meningitis, inability to completely extend the leg when sitting or lying with the thigh flexed upon the abdomen; when in dorsal decubitus position, the leg can be easily and completely extended. Klippel-Weil s. s. du pouce in pyramidal tract disease, flexion and adduction of the thumb when the flexed fingers are quickly extended by the examiner. Lasgue s. s. de Lasègue in sciatica, flexion of the hip is pain_{ful when the knee is extended, but painless} when the knee is flexed. Lri s. s. de Léri absence of normal flexion of the elbow on passive flexion of the hand at the wrist of the affected side in hemiplegia. Lhermitte s. s. de Lhermitte electric-like shocks spreading down the body on flexing the head forward; seen mainly in multiple sclerosis but also in compression and other cervical cord disorders. Macewen s. s. de Macewen a more than normal resonant note on percussion of the skull behind the junction of the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones in internal hydrocephalus and cerebral abscess. Mc- Murray s. s. de McMurray occurrence of a cartilage click on manipulation of the knee; indicative of meniscal injury. Möbius s. s. de Mœbius in Graves disease, inability to keep the eyes converged due to insufficiency of the internal rectus muscles. Musset s. s. de Musset rhythmical jerking of the head in aortic aneurysm and aortic insufficiency. Nikolsky s. s. de Nikolsky ready separation of the outer layer of the epidermis from the basal layer with sloughing of the skin produced by minor trauma such as a sliding or rubbing pressure on the skin; it can occur in certain skin disorders, infection, and thermal burns. Oliver s. s. de la trachée tracheal tugging; see tugging. Oppenheim s. s. d’Oppenheim see under reflex. Queckenstedt s. s. de Queckenstedt when the veins in the neck are compressed on one or both sides in healthy persons, there is a rapid rise in the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid, which then returns quickly to normal when compression ceases. In obstruction of the vertebral canal, the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid is little or not at all affected. Romberg s. s. de Romberg swaying of the body or falling when the eyes are closed while standing with the feet close together; observed in tabes dorsalis. Rossolimo s. s. de Rossolimo see under reflex. setting sun s. s. du coucher de soleil downward deviation of the eyes so that each iris appears to “set” beneath the lower lid, with white sclera exposed between it and the upper lid; indicative of increased intracranial pressure or irritation of the brain stem. Stellwag s. s. de Stellwag infrequent or incomplete blinking, a sign of Graves disease. string of beads s. s. du collier de perles a series of rounded shapes resembling a string of beads on a radiograph of the small intestine, indicating bubbles of trapped gas within the fluid of an obstructed and distended bowel. Tinel s. s. de Tinel a tingling sensation in the distal end of a limb when percussion is made over the site of a divided nerve. It indicates a partial lesion or the beginning regeneration of the nerve. Trousseau s. s. de Trousseau tache cérébrale. vital s’s s. vitaux the pulse, respiration, and temperature.

signa signa [L.] write or make a mark; abbreviated S. or sig. in prescriptions.

signature signature the part of a prescription that gives directions as to the taking of the medicine.

significant significatif in statistics, probably resulting from something other than chance.

signing langage des signes dactylology; use of a system of hand movements for communication.

Silastic Silastic trademark for polymeric silicone substances that have the properties of rubber but are biologically inert; used in surgical prostheses.

sildenafil sildénafil a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that relaxes the smooth muscle of the penis, facilitating blood flow to the corpus cavernosum; used as the citrate salt to treat erectile dysfunction.

silencing répression the process of making or keeping something silent. gene s. inactivation génique negative regulation of gene expression, including processes that inhibit transcription of genes, such as DNA methylation, and posttranscriptional processes.

silent silencieux 1. noiseless. 2. producing no detectable signs or symptoms.

silica silice silicon dioxide, SiO₂, occurring in various allotropic forms, some of which are used in dental materials. See also silicosis.

silicatosis silicatose pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of the dust of silicates such as those in asbestos, kaolin, mica, or talc.

silicoanthracosis silicoanthracose anthracosilicosis.

silicon silicium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 14, symbol Si. s. carbide carbure de s. a compound of silicon and carbon used in dentistry as an abrasive agent. s. dioxide dioxyde de s. silica.

silicone silicone any of a large group of organic compounds comprising alternating silicon and oxygen atoms linked to organic radicals, particularly methyl groups; uses have included wetting agents and surfactants, sealants, coolants, contact lenses, and surgical membranes and implants.

silicosiderosis silicosidérose siderosilicosis.

silicosis silicose pneumoconiosis due to inhalation of the dust of stone, sand, or flint containing silica, with generalized nodular fibrotic changes in the lungs. Adj.: silicotic.

siliquose siliqueux pertaining to or resembling a pod or husk.

silk soie the protein filament produced by the larvae of various insects; braided, degummed silk obtained from the cocoons of the silkworm Bombyx mori is used as a nonabsorbable suture material.

siloxane siloxane any of various compounds based on a substituted backbone of alternating silica and oxygen molecules; in polymeric form they are polysiloxanes, and when the side chain substituents are organic radicals, they are silicones.

silver argent chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 47, symbol Ag. s. nitrate nitrate d’a. used as a local anti-infective, as in the prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum. s. protein protéine d’a. silver made colloidal by the presence of, or combination with, protein; it may be mild, used as a topical anti-infective, or strong, used as an active germicide with a local irritant and astringent effect. s. sulfadiazine sulfadiazine d’a. the silver derivative of sulfadiazine, having bactericidal activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, as well as being effective against yeasts; used as a topical antiinfective for the prevention and treatment of wound sepsis in patients with second and third degree burns. toughened s. nitrate nitrate d’a., Argentum nitricum a compound of silver nitrate, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, or potassium nitrate; used as a caustic, applied topically after being dipped in water.

simethicone siméthicone an antifoaming and antiflatulent agent consisting of a mixture of dimethicones and silicon dioxide.

simian simien of, pertaining to, or resembling an ape or a monkey.

similia similibus curantur similia similibus curantur [L. “likes are cured by likes”] the doctrine, which lies at the foundation of homeopathy, that a disease is cured by those remedies which produce effects resembling the disease itself.

simillimum simillimum [L.] the homeopathic remedy that most exactly reproduces the symptoms of any disease.

simple simple neither compound nor complex; single.

Simplexvirus Simplexvirus herpes simplex-like viruses; a genus of ubiquitous viruses of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae (family Herpesviridae) that infect humans and other animals.

simul simul [L.] at the same time as.

simulator simulateur something that simulates, such as an apparatus that simulates conditions that will be encountered in real life.

Simulium Simulium a genus of biting gnats; some species are intermediate hosts of Onchocerca volvulus.

simultanagnosia simultanagnosie partial visual agnosia, consisting of the inability to comprehend more than one element of a visual scene at the same time or to integrate the parts as a whole.

simvastatin simvastatine an antihyperlipidemic agent that acts by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and other forms of dyslipidemia and to lower the risks associated with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.

sinciput sinciput forehead. Adj.: sincipital.

sinew tendon a tendon of a muscle. weeping s. ganglion synovial an encysted ganglion, chiefly on the back of the hand, containing synovial fluid.

single blind simple insu (à) pertaining to an experiment in which subjects do not know which treatment they are receiving.

singultus singultus [L.] hiccup.

sinister sénestre [L.] left; on the left side.

sinistrad sinistrad to or toward the left.

sinistral sénestre pertaining to the left side.

sinistrality sinistralité lateral dominance on the left side.

sinistr(o)- sinistr(o)- word element [L.], left; left side.

sinistrocerebral sinistrocérébral pertaining to or situated in the left cerebral hemisphere.

sinistrocular sinistroculaire having the left eye dominant.

sinistromanual gaucher left-handed.

sinistropedal sinistropédal using the left foot in preference to the right.

sinistrotorsion sinistrotorsion levoclination.

sinoatrial sinoatrial pertaining to the sinus venosus and the atrium of the heart.

sinobronchitis sinobronchite chronic paranasal sinusitis with recurrent bronchitis.

sinopulmonary sinopulmonaire involving the paranasal sinuses and the lungs.

sinuatrial sinuatrial sinoatrial.

sinuous sinueux bending in and out; winding.

sinus sinus pl. sinus, sinuses 1. [L.] a recess, cavity, or channel, as (a) one in bone or (b) a dilated channel for venous blood. 2. an abnormal channel or fistula permitting escape of pus. Adj.: sinusal. air s. s. aérien an air-containing space within a bone. anal s’s s. anaux furrows, with pouchlike openings at the distal end, separating the rectal columns. aortic s. s. aortique a dilatation between the aortic wall and each of the semilunar cusps of the aortic valve; from two of these sinuses the coronary arteries originate. branchial s. s. branchial an abnormal cavity or space opening externally on the inferior third of the neck; usually a result of persistence of the second pharyngeal groove and cervical sinus. carotid s. s. carotidien a dilatation of the proximal portion of the internal carotid or distal portion of the common carotid artery, containing in its wall pressoreceptors which are stimulated by changes in blood pressure. cavernous s. s. caverneux either of two irregularly shaped sinuses of the dura mater, located at either side of the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating across the midline; it contains the internal carotid artery and abducent nerve. cervical s. s. cervical a temporary depression caudal to the second pharyngeal arch, containing the succeeding pharyngeal arches; it is overgrown by the second pharyngeal arch and closes off as the cervical vesicle. circular s. s. circulaire the venous channel encircling the hypophysis, formed by the two cavernous sinuses and the anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses. coccygeal s. s. coccygien a sinus or fistula just over or close to the tip of the coccyx. coronary s. s. coronaire the terminal portion of the great cardiac vein, lying in the coronary sulcus between the left atrium and ventricle, and emptying into the right atrium. cortical s’s s. corticaux lymph sinuses in the cortex of a lymph node, which arise from the marginal sinuses and continue into the medullary sinuses. dermal s. fistule dermique a congenital sinus tract extending from the surface of the body, between the bodies of two adjacent lumbar vertebrae, to the spinal canal. dural s’s s. duraux large venous channels forming an anastomosing system between the layers of the dura mater, draining the cerebral veins and some diploic and meningeal veins into the veins of the neck. s. of epididymis s. de l’épididyme a long, slitlike serous pocket between the upper part of the testis and the overlying epididymis. ethmoid s’s, ethmoidal s’s s. éthmoïdaux see under cell. frontal s. s. frontal one of the paired paranasal sinuses in the frontal bone, each communicating with the middle meatus of the ipsilateral nasal cavity. intercavernous s’s s. intercaverneux two sinuses of the dura mater connecting the two cavernous sinuses, one passing anterior and the other posterior to the infundibulum of the hypophysis. lacteal s’s, lactiferous s’s s. galactophores enlargements of the lactiferous ducts just before they open on the mammary papilla. lymphatic s’s s. lymphatiques irregular, tortuous spaces within lymphoid tissue (nodes) through which lymph passes, to enter efferent lymphatic vessels. marginal s’s s. marginaux 1. see under lake. 2. bowl-shaped lymph sinuses separating the capsule from the cortical parenchyma, and from which lymph flows into the cortical sinuses. maxillary s. s. maxillaire one of the paired paranasal sinuses in the body of the maxilla on either side, and opening into the middle meatus of the ipsilateral nasal cavity. medullary s’s s. médullaires lymph sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node, which divide the lymphoid tissue into a number of medullary cords. occipital s. s. occipital one of the sinuses of the dura mater, passing upward along the midline of the cerebellum. oral s. s. oral stomodeum. paranasal s’s s. paranasaux mucosa-lined air cavities in bones of the skull, communicating with the nasal cavity and including ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses. petrosal s. s. pétreux either of two sinuses of the dura mater, arising from the cavernous sinus and draining into the internal jugular vein (inferior petrosal s.) or into the transverse sinus (superior petrosal s.). pilonidal s. s. pilonidal a suppurating sinus containing hair, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region. prostatic s. s. prostatique the posterolateral recess between the seminal colliculus and the wall of the urethra. s. of pulmonary trunk s. de l’artère pulmonaire a slight dilatation between the wall of the pulmonary trunk and each of the semilunar cusps of the pulmonary trunk valve. renal s. s. du rein a recess in the substance of the kidney, occupied by the renal pelvis, calices, vessels, nerves, and fat. sagittal s., inferior s. sagittal, inférieur a small venous sinus of the dura mater, opening into the straight sinus. sagittal s., superior s. sagittal, supérieur a venous sinus of the dura mater which ends in the confluence of sinuses. sigmoid s. s. sigmoïde a venous sinus of the dura mater on either side, continuous with the transverse sinus and draining into the internal jugular vein of the same side. sphenoid s., sphenoidal s. s. sphénoïde one of the paired paranasal sinuses in the body of the sphenoid bone and opening into the highest meatus of the ipsilateral nasal cavity. sphenoparietal s. s. sphénopariétal either of two sinuses of the dura mater, draining into the anterior part of the cavernous sinus. splenic s. s. splénique a dilated venous sinus in the substance of the spleen. straight s. s. droit one of the sinuses of the dura mater formed by junction of the great cerebral vein and inferior sagittal sinus, commonly ending in the confluence of the sinuses. tarsal s. c. calcanéen a space between the calcaneus and talus. tentorial s. s. droit straight s. terminal s. s. terminal a vein that encircles the vascular area in the blastoderm. transverse s. s. latéral 1. either of two large sinuses of the dura mater. 2. a passage behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk and in front of the atria. tympanic s. s. du tympan a deep recess in the posterior part of the tympanic cavity. urogenital s. s. urogénital an elongated sac formed by division of the cloaca in the early embryo, forming most of the bladder, the female vestibule, urethra, and vagina, and most of the male urethra. uterine s’s s. utérins venous channels in the wall of the uterus in pregnancy. s. of venae cavae s. des veines caves the portion of the right atrium into which the inferior and the superior venae cavae open. s. venosus s. veineux 1. the common venous receptacle in the embryonic midheart, attached to the posterior wall of the primordial atrium. 2. venous s. (1). 3. s. of venae cavae. venous s. s. veineux 1. a large vein or channel for the circulation of venous blood. 2. s. venosus (1). venous s’s of dura mater s. veineux de la dure-mère large channels for venous blood forming an anastomosing system between the layers of the dura mater of the brain, receiving blood from the brain and draining into the veins of the scalp or deep veins at the base of the skull. venous s. of sclera s. veineux de la sclère a branching, circumferential vessel in the internal scleral sulcus, a major component of the drainage pathway for aqueous humor.

sinusitis sinusite inflammation of a sinus.

sinusoid sinusoïde 1. resembling a sinus. 2. a form of terminal blood channel consisting of a large, irregular anastomosing vessel having a lining of reticuloendothelium and found in the liver, heart, spleen, pancreas, and the adrenal, parathyroid, carotid, and hemolymph glands.

sinusoidal sinusoïdal 1. located in a sinusoid or affecting the circulation in the region of a sinusoid. 2. shaped like or pertaining to a sine wave.

sinusotomy sinusotomie incision of a sinus.

siphon siphon a bent tube with two arms of unequal length, used to transfer liquids from a higher to a lower level by the force of atmospheric pressure.

siphonage siphonage the use of the siphon, as in gastric lavage or in draining the bladder.

sirenomelia sirénomélie apodal symmelia.

sirenomelus sirénomèle a fetus with sirenomelia.

sirolimus sirolimus a macrolide antibiotic having immunosuppressant properties; used to prevent rejection of kidney transplants.

-sis -sie word element [Gr.], state; condition.

SISI SISI short increment sensitivity index.

sister sœur the nurse in charge of a hospital ward (Great Britain).

Sistrurus Sistrurus a genus of small rattlesnakes of the family Crotalidae; they occur throughout the United States and have symmetrical plates covering their heads. S. catenatus is the massasauga and S. miliarius is the pygmy rattlesnake.

sitagliptin sitagliptine an agent that in response to elevated blood sugar slows the inactivation of incretins, thereby increasing insulin release and decreasing circulating glucagon levels; used as the phosphate salt in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

site site a place, position, or locus. active s. s. actif the three-dimensional region of an enzyme or other catalyst at which the reaction occurs, binding the substrate and facilitating its conversion to a reaction product. allosteric s. s. allostérique a site on a multi-subunit enzyme that is not the substrate binding site but that when reversibly bound by an effector induces a conformational change in the enzyme, altering its catalytic properties. antigen-binding s., antigen-combining s. s. de liaison antigénique the region of the antibody molecule that binds to antigens. binding s. s. de liaison in an enzyme or other protein, the three-dimensional configuration of specific groups on specific amino acids that binds specific compounds, such as substrates or effectors, with high affinity and specificity. catalytic s. s. catalytique in an enzyme, the portion of the active site that converts the substrate to a reaction product or otherwise interacts with it. restriction s. s. de restriction a base sequence in a DNA segment recognized by a particular restriction endonuclease.

sit(o)- sit(o)- word element [Gr.], food.

sitosterol sitostérol any of a group of closely related plant sterols, having anticholesterolemic activity.

sitosterolemia sitostérolémie the presence of excessive sitosterols in the blood, especially β-sitosterol, from dietary vegetables. Written also β-sitosterolemia.

sitotropism sitotropisme response of living cells to the presence of nutritive elements.

situs situs pl. situs [L.] site or position. s. inversus viscerum s. inversus viscerum lateral transposition of the viscera of the thorax and abdomen. s. transversus s. transversus s. inversus viscerum.

SIV VIS simian immunodeficiency virus.

skatole skatole a strong-smelling crystalline amine from human feces, produced by protein decomposition in the intestine and directly from tryptophan by decarboxylation.

skeletal du squelette pertaining to the skeleton.

skeletization squelettisation 1. extreme emaciation. 2. removal of soft parts from the skeleton.

skeletogenous squelettogène producing skeletal or bony structures.

skeleton squelette [Gr.] the hard framework of the animal body, especially that of higher vertebrates; the bones of the body collectively. See Plate 1. appendicular s. s. appendiculaire the bones of the limbs and supporting thoracic (pectoral) and pelvic girdles. axial s. s. axial the bones of the body axis, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. cardiac s. s. cardiaque the fibrous or fibrocartilaginous framework that supports and gives attachment to the cardiac muscle fibers and valves, and the roots of the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

skenitis skénite inflammation of the paraurethral(Skene) glands.

skin peau the outer protective covering of the body, consisting of the dermis and epidermis. farmers’ s. élastose actinique actinic elastosis.

skinfold pli cutané the layer of skin and subcutaneous fat raised by pinching the skin and letting the underlying muscle fall back to the bone; used to estimate the percentage of body fat.

SKSD SKSD streptokinase-streptodornase.

skull crâne the skeleton of the head, including the cranium and the mandible. See Plate 1.

slant gélose inclinée 1. a sloping surface of agar in a test tube. 2. slant culture.

SLE LES systemic lupus erythematosus.

sleep sommeil a period of rest for the body and mind, during which volition and consciousness are in abeyance and bodily functions are partially suspended; also described as a behavioral state, with characteristic immobile posture and diminished but readily reversible sensitivity to external stimuli. NREM s. s. lent non-rapid eye movement sleep; the deep, dreamless period of sleep during which the brain waves are slow and of high voltage, and autonomic activities, such as heart rate and blood pressure, are low and regular. REM s. s. paradoxal the period of sleep during which the brain waves are fast and of low voltage, and autonomic activities, such as heart rate and respiration, are irregular. This type of sleep is associated with dreaming, mild involuntary muscle jerks, and rapid eye movements (REM). It usually occurs three to four times each night at intervals of 80 to 120 minutes, each occurrence lasting from 5 minutes to more than an hour.

sleepwalking somnambulisme somnambulism.

slide préparation microscopique a glass plate on which objects are placed for microscopic examination.

sling écharpe a bandage or suspensory for supporting a part. mandibular s. é. mandibulaire a structure suspending the mandible, formed by the medial pterygoid and masseter muscles and aiding in mandibulomaxillary articulation. pubovaginal s. fronde pubovaginale a support constructed of rectoabdominal fascia to stabilize the bladder from underneath in treatment of stress incontinence. suburethral s. fronde sous-urétrale a support constructed surgically from muscle, ligament, or synthetic material that elevates the bladder from underneath in the treatment of stress incontinence.

slough 1. escarre necrotic tissue in the process of separating from viable portions of the body. 2. perdre to shed or cast off.