B

B B bel; boron.

b b base (in nucleic acid sequences); born.

β β (beta, the second letter of the Greek alphabet) β chain of hemoglobin.

β– β – a prefix designating (1) the position of a substituting atom or group in a chemical compound; (2) the specific rotation of an optically active compound; (3) the orientation of an exocyclic atom or group; (4) a plasma protein migrating with the β band in electrophoresis; (5) second in a series of two or more related entities or chemical compounds.

BA BA Bachelor of Arts.

Ba Ba barium.

Babesia Babesia a genus of protozoa found as parasites in red blood cells and transmitted by ticks; its numerous species include B. bigemina, B. bovis, B. major, and B. microti, and cause babesiosis in wild and domestic animals and sometimes humans.

babesiasis babésiase 1. chronic, asymptomatic infection with protozoa of the genus Babesia. 2. babesiosis.

babesiosis babésiose a group of tickborne diseases due to infection with species of Babesia, seen in wild and domestic animals associated with anemia, hemoglobinuria, and hemoglobinemia; it may spread to humans as a zoonosis that resembles malaria.

baby bébé infant. blue b. nourrisson bleu an infant born with cyanosis due to a congenital heart lesion or atelectasis. collodion b. b. collodion an infant born encased in a collodion- or parchment-like membrane, which usually leaves fissures in the skin when it is shed so that the infant has lamellar ichthyosis. Occasionally it is shed without major problems (lamellar exfoliation of the newborn).

bacampicillin bacampicilline a semisynthetic penicillin of the ampicillin class; its hydrochloride salt has the same actions and uses as ampicillin.

baccate bacciforme resembling a berry.

Bacillaceae Bacillaceae a family of mostly saprophytic bacteria of the order Bacillales, commonly found in soil and as animal parasites; members of genus Bacillus cause disease in humans.

Bacillales Bacillales an order of gram- positive, endospore-forming bacteria of the class Bacilli.

bacillary bacillaire pertaining to bacilli or to rodlike structures.

bacille bacille [Fr.] bacillus. b. Calmette-Guérin (BCG) b. de Calmette et Guérin Mycobacterium bovis rendered completely avirulent by cultivation over a long period on bile-glycerol-potato medium; see BCG vaccine.

Bacilli bacilles a class of bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes.

bacilli bacilles plural of bacillus.

bacillin bacilline an antibiotic substance isolated from strains of Bacillus subtilis, highly active on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

bacilluria bacillurie bacilli in the urine.

Bacillus Baccillus a genus of bacteria, including gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Most species are soil saprophytes, but three are potentially pathogenic. B. anthracis B. anthracis the causative agent of anthrax. B. cereus B. cereus a common soil saprophyte that causes food poisoning by the formation of an enterotoxin in contaminated foods. B. subtilis B. subtilis a common saprophytic soil and water form, often occurring as a laboratory contaminant and occasionally causing conjunctivitis.

bacillus bacille pl. bacilli [L.] 1. an organism of the genus Bacillus. 2. any rod-shaped bacterium. Calmette-Guérin b. b. de Calmette et Guérin bacille Calmette-Guérin. coliform bacilli b. coliformes gram-negative bacilli resembling Escherichia coli that are found in the intestinal tract; the term generally refers to the genera Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Serratia. dysentery bacilli b. de la dysentrie gram-negative non- spore-forming rods causing dysentery in humans; see Shigella. enteric b. b. entérique a bacillus belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. tubercle b. b. tuberculeux Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

bacitracin bacitracine an antibacterial polypeptide elaborated by the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis that acts by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis; it is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and a few gram-negative bacteria; also used as the zinc salt.

back dos the posterior part of the trunk from the neck to the pelvis. angry b. syndrome du dos irritable excited skin syndrome.

backcross rétrocroisement a cross between an offspring and one of its parents, or an organism genetically identical to one of its parents.

backflow régurgitation reflux or regurgitation (1). pyelovenous b. refoulement pyélorénal veineux drainage from the renal pelvis into the venous system occurring under certain conditions of back pressure.

backscatter rétrodiffusion in radiology, radiation deflected by scattering processes at angles greater than 90 degrees to the original direction of the beam of radiation.

baclofen baclofène an analogue of γ- aminobutyric acid used to treat severe spasticity.

bacterascites bactérascite bacterial infection of ascitic fluid. monomicrobial non-neutrocytic b. b. monomicrobienne sans polynucléaires neutrophiles bacterial infection of ascitic fluid with no intra-abdominal source of infection and a neutrophil count less than 250 cells/mm³. polymicrobial b. b. polymicrobienne bacterial infection of ascitic fluid caused by several species and resulting from bowel puncture during paracentesis.

bacteremia bactériémie the presence of bacteria in the blood.

Bacteria Bactérie one of the two domains into which prokaryotes are grouped, comprising a large number of unicellular microorganisms that commonly multiply by cell division (fission) and whose cell is typically contained within a cell wall. Cf. Archaea and see bacterium.

bacteria bactéries plural of bacterium.

bacterial bactérien pertaining to or caused by bacteria.

bactericidal bactéricide destructive to bacteria.

bactericidin bactéricidine bactericidal antibody.

bacterid bactéride a skin eruption caused by bacterial infection elsewhere in the body.

bacter(i)(o)- bactér(i)(o) word element [Gr.], bacteria.

bacteriochlorophyll bactériochlorophylle a form of chlorophyll produced by certain bacteria and capable of carrying out photosynthesis.

bacteriocidin bactériocidine a bactericidal antibody.

bacteriocin bactériocine any of a group of substances, e.g., colicin, released by certain bacteria that kill other strains of bacteria by inducing metabolic block.

bacteriocinogenic bactériocinogène giving rise to bacteriocin; denoting bacterial plasmids that synthesize bacteriocin.

bacteriology bactériologie the scientific study of bacteria. Adj.: bacteriologic, bacteriological.

bacteriolysin bactériolysine an antibacterial antibody that lyses bacterial cells.

bacteriophage bactériophage a virus that lyses bacteria. Adj.: bacteriophagic. temperate b. b. tempéré one whose genetic material (prophage) becomes an intimate part of the bacterial genome, persisting and being reproduced through many cell division cycles; the affected bacterial cell is known as a lysogenic bacterium (q.v.).

bacteriopsonin bactériopsonine an antibody that acts on bacteria.

bacteriostatic bactériostatique 1. inhibiting growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. an agent that so acts.

bacterium bactérie pl. bacteria [L.] in general, any of the unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that commonly multiply by cell division, lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and possess a cell wall; they may be aerobic or anaerobic, motile or nonmotile, free-living, saprophytic, parasitic, or pathogenic. Adj.: bacterial. acid-fast b. b. acido-alcoolo-résistante one not readily decolorized by acids after staining. coliform b. b. coliforme one of the facultative, gram-negative, rodshaped bacteria that are normal inhabitants of the intestinal tract; see Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Serratia. coryneform bacteria b. corynéforme a group of bacteria that are morphologically similiar to organisms of the genus Corynebacterium. gram-negative b. b. à Gram negatif see gram-negative, under G. gram-positive b. b. à Gram positif see gram-positive, under G. hemophilic b. b. hémophile one that has a nutritional affinity for constituents of fresh blood or whose growth is stimulated by blood-enriched media. lysogenic b. b. lysogéne a bacterial cell that harbors in its genome the genetic material (prophage) of a temperate bacteriophage and thus reproduces the bacteriophage in cell division; occasionally the prophage develops into the mature form, replicates, lyses the bacterial cell, and is free to infect other cells.

bacteriuria bactériurie [bacteri- + – uria] the presence of bacteria in the urine.

Bacteroidaceae Bacteroidaceae a family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria of the phylum Bacteroidetes, occurring naturally in body cavities and isolated from infections.

Bacteroides Bacteroides a genus of gramnegative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Bacteroidaceae, which are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities; some species can cause potentially fatal abscesses and bacteremias. The most important such organisms belong to the B. fragilis group.

Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes a phenotypically diverse phylum of bacteria that includes a number of human and animal pathogens; with Firmicutes it is one of the two major constituents of the intstinal flora.

bacteroides bactéroïde 1. any highly pleomorphic rod-shaped bacteria. 2. an organism of the genus Bacteroides.

bag sac sac; a flexible container. colostomy b. s. de colostomie a bag worn over the stoma to receive fecal discharge after colostomy. ileostomy b. s. d’iléostomie a plastic or latex bag attached to the body for collection of urine or fecal material after ileostomy or cystoplasty. Politzer b. s. de Politzer a soft bag of rubber for inflating the auditory tube. b. of waters poche des eaux popular name for the amniotic sac.

bagassosis bagassose hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to inhalation of dust from bagasse (the residue of cane after extraction of sugar).

BAL BAL dimercaprol (British antilewisite).

balance 1. balance an instrument for weighing. 2. équilibre equilibrium. acid-base b. é. acido-basique a normal balance between production and excretion of acid or alkali by the body, resulting in a stable concentration of H⁺ in body fluids. analytical b. b. analytique a balance used in the laboratory, sensitive to variations of the order of 0.05 to 0.1 mg. fluid b. é. hydroélectrolytique the state of the body in relation to ingestion and excretion of water and electrolytes. nitrogen b. b. azotée the state of the body in regard to ingestion and excretion of nitrogen. In negative nitrogen b. the amount excreted is greater than the quantity ingested; in positive nitrogen b. the amount excreted is smaller than the quantity ingested. water b. é. électrolytique des humeurs fluid b.

balanced équilibré existing in or maintaining an equilibrium.

balanic balanique pertaining to the glans penis or glans clitoridis.

balanitis balanite inflammation of the glans penis. gangrenous b. b. gangréneuse a rapidly destructive infection producing erosion of the glans penis and often destruction of the entire external genitals; believed to be due to a spirochete. plasma cell b., Zoon b. b. à plasmocytes de Zoon a benign erythroplasia of the inner surface of the prepuce or the glans penis, characterized histologically by plasma cell infiltration of the dermis, and clinically by a single erythematous, moist, shiny lesion.

balanoposthitis balanoposthite inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce.

balantidiasis balantidiase infection by protozoa of the genus Balantidium; in humans, B. coli may cause diarrhea and dysentery with ulceration of the colonic mucosa.

Balantidium Balantidium a genus of ciliated protozoa, including many species found in the intestine in vertebrates and invertebrates, including B. coli, a common parasite of swine, rarely in humans, in whom it may cause dysentery.

baldness calvitie alopecia, especially of the scalp. female pattern b. c. féminine see androgenetic alopecia, under alopecia. male pattern b. c. masculine see androgenetic alopecia, under alopecia.

ball boule, balle a more or less spherical mass. See also globus and sphere. fungus b. balle (boule) fongique a tumorlike granulomatous mass formed by colonization of a fungus, usually Aspergillus, in a body cavity.

ballismus ballisme violent movements of the limbs, as in chorea, sometimes affecting only one side of the body (hemiballismus).

balm baume 1. a soothing or healing medicine. 2. balsam. lemon b., sweet b. mélisse citronnée a preparation of the fresh or dried herb of Melissa officinalis, or the volatile oil; used for nervousness and insomnia, as a homeopathic preparation for menstrual irregularities, and in folk medicine.

balsalazide balsalazide a prodrug of the antiinflammatory mesalamine, to which it is converted in the colon; administered orally as the sodium salt in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

balsam baume 1. a semifluid, resinous, and fragrant liquid of vegetable origin, usually trees; often composed chiefly of resins, volatile oils, and various esters. Adj.: balsamic. 2. balm. Canada b. b. du Canada an oleoresin from the balsam fir, used as a microscopic mounting medium. b. of Peru, peruvian b. b. du Pérou a thick brown liquid from the tree Myroxylon pereirae, used as a local protectant and rubefacient. tolu b. b. de tolu a balsam obtained from the tree Myrotoxylon balsamum, used as an expectorant and pharmaceutic aid.

band 1. bandelette a strip that holds together or binds separate objects or parts; for anatomical structures, see frenulum, taenia, trabecula, and vinculum. 2. bande an object or appliance that confines or restricts while allowing a limited degree of movement. 3. bande an elongated area with parallel or roughly parallel borders that is distinct from the surrounding surface, as by color or texture. See also layer and stria. 4. bande chromosome band; a segment of a chromosome stained brighter or darker than the adjacent bands; used in identifying the chromosomes and in examining chromosomal abnormalities. Called Q b’s, G b’s, C b’s, T b’s, etc., according to the staining method used. 5. bague dentaire in dentistry, a thin metal hoop that horizontally encircles the crown or root of a natural tooth. A b. b. A the dark-staining zone of a sarcomere, whose center is traversed by the H band. b. of Broca b. de Broca a band of nerve fibers that forms the caudal zone of the anterior perforated substance where it adjoins the optic tract. H b. b. H a pale zone sometimes seen traversing the center of the A band of a striated myofibril. I b. b. I the band within a striated myofibril, seen as a light region under the light microscope and as a dark region under polarized light. iliotibial b. b. de Maissiat see under tract. M b. b. M the narrow dark band in the center of the H band. matrix b. matrice a thin piece of metal fitted around a tooth to supply a missing wall of a multisurface cavity to allow adequate condensation of amalgam into the cavity. oligoclonal b’s b. oligoclonales discrete bands of immunoglobulins with decreased electrophoretic mobility whose presence in the cerebrospinal fluid when absent from the serum may be indicative of multiple sclerosis or other disease of the central nervous system. Z b. b. Z a thin membrane in a myofibril, seen on longitudinal section as a dark line in the center of the I band; the distance between Z bands delimits the sarcomeres of striated muscle.

bandage 1. bandage a strip or roll of gauze or other material for wrapping or binding a body part. 2. bander, panser to cover by wrapping with such material. Ace b. b. adhésif élastique Ace^TM trademark for a bandage of woven elastic material. Barton b. fronde mentonnière a double figure-of-8 bandage for fracture of the lower jaw. demigauntlet b. b. en demi-gantelet one that covers the hand but leaves the fingers exposed. Desault b. appareil de Desault one binding the elbow to the side, with a pad in the axilla, for fractured clavicle. Esmarch b. b. d’Esmarch a rubber bandage applied upward around a limb from distal to proximal in order to expel blood from it; the limb is often elevated as the elastic pressure is applied. gauntlet b. b. en gantelet one that covers the hand and fingers like a glove. Gibney b. b. de Gibney strips of adhesive 1.2 cm wide, overlapped along the sides and back of the foot and leg to hold the foot in slight varus position and leave the dorsum of foot and anterior aspect of leg exposed. plaster b. b. plâtré one stiffened with a paste of plaster of Paris. pressure b. b. compressif one for applying pressure. roller b. b. en rouleau a tightly rolled, circular bandage of varying width and materials, often commercially prepared. Scultetus b. b. de Scultetus a many-tailed bandage applied with the tails overlapping each other and held in position by safety pins. spica b. spica a figure-of-8 bandage with turns that cross one another regularly like the letter V, usually applied to anatomical areas whose dimensions vary, as the pelvis and thigh. Velpeau b. b. Velpeau one used in immobilization of certain fractures about the upper end of the humerus and shoulder joint, binding the arm and shoulder to the chest.

bandelette bandelette [Fr.] a small band

banding 1. bandage the act of encircling and binding with a thin strip of material. 2. banding any of several techniques of staining chromosomes so that a characteristic pattern of transverse dark and light bands becomes visible, permitting identification of individual chromosome pairs. Called also chromosome b.

bandy arqué bowed or bent in an outward curve.

bank banque a stored supply of human material or tissues for future use by other individuals, such as a blood b., bone b., eye b., human-milk b., or skin b.

bar barre 1. a structure having greater length than width, and often some degree of rigidity. 2. a heavy wire or wrought or cast metal segment, longer than its width, used to connect parts of a removable partial denture. median b. b. moyenne a fibrotic formation across the neck of the prostate gland, producing obstruction of the urethra. Mercier b. b. de Mercier interureteric ridge. terminal b’s b. terminales zones of epithelial cell contact, once thought to represent an accumulation of dense cementing substance, but with the electron microscope shown to be a junctional complex.

baragnosis baragnosie lack or loss of the faculty of barognosis, the conscious perception of weight.

barbiturate barbiturique any of a class of compounds derived from barbituric acid; used for their hypnotic and sedative effects.

barbituric acid acide barbiturique the parent substance of the barbiturates, not itself a central nervous system depressant.

barbotage barbotage [Fr.] repeated alternate injection and withdrawal of fluid with a syringe, as in gastric lavage or administration of an anesthetic agent into the subarachnoid space by alternate injection of part of the anesthetic and withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid into the syringe.

baresthesiometer baresthésiomètre instrument for estimating sense of weight or pressure.

bariatrics bariatrie the study of obesity and its causes, prevention, and treatment.

barium (Ba) baryum chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 56. Its acid-soluble salts are poisonous; causing gastrointestinal symptoms followed by severe, sometimes fatal hypokalemia with paralysis. b. sulfate sulfate de b. a water-insoluble salt, BaSO₄, used as an opaque contrast medium in radiography of the digestive tract.

bark écorce the rind or outer cortical cover of the woody parts of a plant, tree, or shrub. cramp b. é. de Viburnum opulus the dried bark of Viburnum opulus, the high bush or cranberry tree; it has been used as an antispasmodic, uterine sedative, and antiscorbutic. elm b., slippery elm b. é. d’orme the dried inner bark of the slippery elm, Ulmus rubra, which is mucilaginous and demulcent. white willow b. é. de saule blanc a preparation of the bark of various Salix species collectively known as white willow, containing salicin, a precursor of salicylic acid; used as an antiinflammatory and antipyretic. yohimbe b. é. de yohimbe a preparation of the bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe, used for the same indications as yohimbine hydrochloride; it has also been used traditionally as an aphrodisiac and for skin diseases and obesity.

baroceptor barocepteur baroreceptor.

barognosis barognosie conscious perception of weight.

barophilic barophile growing best under high atmospheric pressure; said of bacteria.

baroreceptor barorécepteur a type of interoceptor that is stimulated by pressure changes, as those in blood vessel walls.

baroreflex baroréflexe baroreceptor reflex.

barosinusitis barosinusite a symptom complex due to differences in environmental atmospheric pressure and the air pressure in the paranasal sinuses.

barotaxis barotaxie stimulation of living matter by change of atmospheric pressure.

barotitis barotite a morbid condition of the ear due to exposure to differing atmospheric pressures. b. media b. moyenne a symptom complex due to difference between atmospheric pressure of the environment and air pressure in the middle ear.

barotrauma barotraumatisme injury due to pressure, as to structures of the ear, in highaltitude flyers, owing to differences between atmospheric and intratympanic pressures; see barosinusitis and barotitis.

barrier barrière an obstruction. alveolar-capillary b., alveolocapillary b. b. alvéolocapillaire see under membrane. blood-air b. b. hémato-aérienne alveolocapillary membrane. blood-aqueous b. b. hémato-aqueuse the physiologic mechanism that prevents exchange of materials between the chambers of the eye and the blood. blood-brain b., blood-cerebral b. b. hémato-encéphalique the selective barrier separating the blood from the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Abbreviated BBB. blood-gas b. b. alvéolocapillaire alveolocapillary membrane. blood-testis b. b. hémato-testiculaire a barrier separating the blood from the seminiferous tubules, consisting of special junctional complexes between adjacent Sertoli cells near the base of the seminiferous epithelium. placental b. b. placentaire term sometimes used for the placental membrane, because it prevents the passage of some materials between the maternal and fetal blood.

Bartonella Bartonella a genus of the family Bartonellaceae, including B. bacilliformis, the etiologic agent of Carrión disease, and B. henselae, the agent of cat-scratch disease.

Bartonellaceae Bartonellaceae a family of the order Rhizobiales, trasmitted as arthropods and occurring as pathogenic parasites in the erythrocytes of humans and other animals.

bartonellosis bartonellose 1. any infection with a species of Bartonella. 2. an infectious disease in South America due to Bartonella bacilliformis, transmitted by a sandfly; the first stage, Oroya fever, is often fatal; the second stage is a skin eruption, verruga peruana.

basad en direction d’une base toward a base or basal aspect.

basal basal pertaining to or situated near a base; in physiology, pertaining to the lowest possible level.

basalis basalis [L.] basal.

bascule bascule [Fr.] a device working on the principle of the seesaw, so that when one end is raised the other is lowered. cecal b. b. caecale a form of cecal volvulus in which the cecum becomes folded across bands or adhesions that run across the ascending colon.

base base 1. the lowest part or foundation of anything; see also basis. 2. the main ingredient of a compound. 3. in chemistry, a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. 4. a unit of a removable dental prosthesis. 5. in genetics, a nucleotide, particularly one in a nucleic acid sequence. buffer b. b. tampon the sum of all the buffer anions in the blood, used as an index of the degree of metabolic disturbance in the acid-base balance. denture b. b. du dentier the material in which the teeth of a denture are set and which rests on the supporting tissues when the denture is in place in the mouth. nitrogenous b. b. azotée an aromatic, nitrogen-containing molecule that serves as a proton acceptor, e.g., purine or pyrimidine. ointment b. b. pour pommade a vehicle for the medicinal substances carried in an ointment. purine b’s b. purique a group of chemical compounds of which purine is the base, including adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, theobromine, uric acid, and xanthine. pyrimidine b’s b. pyrimidiques a group of chemical compounds of which p yrimidine is the base, including uracil, thymine, and cytosine. record b. plaque d’enregistrement baseplate. b. of stapes b. du stapès footplate. temporary b., trial b. plaque d’enregistrement, plaque b. baseplate.

baseline niveau de référence a value representing a normal background level or an initial level of a measurable quantity and used for comparison with values representing response to an environmental stimulus or intervention.

baseplate plaque base a sheet of plastic material used in making trial plates for artificial dentures.

basial qui se rapporte au basion pertaining to the basion.

basic basique 1. pertaining to or having properties of a base. 2. capable of neutralizing acids.

basicity basicité 1. the quality of being a base, or basic. 2. the combining power of an acid.

Basidiobolus Basidiobolus a mainly saprobic genus of fungi of the family Basidiobolaceae, including B. ranarum, which causes entomophthoromycosis.

basidiomycete basidiomycète an individual fungus of the Basidiomycotina.

Basidiomycotina Basidiomycotina a subdivision of fungi (or in some systems of classification, a class) comprising the club fungi, in which spores (basidiospores) are borne on club-shaped organs (basidia).

basidium baside pl. basidia [L.] the club-shaped organ bearing the spores of Basidiomycotina.

basihyoid basihyal the body of the hyoid bone; in certain animals other than humans, either of two lateral bones that are its homologues.

basilad en direction de la base toward the base.

basilar basilaire pertaining to a base or basal part.

basilemma basilemme basement membrane.

basiliximab basiliximab a chimeric monoclonal antibody that is an interleukin-2 receptor antagonist; used in the prophylaxis of acute organ rejection after renal transplantation.

basi(o)- basi(o)- word element [Gr.], base or foundation; basion; chemical base.

basion basion the midpoint of the anterior border of the foramen magnum.

basipetal basipète descending toward the base; developing in the direction of the base, as a spore.

basis base pl. bases [L.] the lower, basic, or fundamental part of an object, organ, or substance.

basisphenoid 1. basisphénoïde postsphenoid. 2. basisphenoïde an embryonic bone that becomes the back part of the body of the sphenoid.

basket panier 1. a container made of material woven together, or something resembling it. 2. basket cell. stone b. sonde-p. a tiny apparatus of several wires that can be advanced through an endoscope into a body cavity or tube, manipulated to trap a calculus or other object, and withdrawn.

bas(o)- bas(o)- see basi(o)-.

basophil basophile 1. any structure, cell, or histologic element staining readily with basic dyes. 2. a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, relatively pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm containing coarse bluish-black granules of variable size. 3. one of the hormone-producing basophilic cells of the adenohypophysis; types include gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs. Adj.: basophilic. 4. basophilic.

basophilia basophilie 1. abnormal increase of basophils in the blood. 2. reaction of immature erythrocytes to basic dyes, becoming blue to gray in color; stippling is seen in lead poisoning.

basophilic basophile 1. pertaining to basophils. 2. staining readily with basic dyes.

basophilism basophilisme abnormal increase of basophilic cells. Cushing b., pituitary b. b. de Cushing see under syndrome (1).

basophilopenia basophilopénie abnormal reduction in the number of basophils in the blood.

bath 1. bain a medium, e.g., water, vapor, sand, or mud, with which the body is washed or in which the body is wholly or partially immersed for therapeutic or cleansing purposes; application of such a medium to the body. 2. baignoire the equipment or apparatus in which a body or object may be immersed.colloid b. b. colloïdal one containing gelatin, starch, bran, or similar substances. contrast b. b. alternant alternate immersion of a body part in hot and cold water. emollient b. b. émollient one in an emollient liquid, e.g., a decoction of bran. hip b. b. de siège sitz b. sitz b. b. de siège immersion of only the hips and buttocks. sponge b. b. à l’éponge one in which the body is not immersed but is rubbed with a wet cloth or sponge. whirlpool b. b. de balnéothérapie one in which the water is kept in constant motion by mechanical means.

bath(o)- bath(o)- see bathy-.

bathorhodopsin bathorhodopsine a transient intermediate produced upon irradiation of rhodopsin in the visual cycle.

bathrocephaly bathrocéphalie a developmental anomaly marked by a steplike posterior projection of the skull, caused by excessive growth of the lambdoid suture.

bathy- bathy- word element [Gr.], deep. Also bath(o)-.

bathypnea bathypnée deep breathing.

battery 1. pile, batterie a set or series of cells that yield an electric current. 2. batterie any set, series, or grouping of similar things, as a battery of tests.

BBBB BBBB bilateral bundle branch block.

BBT BBT basal body temperature.

BCDF BCDF B cell differentiation factors.

BCG BCG bacille Calmette-Guérin.

BCNU BCNU carmustine.

B-E, BE B-E below-elbow; see under amputation.

Be Be beryllium.

bead perle a small spherical structure or mass. rachitic b’s rosaire rachitique a series of prominences at the points where the ribs join their cartilages; seen in certain cases of rickets.

beaded perlé having the appearance of beads or a string of beads.

beaker bécher a glass cup, usually with a lip for pouring, used by chemists and pharmacists.

bearberry 1. raisin d’ours uva ursi. 2. busserole Rhamnus purshiana.

beat battement a throb or pulsation, as of the heart or of an artery. apex b. choc systolique the beat felt over the apex of the heart, normally in or near the fifth left intercostal space. atrioventricular (AV) junctional escape b. rythme d’échappement jonctionnel auriculoventriculaire (AV) a depolarization initiated in the atrioventricular junction when one or more impulses from the sinus node are ineffective or nonexistent. atrioventricular (AV) junctional premature b. extrasystole jonctionnelle auriculoventriculaire (AV) see under complex. capture b’s impulsions conduites in atrioventricular dissociation, occasional ventricular responses to a sinus impulse that reaches the atrioventricular node in a nonrefractory phase. ectopic b. extrasystole a heart beat originating at some point other than the sinus node. escape b., escaped b. échappement heart beats that follow an abnormally long pause. forced b. b. forcé an extrasystole produced by artificial stimulation of the heart. fusion b. onde de fusion in electrocardiography, the complex resulting when an ectopic ventricular beat coincides with normal conduction to the ventricle. heart b. b. du cœur heartbeat. interpolated b. interpolation a contraction occurring exactly between two normal beats without altering the sinus rhythm. junctional escape b. rythme d’échappement jonctionnel atrioventricular junctional escape b. junctional premature b. extrasystole jonctionnelle atrioventricular junctional premature complex. postectopic b. b. post-extrasystolique the normal beat following an ectopic beat. premature b. extrasystole extrasystole. pseudofusion b. b. de pseudofusion an ineffective pacing stimulus delivered during the absolute refractory period following a spontaneous discharge but before sufficient charge accumulates to prevent pacemaker discharge. reciprocal b. b. réciproque a cardiac impulse that in one cycle causes ventricular contraction, travels backward toward the atria, then reexcites the ventricles. reentrant b. b. réentrant any of the characteristic beats of a reentrant circuit. retrograde b. b. rétrograde a beat resulting from impulse conduction that is backward relative to the normal atrioventricular direction. ventricular escape b. échappement ventriculaire an ectopic beat of ventricular origin occurring in the absence of supraventricular impulse generation or conduction. ventricular premature b. (VPB) extrasystole ventriculaire see under complex.

becaplermin béclapermine a recombinant platelet-derived growth factor used in the treatment of chronic severe dermal ulcers of the lower limbs in diabetes mellitus.

beclomethasone béclométhasone a glucocorticoid used in the dipropionate form in the treatment of bronchial asthma, seasonal and nonseasonal allergic rhinitis or other allergic or inflammatory nasal conditions, and some dermatoses, and to prevent recurrence of nasal polyps.

becquerel becquerel a unit of radioactivity, defined as the quantity of a radionuclide that undergoes one decay per second (s^{− 1}). One curie equals 3.7 × 10¹⁰ becquerels. Abbreviated Bq.

bed lit 1. a supporting structure or tissue. 2. a couch or support for the body during sleep. capillary b. l. capillaire the capillaries, collectively, and their volume capacity; see Plate 22. nail b. l. unguéal matrix unguis; the area of modified epithelium beneath the nail, over which the nail plate slides forward as it grows. vascular b. l. vasculaire the sum of the blood vessels supplying an organ or region.

bedbug punaise a bug of the genus Cimex.

bedsore escarre decubitus ulcer.

beeswax cire d’abeille wax derived from the honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera; see yellow wax (unbleached b.) and white wax, (bleached b.) under wax.

behavior comportement deportment or conduct; any or all of a person’s total activity, especially that which is externally observable. Adj.: behavioral.

behaviorism behaviorisme the psychologic theory based upon objectively observable, tangible, and measurable data, rather than subjective phenomena, such as ideas and emotions.

bel bel a unit used to express the ratio of two powers, usually electric or acoustic powers; an increase of 1 bel in intensity approximately doubles loudness of most sounds. Symbol B. See also decibel.

belladonna belladone the deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna, a perennial plant containing various anticholinergic alkaloids, including atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine, which are used medicinally; however, the plant or its alkaloids can cause poisoning.

belly ventre 1. abdomen. 2. venter (1).

belonoid aiguilliforme needle-shaped; styloid.

benazepril bénazépril an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of hypertension.

bend courbure a flexure or curve; a flexed or curved part. varolian b. c. de Varole the third cerebral flexure in the developing fetus.

bendroflumethiazide bendrofluméthiazide a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension and edema.

bends maladie des caissons pain in the limbs and abdomen due to rapid reduction of air pressure; see decompression sickness, under sickness.

benign bénin, bénigne not malignant; not recurrent; favorable for recovery.

benoxinate benoxinate a topical anesthetic for the eye, used as the hydrochloride salt.

benserazide bensérazide an inhibitor of decarboxylation of levodopa in extracerebral tissues, used in combination with levodopa as an antiparkinsonian agent.

bentoquatam bentoquatam a topical skin protectant used to prevent or reduce allergic contact dermatitis resulting from contact with urushiol (poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac).

benzaldehyde benzaldéhyde an aldehyde derivative of benzene, occurring in the kernels of bitter almonds or produced synthetically; used as a pharmaceutical flavoring agent.

benzalkonium chloride chlorure de benzalkonium a quaternary ammonium compound used as a surface disinfectant and detergent, topical antiseptic, and antimicrobial preservative.

benzene benzène, benzol a liquid hydrocarbon, C₆H₆, from coal tar; used as a solvent. It is toxic by transdermal absorption, ingestion, or inhalation; chronic exposure may cause bone marrow depression and aplasia and leukemia. b. hexachloride (BHC) hexachlorure de benzène a chlorinated hydrocarbon, C₆H₆Cl₆, having numerous isomers; the gamma isomer is lindane.

benzethonium chloride chlorure de benzéthonium a quaternary ammonium compound used as a local antiseptic, pharmaceutical preservative, and detergent and disinfectant.

benzidine benzidine a carcinogen and toxin once widely used as a test for occult blood.

benzoate benzoate a salt of benzoic acid.

benzocaine benzocaïne a local anesthetic applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes; also used to suppress the gag reflex in various procedures.

benzodiazepine benzodiazépine any of a group of compounds having a common molecular structure and similar pharmacological activities, including antianxiety, muscle relaxing, and sedative and hypnotic effects.

benzoic acid acide benzoïque a fungistatic compound used as a pharmaceutical and food preservative and, with salicylic acid, as a topical antifungal agent.

benzonatate benzonatate an antitussive that reduces the cough reflex by anesthetizing the stretch receptors in the respiratory passages, lungs, and pleura.

benzopurpurine benzopurpurine any one of a series of azo dyes of a scarlet color.

benzoquinone benzoquinone 1. a substituted benzene ring containing two carbonyl groups, usually in the para (1,4) position; p-benzoquinone is used in manufacturing and in fungicides and is toxic by inhalation and an irritant to skin and mucous membranes. 2. any of a subclass of quinones derived from or containing this structure.

benzothiadiazine benzothiadiazide thiazide.

benzoyl benzoyle the acyl radical formed from benzoic acid, C₆H₅CO—. b. peroxide péroxyde de b. a topical keratolytic and antibacterial used in the treatment of acne vulgaris.

benzoylecgonine benzoylecgonine the major metabolite of cocaine; detectable in the blood by laboratory testing.

benzphetamine benzphétamine a sympathomimetic amine used as an anorectic in the form of the hydrochloride salt.

benztropine benztrophine an antidyskinetic used as the mesylate salt in the treatment of parkinsonism and for the control of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions.

benzyl benzyl the hydrocarbon radical, C₇H₇. b. benzoate benzoate de benzyle one of the active substances in peruvian and tolu balsams, and produced synthetically; applied topically as a scabicide.

benzylpenicillin benzyle pénicilline penicillin G.

benzylpenicilloyl polylysine benzylpénicilloyl polylysine a skin test antigen composed of a benzylpenicilloyl moiety and a polylysine carrier, used in assessing hypersensitivity to penicillin by scratch test or intradermal test.

bepridil bépridil a calcium channel blocking agent used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of chronic angina pectoris.

beractant beractant a modified bovine lung extract that mimics the action of pulmonary surfactant, used in the prevention and treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

berberine berbérine an alkaloid from species of Berberis and related plants, and from Hydrastis canadensis; it has antimicrobial activity and has been used in treatment of various infections and in ulcer dressings.

beriberi béribéri a disease due to thiamine (vitamin B₁) deficiency, marked by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema; the epidemic form occurs primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food.

berkelium (Bk) berkélium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 97.

berry baie a small fruit with a succulent pericarp. bear b. busserole bearberry.

berylliosis bérylliose a morbid condition due to exposure to fumes or fine dust of beryllium salts, with formation of granulomas, usually in the lungs and less often the skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, liver, or other organs.

beryllium (Be) bérillium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 4.

bestiality bestialité zoophilia (2).

besylate besylate USAN contraction for benzenesulfonate.

beta bêta β, the second letter of the Greek alphabet; see also β-.

betacarotene bêtacarotène see under carotene.

betahistine bêtahistine a histamine analogue used as the hydrochloride salt to reduce the frequency of attacks of vertigo in Meniere disease.

Betaherpesvirinae Betaherpesvirinae the cytomegaloviruses: a subfamily of viruses of the family Herpesviridae, including the genus Cytomegalovirus.

betaine bétaïne the carboxylic acid derived by oxidation of choline; it acts as a transmethylating metabolic intermediate and is used in the treatment of homocystinuria. The hydrochloride salt is used as a gastric acidifier.

betamethasone bêtaméthasone a synthetic glucocorticoid, the most active of the antiinflammatory steroids; used topically as the benzoate, dipropionate, or valerate salts as an antiinflammatory, topically or rectally as the sodium phosphate salt as an antiinflammatory, and systemically as the base or the combination of sodium phosphate and acetate salts as an antiinflammatory, as a replacement for adrenal insufficiency, and as an immunosuppressant.

Betaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria a class of bacteria of the Proteobacteria.

betaxolol bêtaxolol a cardioselective β-adrenergic blocking agent, used in the form of the hydrochloride salt as an antihypertensive and in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

bethanechol bétanéchol a cholinergic agonist, used as the chloride salt to stimulate smooth muscle contraction of the urinary bladder in cases of postoperative, postpartum, or neurogenic atony and retention.

bevacizumab bévacizumab a monoclonal antibody that interferes with tumor blood supply by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor, used for the treatment of metastaticcolorectal cancer.

bexarotene bexarotène a retinoid used as an antineoplastic in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and the cutaneous lesions of T-cell lymphomas and Kaposi sarcoma.

bezoar bézoard a concretion of foreign material found in the gastrointestinal or urinary tract.

BH4, BH₄ BH4 tetrahydrobiopterin.

BHA BHA butylated hydroxyanisole, an antioxidant used in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals that contain fats or oils.

BHC BHC benzene hexachloride.

BHPr BHPr Bureau of Health Professions.

BHT BHT butylated hydroxytoluene, an antioxidant used in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum products.

Bi Bi bismuth.

bi- bi- word element [L.], two.

bi-acromial bi-acromial between the two acromia.

biauricular bi-auriculaire pertaining to the auricles of both ears.

biaxial bi-axial having, pertaining to, or occurring in two axes.

bibliotherapy bibliothérapie the reading of selected books as part of the treatment of mental disorders or for mental health.

bicalutamide bicalutamide an antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma.

bicameral bicaméral having two chambers or cavities.

bicarbonate bicarbonate any salt containing the anion. blood b., plasma b. b. sanguin the bicarbonate of the blood plasma, an index of alkali reserve. b. of soda b. de soude sodium bicarbonate. standard b. b. standard the plasma bicarbonate concentration in blood equilibrated with a specific gas mixture under specific conditions.

biceps biceps a muscle having two heads.

bicipital bicipital having two heads; pertaining to a biceps muscle.

bicollis bicollis having a double cervix.

biconcave biconcave having two concave surfaces.

biconvex biconvexe having two convex surfaces.

bicornate bicorne bicornuate.

bicornuate bicorne having two horns or cornua.

bicuspid bicuspide 1. having two cusps.

2. pertaining to a mitral(bicuspid) valve. 3. prémolaire (pl.) premolar teeth.

b.i.d. b.i.d [L.] bis in die (twice a day).

bidermoma didermome didermoma.

bifascicular bifasciculaire pertaining to two bundles, or fasciculi.

bifid bifide cleft into two parts or branches.

Bifidobacteriaceae Bifidobacteriaceae a family of bacteria of the order Bifidobacteriales,.

Bifidobacteriales Bifidobacteriales an order bacteria of the subclass Actinobacteridae.

Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria of the family Bifidobacteriaceae, commonly occurring in the feces.

bifocal bifocal 1. having two foci. 2. containing one part for near vision and another part for distant vision, as in a bifocal lens.

bifocals lunettes à double foyer bifocal glasses.

biforate qui a deux orifices having two perforations or foramina.

bifurcation bifurcation 1. a division into two branches. 2. the point at which division into two branches occurs.

bigeminy 1. bigéminie occurring in pairs. 2. bigéminisme the occurrence of two beats of the pulse in rapid succession. Adj.: bigeminal. atrial b. b. auriculaire an arrhythmia consisting of the repetitive sequence of one atrial premature complex followed by one normal sinus impulse. atrioventricular nodal b. b. du nœud auriculoventriculaire an arrhythmia in which an atrioventricular extrasystole is followed by a normal sinus impulse in repetitive sequence. ventricular b. b. ventriculaire an arrhythmia consisting of the repeated sequence of one ventricular premature complex followed by one normal beat.

bilateral bilatéral having two sides, or pertaining to both sides.

bilayer double couche a membrane consisting of two molecular layers. lipid b., phospholipid b. d. c. lipidique the structure common to all biological membranes, consisting of two layers of phospholipids with their hydrophilic head groups exposed to the aqueous medium and hydrophobic tails directed inward.

bilberry myrtille the leaves and fruit of Vaccinium myrtillus, having astringent and antidiarrheal effects, used topically for inflammation, burns, and skin diseases, and orally for gout, arthritis, dermatitis, diabetes mellitus, and gastrointestinal, urinary tract, and kidney disorders.

bile bile a fluid secreted by the liver, concentrated in the gallbladder, and poured into the small intestine via the bile ducts, which helps in alkalinizing the intestinal contents and plays a role in emulsification, absorption, and digestion of fat; its chief constituents are conjugated bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipid, bilirubin, and electrolytes.

bile acid acides biliaires any of the steroid acids derived from cholesterol; classified as primary, those synthesized in the liver, e.g., cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids, or secondary, those produced from primary bile acids by intestinal bacteria, e.g., deoxycholic and lithocholic acids. Most of the the bile acids are reabsorbed and returned to the liver via the enterohepatic circulation. Cf. bile salt under salt.

Bilharzia Bilharzia Schistosoma.

bilharziasis bilharziose schistosomiasis.

bil(i)- bil(i)- word element [L.], bile.

biliary biliaire pertaining to the bile, to the bile ducts, or to the gallbladder.

bilirachia bilirachie presence of bile pigments in spinal fluid.

bilirubin bilirubine a bile pigment produced by breakdown of heme and reduction of biliverdin; it normally circulates in plasma and is taken up by liver cells and conjugated to form bilirubin diglucuronide, the water-soluble pigment excreted in bile. High concentrations of bilirubin may result in jaundice. conjugated b., direct b. b. conjuguée bilirubin that has been taken up by the liver cells and conjugated to form the water-soluble bilirubin diglucuronide. indirect b., unconjugated b. b. indirecte the lipid-soluble form of bilirubin that circulates in loose association with the plasma proteins.

biliuria biliurie choluria.

biliverdin biliverdine a green bile pigment formed by catabolism of hemoglobin and converted to bilirubin in the liver; it may also arise from oxidation of bilirubin.

bilocular biloculaire having two compartments.

biloma bilome an encapsulated collection of bile in the peritoneal cavity.

Bilophila Bilophila a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria, including B. wadsworthia, which causes intra-abdominal and other infections.

bimanual bimanuel with both hands; performed by both hands.

bimatoprost bimatoprost a synthetic prostaglandin analogue used topically in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

binary binaire 1. made up of two elements or of two equal parts. 2. denoting a number system with a base of two.

binaural bi-aural pertaining to both ears.

binauricular binauriculaire biauricular.

binder bandage (en ceinture) a girdle or large bandage for support of the abdomen or breasts, particularly one applied to the abdomen after childbirth to support the relaxed abdominal walls.

binge 1. hyperphagie boulimique, alcoolisme périodique a period of uncontrolled or excessive self-indulgent activity, particularly of eating or drinking. 2. gaver (se) to indulge in such activity.

binocular binoculaire 1. pertaining to both eyes. 2. having two eyepieces, as in a microscope.

binomial binominal composed of two terms, e.g., names of organisms formed by combination of genus and species names.

binovular biovulaire pertaining to or derived from two distinct oocytes or ova.

binucleation binucléation formation of two nuclei within a cell through division of the nucleus without division of the cytoplasm.

bi(o)- bi(o)- word element [Gr.], life; living.

bioactive bioactif having an effect on or eliciting a response from living tissue.

bioaminergic bioaminergique of or pertaining to neurons that secrete biogenic amines.

bioassay dosage biologique determination of the active power of a drug sample by comparing its effects on a live animal or an isolated organ preparation with those of a reference standard.

bioavailability biodisponibilité the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration.

biochemistry biochimie the chemistry of living organisms and of vital processes. Adj.: biochemical.

biocompatible biocompatible being harmonious with life; not having toxic or injurious effects on biological function.

biodegradable biodégradable susceptible of degradation by biological processes, as by bacterial or other enzymatic action.

biodegradation biodégradation the series of processes by which living systems render chemicals less noxious to the environment.

bioequivalence bioéquivalence the relationship between two preparations of the same drug in the same dosage form that have a similar bioavailability. Adj.: bioequivalent.

bioethics bioéthique obligations of a moral nature relating to biological research and its applications.

biofeedback rétroaction biologique the process of furnishing someone with information on one or more physiologic variables, such as heart rate, blood pressure, or skin temperature; this may help the person gain some voluntary control over them. alpha b. r. alpha presentation of continuous information on the state of the brain-wave pattern, to assist in purposeful increase in the percentage of alpha activity and thus a state of relaxation and peaceful wakefulness.

bioflavonoid bioflavonoïde any of the flavonoids with biological activity in mammals.

biogenesis biogenèse 1. origin of life, or of living organisms. 2. the theory that living organisms originate only from other living organisms.

biogenic biogénique having origins in biological processes.

bioimplant bio-implant a prosthesis made of biosynthetic material.

bioincompatible bio-incompatible inharmonious with life; having toxic or injurious effects on life functions.

bioinformatics bio-informatique the organization and use of biological information, particularly computer-driven storage, processing, and analysis of data and databases in the fields of molecular biology and genetics.

biokinetics biocinétique 1. the science of the movements within organisms. 2. the application of therapeutic exercise in rehabilitative treatment or performance enhancement.

biologicals produits biologiques medicinal preparations made from living organisms and their products, including serums, vaccines, antigens, antitoxins, etc.

biology biologie scientific study of living organisms. Adj.: biologic, biological. cell b. b. cellulaire the study of the origin, structure, function, behavior, growth, and reproduction of cells and their components. Called also cytology. molecular b. b. moléculaire study of molecular structures and events underlying biological processes, including relationships between genes and the functional characteristics they determine. radiation b. b. des rayonnements scientific study of effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms.

biomarker biomarqueur 1. a biological molecule used as a marker for a substance or process of interest. 2. tumor marker.

biomass biomasse the entire assemblage of living organisms of a particular region, considered collectively.

biomaterial matériel biologique a synthetic dressing with selective barrier properties, used in the treatment of burns; it consists of a liquid solvent (polyethylene glycol-400) and a powdered polymer.

biomedicine biomédecine clinical medicine based on the principles of the natural sciences (biology, biochemistry, etc.). Adj.: biomedical.

biomembrane biomembrane the lipid bilayer, with associated proteins, that surrounds cells and organelles. Adj.: biomembranous.

biometry biométrie the application of statistical methods to biological phenomena.

biomicroscope biomicroscope a microscope for examining living tissue in the body.

biomimetic biomimétique imitating something that exists in nature; said of a synthetic product or process.

biomodulation biomodulation reactive or associative adjustment of the biochemical or cellular status of an organism.

biomodulator biomodificateur biologic reponse modifier.

biomolecule biomolécule a molecule produced by living cells, e.g., a protein, carbohydrate, lipid, or nucleic acid.

bionics bionique scientific study of functions, characteristics, and phenomena observed in the living world, and the application of knowledge gained therefrom to nonliving systems.

biophysics biophysique the science dealing with the application of physical methods and theories to biological problems. Adj.: biophysical.

biophysiology biophysiologie that portion of biology including organogeny, morphology, and physiology.

bioprosthesis prothèse biologique a prosthesis that contains biological material. Adj.: bioprosthetic.

biopsy biopsie removal and examination, usually microscopic, of tissue from the living body, performed to establish precise diagnosis. aspiration b. b. d’aspiration biopsy in which tissue is obtained by application of suction through a needle attached to a syringe. brush b. b. par brosse biopsy in which cells or tissue are obtained by manipulating tiny brushes against the tissue or lesion in question (e.g., through a bronchoscope) at the desired site. cone b. b. en cône biopsy in which an inverted cone of tissue is excised, as from the uterine cervix. core b., core needle b. b. au trocart needle biopsy with a large hollow needle that extracts a core of tissue. endoscopic b. b. endoscopique removal of tissue by appropriate instruments through an endoscope. excisional b. b. d’excision biopsy of tissue removed by surgical cutting. incisional b. b. incisionnelle biopsy of a selected portion of a lesion. needle b. b. à l’aiguille biopsy in which tissue is obtained by puncture of a tumor, the tissue within the lumen of the needle being detached by rotation, and the needle withdrawn. Called also percutaneous b. percutaneous b. b. percutanée needle b. punch b. b. à l’emporte-pièce biopsy in which tissue is obtained by a punch. shave b. b. par rasage biopsy of a skin lesion in which the sample is excised using a cut parallel to the surface of the surrounding skin. stereotactic b. b. stéréotaxique biopsy of the brain using stereotactic surgery to locate the biopsy site. sternal b. b. sternale biopsy of bone marrow of the sternum removed by puncture or trephining.

biopsychology biopsychologie psychobiology (1).

bioptome bioptome, biotome a cutting instrument for taking biopsy specimens.

bioreversible bioréversible capable of being changed back to the original biologically active chemical form by processes within the organism; said of drugs.

bioscience bioscience the study of biology wherein all the applicable sciences (physics, chemistry, etc.) are applied.

biostatistics biostatistique biometry.

biosynthesis biosynthèse creation of a compound by physiologic processes in a living organism. Adj.: biosynthetic.

biota biote all the living organisms of a particular area; the combined flora and fauna of a region.

biotechnology biotechnologie any application of technology that uses biological systems, organisms, or their derivatives, to create new products or processes or modify existing ones.

biotelemetry biotélémétrie the recording and measuring of certain vital phenomena of living organisms that are situated at a distance from the measuring device.

biotherapy biothérapie biological therapy.

biotic biotique 1. pertaining to life or living matter. 2. pertaining to the biota.

biotin biotine a member of the vitamin B complex; it is a cofactor for several enzymes, plays a role in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and is used in vitro in some biochemical assays.

biotoxicology biotoxicologie scientific study of poisons produced by living organisms, and treatment of conditions produced by them.

biotransformation biotransformation the series of chemical alterations of a compound (e.g., a drug) occurring within the body, as by enzymatic activity.

biotype biotype 1. a group of individuals having the same genotype. 2. biovar.

biovar biovar in bacteriology, a variant strain of a species having differentiable physiological or biochemical characteristics; called also biotype.

biovular biovulaire binovular.

biparous bipare producing two offspring or eggs at one time.

bipenniform bipenne doubly feather-shaped; said of muscles whose fibers are arranged on each side of a tendon like barbs on a feather shaft.

biperiden bipéridène an antidyskinetic used as the hydrochloride and lactate salts in the treatment of parkinsonism and drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions.

biphenyl biphényl diphenyl. polybrominated b. b. polybrominé any of various brominated derivatives of biphenyl; uses and toxic hazards are similar to those of polychlorinated biphenyls. polychlorinated b. (PCB) b. polychloriné any of a group of chlorinated derivatives of biphenyl, used as heat-transfer agents and electrical insulators; they are toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable.

bipolar bipolaire 1. having two poles or pertaining to both poles. 2. describing neurons that have processes at both ends. 3. pertaining to mood disorders in which both depressive episodes and manic or hypomanic episodes occur.

bipotentiality bipotentialité ability to develop or act in either of two possible ways. Adj.: bipotential.

biramous biramé having two branches.

birefringence biréfringence the quality of transmitting light unequally in different directions. Adj.: birefringent.

birth naissance a coming into being; act or process of being born. multiple b. n. multiple the birth of two or more offspring produced in the same gestation period. postterm b. n. après terme birth of an infant at or after 42 completed weeks (294 days) of gestation. premature b., preterm b. n. prématurée birth of an infant before 37 completed weeks (259 days) of gestation.

birthmark nævus a congenital circumscribed blemish or spot on the skin; see nevus.

bisacodyl bisacodyl a contact laxative, used as the base or as a complex with tannic acid (b. tannex).

bisacromial bisacromial pertaining to the two acromial processes.

bisection hémisection division into two parts by cutting.

bisexual bisexuel 1. pertaining to or characterized by bisexuality. 2. an individual exhibiting bisexuality. 3. pertaining to or characterized by hermaphroditism. 4. pertaining to or characterized by androgyny.

bisexuality bisexualité 1. sexual attraction to persons of both sexes; exhibition of both homosexual and heterosexual behavior. 2. true hermaphroditism. 3. androgyny (1).

bisferiens bisferiens [L.] bisferious.

bisferious dicrote having two beats.

bisiliac bisiliaque pertaining to the two iliac bones or to any two corresponding points on them.

bismuth (Bi) bismuth chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 83. Its salts have been used to treat diarrhea, nausea, and other gastrointestinal conditions. b. subsalicylate soussalicylate de b. a bismuth salt of salicylic acid, used in the treatment of diarrhea and gastric distress, including nausea, indigestion, and heartburn.

bismuthosis bismuthose bismuth poisoning, with anuria, stomatitis, dermatitis, and diarrhea.

bisoprolol bisoprolol a cardioselective betaadrenergic blocking agent, used as the fumarate salt in the treatment of hypertension.

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate 2,3-biphosphoglycérate an intermediate in the conversion of 3- phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate; it also acts as an allosteric effector in the regulation of oxygen binding by hemoglobin.

bisphosphonate biphosphonate diphosphonate.

bistoury bistouri a long, narrow, straight or curved surgical knife.

bisulfate bisulfate an acid sulfate.

bitartrate bitartrate any salt containing the anion derived from tartaric acid (C₄H₆O₆).

bite morsure 1. seizure with the teeth. 2. a wound or puncture made by a living organism. 3. impression dentaire an impression made by closure of the teeth upon some plastic material, e.g., wax. 4. occlusion dentaire occlusion (2). closed b. supraclusion malocclusion in which the incisal edges of the mandibular anterior teeth protrude past those of the maxillary teeth. cross b. o. croisée crossbite. edge-to-edge b., end-to-end b. o. en bout à bout occlusion in which the incisors of both jaws are closed. open b. béance occlusion in which certain opposing teeth fail to come together when the jaws are closed; usually confined to anterior teeth. over b. surocclusion overbite.

bite-block cire d’occlusion occlusion rim.

bitelock verrou d’occlusion a dental device for retaining occlusion rims in the same relation outside the mouth which they occupied in the mouth.

bitemporal bitemporal pertaining to both temples or temporal bones.

biteplate plaque d’occlusion an appliance, usually plastic and wire, worn in the palate as a diagnostic or therapeutic adjunct in orthodontics or prosthodontics.

bite-wing ailette a wing or fin attached along the center of the tooth side of a dental x-ray film and bitten on by the patient, permitting production of images of the corona of the teeth in both dental arches and their contiguous periodontal tissues.

Bitis Bitis a genus of venomous, brightly colored, thick-bodied, viperine snakes, possessing heart-shaped heads; including the puff adder (B. arientans), Gaboon viper (B. gabonica), and rhinoceros viper (B. nasicornis).

bitolterol bitoltérol a β₂-adrenergic receptor agonist, administered by inhalation in the form of the mesylate salt as a bronchodilator.

bitrochanteric bitrochantérien pertaining to both trochanters on one femur or to both greater trochanters.

bituminosis bituminose a form of pneumoconiosis due to inhalation of dust from soft coal.

biuret biuret a urea derivative; see under reaction.

bivalent bivalent 1. divalent. 2. the structure formed by a pair of homologous chromosomes by synapsis along their length during the zygotene and pachytene stages of the first meiotic prophase.

bivalirudin bivalirudine an anticoagulant used with aspirin in patients with unstable angina pectoris who are undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

biventricular biventriculaire pertaining to or affecting both ventricles of the heart.

bizygomatic bizygomatique pertaining to the two most prominent points on the two zygomatic arches.

B-K, BK B-K below-knee; see transtibial amputation, under amputation.

Bk Bk berkelium.

BKV BKV BK virus.

black noir reflecting no light or true color; of the darkest hue.

blackhead point noir open comedo.

blackout évanouissement loss of vision and momentary lapse of consciousness due to diminished circulation to the brain and retina. alcoholic b. amnésie induite par l’alcool anterograde amnesia experienced by alcoholics during episodes of drinking, even when not fully intoxicated; indicative of early, reversible brain damage.

blacksnake python noir 1. Pseudechis porphyriacus, a large venomous semiaquatic Australian snake whose body is black on top and red underneath. 2. Coluber constrictor, a nonvenomous snake found in North America.

bladder vessie 1. a membranous sac, such as one serving as receptacle for a secretion. 2. urinary bladder. atonic neurogenic b. atonie vésicale d’origine neurologique neurogenic bladder due to destruction of sensory nerve fibers from the bladder to the spinal cord, with absence of control of bladder functions and of desire to urinate, bladder overdistention, and an abnormal amount of residual urine; usually associated with tabes dorsalis or pernicious anemia. automatic b. v. automatique neurogenic bladder due to complete transection of the spinal cord above the sacral segments, with loss of micturition reflexes and bladder sensation, involuntary urination, and an abnormal amount of residual urine. autonomic b., autonomous b. v. autonome neurogenic bladder due to a lesion in the sacral spinal cord, interrupting the reflex arc controlling the bladder, with loss of normal bladder sensation and reflexes, inability to initiate urination normally, and incontinence. gall b. vésicule biliaire gallbladder. ileal b. v. iléale a neobladder made from a section of ileum. irritable b. v. irritable a condition of the bladder marked by increased frequency of contraction with associated desire to urinate. motor paralytic b. v. neurologique motrice paralytique neurogenic bladder due to impairment of motor neurons or nerves controlling the bladder; the acute form is marked by painful distention and inability to initiate urination, and the chronic form by difficulty initiating urination, straining, decreased size and force of stream, interrupted stream, and recurrent urinary tract infection. neurogenic b. v. neurologique dysfunction of the urinary bladder caused by a lesion of the central or peripheral nervous system. uninhibited neurogenic b. v. neurologique non inhibée neurogenic bladder due to a lesion in upper motor neurons with subtotal interruption of corticospinal pathways, with urgency, frequent involuntary urination, and small-volume threshold of activity. urinary b. v. urinaire the musculomembranous sac in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity that serves as a reservoir for urine, which it receives through the ureters and discharges through the urethra.

blast blaste 1. an immature stage in cellular development before appearance of the definitive characteristics of the cell; used also as a word termination (see -blast). 2. blast cell (2).

blast souffle the wave of air pressure produced by the detonation of high-explosive bombs or shells or by other explosions; it causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage (lung blast, blast chest), laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured eardrums, and minor effects in the central nervous system.

-blast -blast word element [Gr.] a type of blast¹.

blastema blastème a group of cells giving rise to a new individual (in asexual reproduction) or to an organ or part (in either normal development or in regeneration). Adj.: blastemic.

blast(o)- blast(o)- word element [Gr.], a bud; budding.

blastocoele blastocèle the fluid-filled central segmentation cavity of the blastula. Adj.: blastocoelic.

blastocyst blastocyste the mammalian conceptus in the postmorula stage, consisting of an embryoblast (inner cell mass) and a thin trophoblast layer enclosing a blastocyst cavity.

blastocyte blastocyte an undifferentiated embryonic cell.

blastoderm blastoderme the single layer of cells forming the wall of the blastula, or the cellular cap above the floor of segmented yolk in the discoblastula of telolecithal eggs. Adj.: blastodermal, blastodermic.

blastogenesis blastogenèse 1. development of an individual from a blastema, i.e., by asexual reproduction. 2. transmission of inherited characters by the germ plasm. 3. morphological transformation of small lymphocytes into larger cells resembling blast cells on exposure o phytohemagglutinin or to antigens to which the donor is immunized. Adj.: blastogenetic, blastogenic.

blastoma blastome pl. blastomas, blastomata a neoplasm composed of embryonic cells derived from the blastema of an organ or tissue. Adj.: blastomatous.

blastomere blastomère one of the cells produced by cleavage of a zygote.

Blastomyces Blastomyces a genus of pathogenic fungi growing as mycelial forms at room temperature and as yeastlike forms at body temperature; applied to the yeasts pathogenic for humans and other animals. B. brasiliensis B. brasiliensis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. B. dermatitidis B. dermatitidis the agent of North American blastomycosis.

blastomycosis blastomycose 1. any infection caused by a yeastlike organism. 2. a chronic infection due to Blastomyces dermatitidis, predominately involving the skin, lungs, and bones. North American b. b. nord-américaine blastomycosis (2). South American b. b. sud-américaine paracoccidioidomycosis.

blastopore blastopore the opening of the archenteron to the exterior of the embryo at the gastrula stage.

blastula blastula pl. blastulae [L.] the usually spherical structure produced by cleavage of a zygote, consisting of a single layer of cells (blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoele).

bleb bulle d’emphysème bulla (1).

bleeder 1. qui saigne facilement. one who bleeds freely. 2. vaisseau qui saigne any blood vessel cut during surgery that requires clamping, ligature, or cautery.

bleeding saignement 1. the escape of blood, as from an injured vessel. 2. phlebotomy. dysfunctional uterine b. (DUB) s. utérin dysfonctionnel bleeding from the uterus when no organic lesions are present. implantation b. s. d’implantation that occurring at the time of implantation of the blastocyst in the decidua. occult b. s. occulte escape of blood in such small quantity that it can be detected only by chemical test or by microscopic or spectroscopic examination.

blennadenitis blennadénite myxadenitis.

blenn(o)- blenn(o)- word element [Gr.], mucus.

blennoid blennoïde mucoid (1).

blennorrhea blennorrhée any free discharge of mucus, especially a gonorrheal discharge from the urethra or vagina.Adj.: blennorrheal.

blennothorax blennothorax a pleural effusion with mucus.

bleomycin bléomycine a polypeptide antibiotic mixture obtained from cultures of Streptomyces verticellus; used as the sulfate salt as an antineoplastic.

blepharadenitis blépharadénite inflammation of the meibomian glands.

blepharitis blépharite inflammation of the eyelids. angular b., b. angularis b. angulaire inflammation involving the angles of the eyelids. b. ciliaris, marginal b. b. ciliaire a chronic inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous gland openings of the margins of the eyelids. nonulcerative b., seborrheic b. b. non ulcéreuse blepharitis with seborrhea of the scalp, brows, and skin behind the ears, marked by greasy scaling, hyperemia, and thickening. ulcerative b. b. ulcéreuse that marked by small ulcerated areas along the eyelid margin, multiple suppurative lesions, and loss of lashes.

blephar(o)- bléphar(o)- word element [Gr.], eyelid; eyelash.

blepharoatheroma blépharo-athérome an encysted tumor or sebaceous cyst of an eyelid.

blepharochalasis blépharochalasis hypertrophy and loss of elasticity of the skin of the upper eyelid.

blepharoncus tumeur de la paupière a tumor on the eyelid.

blepharophimosis blépharophimosis abnormal narrowness of the palpebral fissures.

blepharoplasty blépharoplastie plastic surgery of the eyelids.

blepharoplegia blépharoplégie paralysis of an eyelid.

blepharoptosis blépharoptose ptosis (2).

blepharopyorrhea blépharopyorrhée purulent ophthalmia.

blepharorrhaphy blépharorrhaphie 1. suture of an eyelid. 2. tarsorrhaphy.

blepharostenosis blépharosténose blepharophimosis.

blepharosynechia blépharosynéchie a growing together or adhesion of the eyelids.

blepharotomy blépharotomie surgical incision of an eyelid.

blind [A.S.] 1. aveugle not having the sense of sight. 2. en aveugle pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which one or more of the groups receiving, administering, and evaluating the treatment are unaware of which treatment any particular subject is receiving.

blindness cécité lack or loss of ability to see; lack of perception of visual stimuli. blue b., blue-yellow b. acyanoblepsie popular names for imperfect perception of blue and yellow tints; see tritanopia and tetartanopia. color b. daltonisme 1. popular name for color vision deficiency. 2. see monochromatic vision. complete color b. daltonisme complet monochromatic vision. day b. c. diurne hemeralopia. flight b. c. de vol amaurosis fugax due to high centrifugal forces encountered in aviation. green b. aglaucopsie imperfect perception of green tints; see deuteranopia and protanopia. legal b. c. pratique that defined by law, usually, maximal visual acuity in the better eye after correction of 20/200 with a total diameter of the visual field in that eye of 20 degrees. letter b. c. littérale alexia characterized by inability to recognize individual letters. music b. c. musicale musical alexia. night b. c. nocturne, héméralopie failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light. object b., psychic b. c. d’objet visual agnosia. red b. c. pour la couleur rouge popular name for protanopia. red-green b. daltonisme popular name for any imperfect perception of red and green tints, including all the most common types of color vision deficiency. See deuteranomaly, deuteranopia, protanomaly, and protanopia. snow b. c. des neiges dimness of vision, usually temporary, due to glare of sun upon snow. text b. c. verbale pure alexia. total color b. daltonisme complet monochromatic vision. word b. c. verbale pure alexia.

blister ampoule a vesicle, especially a bulla. blood b. pinçon a vesicle having bloody contents, as may be caused by a pinch or bruise. fever b. bouton de fièvre see herpes simplex. water b. a. d’eau one with clear watery contents.

block bloc 1. obstruction. 2. bloquer to obstruct. 3. regional anesthesia. ankle b. b. de la cheville regional anesthesia of the foot by injection of anesthetic around the tibial nerves at the ankle. atrioventricular b., AV b. b. auriculoventriculaire impairment of conduction of cardiac impulses from the atria to the ventricles, usually due to a block in the atrioventricular junctional tissue, and generally subclassified on the basis of severity as first, second, or third degree. Bier b. b. de Bier regional anesthesia by intravenous injection; used for surgical procedures on the arm below the elbow or leg below the knee that are done in a bloodless field maintained by a pneumatic tourniquet. bifascicular b. b. bifasciculaire impairment of conduction in two of the three fascicles of the bundle branches. bilateral bundle branch b. (BBBB) b. de branche bilatéral interruption of cardiac impulses through both bundle branches, clinically indistinguishable from third degree (complete) heart block. brachial plexus b. b. du plexus brachial regional anesthesia of the shoulder, arm, and hand by injection of anesthetic into the brachial plexus. bundle branch b. (BBB) b. de branche interruption of conduction in one of the main bundle branches, so that the impulse first reaches one ventricle, then travels to the other. caudal b. artère caudale regional anesthesia by injection of local anesthetic into the caudal or sacral canal. cervical plexus b. b. du plexus cervical regional anesthesia of the neck by injection of a local anesthetic into the cervical plexus. complete heart b. b. cardiaque complet see heart b. conduction b. b. de conduction a blockage in a nerve that prevents impulses from being conducted across a given segment although the nerve beyond is viable. elbow b. b. du coude regional anesthesia of the forearm and hand by injection of local anesthetic around the median, radial, and ulnar nerves at the elbow. entrance b. b. d’entrée in cardiology, a unidirectional impasse to conduction that prevents an impulse from entering a specific region of excitable tissue; part of the mechanism underlying parasystole. epidural b. anesthésie épidurale that produced by injection of the anesthetic into the extradural space, either between the vertebral spines or into the sacral hiatus (caudal block). exit b. b. de sortie in cardiology, delay or failure of an impulse to be conducted from a specific region to surrounding tissues. fascicular b. b. fasciculaire any of a group of disorders of conduction localized within any combination of the three fascicles of the bundle branches or their ramifications. femoral b. b. fémoral regional anesthesia of the posterior thigh and the leg below the knee by injection of a local anesthetic around the femoral nerve just below the inguinal ligament at the lateral border of the fossa ovalis. field b. anesthésie par blocage nerveux dans le champ opératoire regional anesthesia by encircling the operative field with injections of a local anesthetic. first degree heart b. b. cardiaque du premier degré see heart b.; see also atrioventricular b. heart b. b. cardiaque impairment of conduction of an impulse in heart excitation; it is subclassified as first degree when conduction time is prolonged, second degree (partial heart b.) when some atrial impulses are not conducted, and third degree (complete heart b.) when no atrial impulses are conducted; the term and its subcategories are often used specifically for atrioventricular block. high grade atrioventricular b. b. auriculoventriculaire de haut grade second or third degree atrioventricular block. incomplete heart b. b. cardiaque incomplet first or second degree heart block. intraspinal b. b. intrarachidien spinal anesthesia (1). intravenous b. b. intraveineux Bier b. lumbar plexus b. b. du plexus lombaire regional anesthesia of the anterior and medial aspects of the leg by injection of a local anesthetic into the lumbar plexus. mental b. b. psychique blocking (2). metabolic b. b. métabolique the blocking of a biosynthetic pathway due to a genetic enzyme defect or to inhibition of an enzyme by a drug or other substance. Mobitz type I b. b. de Mobitz de type I Wenckebach b. Mobitz type II b. b. de Mobitz de type II a type of second degree atrioventricular block in which dropped beats occur periodically without previous lengthening of the P-R interval, due to a block within or below the bundle of His. motor point b. b. de point moteur interruption of impulses, by anesthesia or destruction of the nerve, at a motor point in order to relieve spasticity. nerve b. anesthésie par blocage nerveux regional anesthesia by injection of anesthetics close to the appropriate nerve. paracervical b. b. paracervical regional anesthesia of the inferior hypogastric plexus and ganglia produced by injection of the local anesthetic into the lateral fornices of the vagina. parasacral b. b. parasacré regional anesthesia produced by injection of a local anesthetic around the sacral nerves as they emerge from the sacral foramina. paravertebral b. b. paravertébral infiltration of anesthetic into an area near the vertebrae. partial heart b. b. cardiaque partiel see heart b. periinfarction b. b. péri-infarctus disturbance of intraventricular conduction after a myocardial infarction, due to delayed conduction in the infarct region. presacral b. b. parasacré anesthesia produced by injection of the local anesthetic into the sacral nerves on the anterior aspect of the sacrum. pudendal b. b. du nerf honteux interne et des nerfs du périnée anesthesia produced by blocking the pudendal nerves, accomplished by injection of the local anesthetic into the tuberosity of the ischium. retrobulbar b. b. rétrobulbaire that performed by injection of a local anesthetic into the retrobulbar space to anesthetize and immobilize the eye. sacral b. b. sacré see under anesthesia. saddle b. anesthésie en selle regional anesthesia in an area of the buttocks, perineum, and inner aspects of the thighs, by introducing the anesthetic agent low in the dural sac. second degree heart b. b. cardiaque du deuxième degré see heart b.; see also atrioventricular b. sinoatrial b. b. sinoauriculaire delay or absence of the atrial beat due to partial or complete interference with the propagation of impulses from the sinoatrial node to the atria. spinal b. rachianesthésie see under anesthesia. subarachnoid b. rachianesthésie spinal anesthesia (1). third degree heart b. b. cardiaque du troisième degré see heart b.; see also atrioventricular b. trifascicular b. b. trifasciculaire impairment of conduction in all three fascicles of the bundle branches, a form of complete heart block. unifascicular b. b. unifasciculaire impairment of conduction in only one fascicle of the bundle branches. vagal b., vagus nerve b. b. vagal blocking of vagal impulses by injection of a solution of local anesthetic into the vagus nerve at its exit from the skull. Wenckebach b. b. auriculoventriculaire de Wenckebach a type of second degree atrioventricular block in which one or more dropped beats occur periodically after a series of steadily increasing P-R intervals. wrist b. b. du poignet regional anesthesia of the hand by injection of a local anesthetic around the median, radial, and ulnar nerves of the wrist.

blockade blocage 1. the blocking of the effect of a hormone or neurotransmitter at a cell-surface receptor by a pharmacologic antagonist bound to the receptor. 2. in histochemistry, a chemical reaction that modifies certain chemical groups and blocks a specific staining method. 3. bloc regional anesthesia. adrenergic b. b. adrénergique selective inhibition of the response to sympathetic impulses transmitted by epinephrine or norepinephrine at alpha or beta receptor sites of an effector organ or postganglionic adrenergic neuron. cholinergic b. b. cholinergique selective inhibition of cholinergic nerve impulses at autonomic ganglionic synapses, postganglionic parasympathetic effectors, or the neuromuscular junction. ganglionic b. b. ganglionaire inhibition by drugs of nerve impulse transmission at autonomic ganglionic synapses. narcotic b. b. narcotique inhibition of the euphoric effects of narcotic drugs by the use of other drugs, such as methadone, in the treatment of addiction. neuromuscular b. b. neuromusculaire a failure in neuromuscular transmission that can be induced pharmacologically or may result from pathological disturbances at the myoneural junction.

blocker bloquant something that blocks or obstructs passage, activity, etc. α-b. α-b. alphaadrenergic blocking agent; see adrenergic blocking agent. β -b. β -b. beta-adrenergic blocking agent; see adrenergic blocking agent. calcium channel b. inhibiteur des canaux calciques calcium channel blocking agent. potassium channel b. inhibiteur des canaux potassiques potassium channel blocking agent. sodium channel b. inhibiteur des canaux sodiques sodium channel blocking agent.

blocking blocage 1. interruption of an afferent nerve pathway; see block. 2. difficulty in recollection, or interruption of a train of thought or speech, due to emotional factors, usually unconscious.

blood sang the fluid circulating through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, carrying nutriment and oxygen to body cells, and removing waste products and carbon dioxide. It consists of the liquid portion (the plasma) and the formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets). arterial b. s. artériel oxygenated blood, found in the pulmonary veins, the left chambers of the heart, and the systemic arteries. citrated b. s. citraté blood treated with sodium citrate or citric acid to prevent its coagulation. cord b. s. du cordon that contained in umbilical vessels at time of delivery of the infant. occult b. s. occulte that present in such small quantities that it is detectible only by chemical tests or by spectroscopic or microscopic examination. predonated autologous b. s. autologue programmé (don de) blood donated prior to surgery or other invasive procedure for use in a possible autotransfusion. venous b. s. veineux blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and is carrying carbon dioxide back through the systemic veins for gas exchange in the lungs. whole b. s. entier that from which none of the elements has been removed, sometimes specifically that drawn from a selected donor under aseptic conditions, containing citrate ion or heparin, and used as a blood replenisher.

blood group groupe sanguin 1. an erythrocytic allotype (or phenotype) defined by one or more cellular antigenic groupings controlled by allelic genes. Numerous blood group systems are now known, the most widely used in matching blood for transfusion being the ABO and Rh groups. 2. any of various other characteristics or traits of cellular or fluid components of blood, considered as the expression (phenotype or allotype) of the actions and interactions of dominant genes, and useful in medicolegal and other studies of human inheritance.

bloodstream circulation sanguine the blood flowing through the circulatory system in the living body. Written also blood stream.

blot pratiquer le buvardage to transfer ionic solutes onto a membrane or other immobilizing matrix for analysis; also used to describe the substrate containing the transferred material. dot b. transfert en point one used to detect and analyze nucleic acids or proteins, in which samples are spotted directly onto the substrate, without first being separated electrophoretically, then hybridized to the probe of interest. Northern b. b. de Northern one analagous to a Southern blot but performed on fragments of RNA. Southern b. b. de Southern one obtained by transferring elecrophoretically separated DNA fragments onto an immobilizing membrane, then detecting specific fragments by their hybridization to defined DNA or RNA probes. Western b. b. de Western one obtained by separating proteins electrophoretically, transferring them in place to a filter or membrane, and probing with specific antibodies. blotting buvardage soaking up with or transferring to absorbent material.

blowpipe chalumeau a tube through which a current of air is forced upon a flame to concentrate and intensify the heat.

blue bleu 1. a color between green and indigo, produced by energy with wavelengths between 420 and 490 nm. 2. a dye or stain with this color. aniline b., aniline b. WS b. d’aniline a mixture of methyl blue and water blue, or either one individually; used as a counterstain, as a stain for collagen and for connective tissue, and as a component of bacteriological media. brilliant cresyl b. b. de crésyl brillant an oxazin dye used in staining blood cells; also used as a less toxic alternative to ethidium bromide in staining nucleic acids. methyl b. b. de méthyle a blue dye of the triarylmethane class; used, alone or in combination with water blue, as a biological stain; see aniline b. WS. methylene b. b. de méthylène dark green crystals or crystalline powder with a bronzelike luster; used in the treatment of congenital or toxic methemoglobinemia, as a bacteriologic, biologic, and pathologic stain, as a colorimetric indicator, and as a dye to stain tissues prior to surgery. Prussian b. b. de Prusse an amorphous blue powder used as a dye; it is also used in the treatment of internal contamination with radioactive cesium and radioactive or nonradioactive thallium, to speed their elimination. toluidine b. O b. de toluidine a basic blue dye related to methylene blue; used for both orthochromatic and metachromatic staining. water b. b. d’aniline a blue dye of the triarylmethane class; used, alone or in combination with methyl blue, as a biological stain; see aniline b. WS.

blunt émoussé having a thick or dull edge or point; not sharp.

blur flou indistinctness, clouding, or fogging. spectacle b. f. de lunettes the indistinct vision with spectacles occurring after removal of contact lenses, especially non-gas-permeable lenses; it is believed to result from chronic corneal hypoxia and edema.

BMA BMA British Medical Association.

BMI IMC body mass index.

BMP BMP bone morphogenetic protein.

BMR BMR basal metabolic rate.

BMT BMT bone marrow transplantation.

BOA BOA British Orthopaedic Association. bobbing mouvement d’ondulation a quick, jerky, up-and-down movement. ocular b. nystagmus vertical a jerky downward deviation of the eyes with slow return, seen in comatose patients and believed to be due to a pontine lesion.

body 1. corps the largest and most important part of any organ. 2. nodule any mass or collection of material. 3. tronc trunk (1). acetone b’s c. cétoniques ketone bodies. amygdaloid b. noyau amygdalien corpus amygdaloideum. anococcygeal b. ligament suspenseur de l’anus see under ligament. aortic b’s zones chémoréceptrices aortiques small neurovascular structures on either side of the aorta in the region of the aortic arch, containing chemoreceptors that play a role in reflex regulation of respiration. b’s of Arantius n. d’Arantius small tubercles, one at the center of the free margin of each of the three cusps of the aortic and pulmonary valves. asbestos b’s c. asbestosiques ferruginous bodies whose center is asbestos. Aschoff b’s n. d’Aschoff submiliary collections of cells and leukocytes in the interstitial tissues of the heart in rheumatic myocarditis. asteroid b. c. astéroïde an irregularly star-shaped inclusion body found in the giant cells in sarcoidosis and other diseases. Auer b’s c. d’Auer finely granular, lamellar bodies having acid-phosphatase activity, found in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts, myelocytes, monoblasts, and granular histiocytes, rarely in plasma cells, and virtually pathognomonic of leukemia. Barr b. c. de Barr a chromatin mass in the nucleus of somatic cells of females of most mammalian species, including humans. It represents a single, inactive, condensed X chromosome. basal b. c. basal a modified centriole that occurs at the base of a flagellum or cilium. Cabot ring b’s c. annulaires de Cabot lines in the form of loops or figuresof-8, seen in stained erythrocytes in severe anemias. carotid b. glomus carotidien a small neurovascular structure lying in the bifurcation of the right and left carotid arteries, containing chemoreceptors that monitor oxygen content in blood and help to regulate respiration. cavernous b. of penis c. caverneux du pénis corpus cavernosum penis. cell b. c. cellulaire that portion of a cell which contains the nucleus, independent of projections such as an axon or dendrites. ciliary b. c. ciliaire the thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye, connecting the choroid and iris. Cowdry type I inclusion b’s c. de Cowdry de type I eosinophilic nuclear inclusions of nucleic acid and protein seen in cells infected with herpes simplex or varicella-zoster virus. Döhle inclusion b’s c. de Dohle small bodies seen in the cytoplasm of neutrophils in many infectious diseases, burns, aplastic anemia, and other disorders, and after the administration of toxic agents. Donovan b. c. de Donovan Klebsiella granulomatis. embryoid b’s c. embryoïdes structures resembling embryos, seen in several types of germ cell tumors. ferruginous b’s organes ferrugineux small masses of mineral matter in the lungs resulting from deposition of calcium salts, iron salts, and protein around a central core of foreign matter. foreign b. c. étranger a mass or particle of material that is not normal to the place where it is found. fruiting b. organe de fructification a specialized structure, as an apothecium, which produces spores. geniculate b., lateral c. genouillé, latéral an eminence of the metathalamus, just lateral to the medial geniculate body, marking the end of the optic tract. geniculate b., medial c. genouillé moyen an eminence of the metathalamus, just lateral to the superior colliculi, concerned with hearing. glomus b. c. glomique a specialized arteriovenous shunt occurring predominantly in the skin of the hands and feet, regulating blood flow and temperature. Golgi b. appareil de Golgi see under complex. Hassall b. c. de Hassall one of the formed elements of the blood; a leukocyte, erythrocyte, or platelet. Heinz b’s, Heinz-Ehrlich b’s c. de Heinz inclusion bodies resulting from oxidative injury to and precipitation of hemoglobin; seen in the presence of certain abnormal hemoglobins and erythrocytes with enzyme deficiencies. hematoxylin b. c. coloré par l’hématoxyline a dense, homogeneous particle consisting of the denatured nuclear material of an injured cell, occurring in systemic lupus erythematosus; lymphocytes that ingest such particles are nown as LE cells. Called also LE b. Howell-Jolly b’s c. d’Howell-Jolly smooth, round remnants of nuclear chromatin seen in erythrocytes in megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, and after splenectomy. hyaloid b. c. hyaloïde vitreous b. immune b. anticorps antibody. inclusion b’s organes d’inclusion round, oval, or irregular- shaped bodies in the cytoplasm and nuclei of cells, as in disease due to viral infection, such as rabies, smallpox, etc. ketone b’s c. cétoniques the substances acetone, acetoacetic acid, and β-hydroxybutyric acid; except for acetone (which may arise spontaneously from acetoacetic acid), they are normal metabolic products of lipid within the liver, and are oxidized by muscles; excessive production leads to urinary secretion of these bodies, as in diabetes mellitus. Lafora b’s c. de Lafora intracytoplasmic inclusions consisting of a complex of glycoprotein and acid mucopolysaccharide; found in Lafora disease. lamellar b. c. lamellaire keratinosome; a type of spherical granule in cells of the skin that migrates to the cytoplasm and discharges its contents into the intercellular space, where the granules are believed to function as a barrier against foreign substances. LE b. c. LE hematoxylin b. Leishman-Donovan b. c. de Leishman- Donovan amastigote. mammillary b. c. mammillaires either of the pair of small spherical masses in the interpeduncular fossa of the midbrain, forming part of the hypothalamus. Masson b’s c. de Masson cellular tissue that fills the pulmonary alveoli and alveolar ducts in rheumatic pneumonia; they may be modified Aschoff bodies. metachromatic b’s granules métachromatiques see under granule. Negri b’s c. de Negri round or oval inclusion bodies seen in the cytoplasm and sometimes in the processes of neurons of rabid animals after death. Nissl b’s c. de Nissl large granular basophilic bodies found in the cytoplasm of neurons, composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free polyribosomes. olivary b. olive bulbaire olive (2). pacchionian b’s granulations de Pacchioni arachnoidal granulations. para-aortic b’s c. para-aortiques enclaves of chromaffin cells near the sympathetic ganglia along the abdominal aorta, serving as chemoreceptors responsive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentration and which help control respiration. pineal b. épiphyse cérébrale pineal gland; a small conical structure attached by a stalk to the posterior wall of the third ventricle; it secretes melatonin. pituitary b. c. pituitaire hypophysis. polar b’s 1. globules polaires small nonfunctional cells consisting of a tiny bit of cytoplasm and a nucleus, resulting from unequal division of the primary oocyte (first polar b.) and, if fertilization occurs, of the secondary oocyte (second polar b.). 2. c. polaires metachromatic granules located at the ends of bacteria. psammoma b. c. psammomateux a spherical, concentrically laminated mass of calcareous material, usually of microscopic size; such bodies occur in both benign and malignant epithelial and connective- tissue tumors, and are sometimes associated with chronic inflammation. quadrigeminal b’s organes quadrigéminés corpora quadrigemina. Russell b’s c. de Russell globular plasma cell inclusions, representing aggregates of immunoglobulins synthesized by the cell. sand b’s sable cérébral the mass of gritty matter lying in or near the pineal body, the choroid plexus, and other parts of the brain. b. of sternum c. du sternum the principal portion of the sternum, located between the manubrium above and the xiphoid process below. trachoma b’s corpuscules de ProwazekHalberstaedter inclusion bodies found in clusters in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the conjunctiva in trachoma. tympanic b. c. tympanique an ovoid body in the upper part of the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein, believed similar to the carotid body in structure and function. vermiform b’s c. vermiformes peculiar sinuous invaginations of the plasma membrane of Kupffer cells of the liver. vitreous b. c. vitré the transparent gel filling the inner portion of the eyeball between the lens and retina. Weibel-Palade b’s c. denses de Weibel-Palade rod- shaped intracytoplasmic bundles of microtubules specific for vascular endothelial cells and used as markers for endothelial cell neoplasms.

bodywork travail sur le corps a general term for therapeutic methods that center on the body for the promotion of physical health and emotional and spiritual well-being, including massage, various systems of touch and manipulation, relaxation techniques, and practices designed to affect the body’s energy flow.

boil clou furuncle.

bolometer bolomètre an instrument for measuring minute changes in radiant heat.

bolus bol 1. a rounded mass of food or pharmaceutical preparation ready to swallow, or such a mass passing through the gastrointestinal tract. 2. a concentrated mass of pharmaceutical preparation, e.g., an opaque contrast medium, given intravenously. 3. bolus a mass of scattering material, such as wax or paraffin, placed between the radiation source and the skin to achieve a precalculated isodose pattern in the tissue irradiated.

bombesin bombésine a tetradecapeptide neurotransmitter and hormone found in the brain and gut.

bond liaison the linkage between atoms or radicals of a chemical compound, or the mark indicating the number and attachment of the valences of an atom in constitutional formulas, represented by a pair of dots or a line between atoms, e.g., H—O—H, H—C≡ C—H or H:O:H, H:C:::C:H. coordinate covalent b. l. covalente coordonnée a covalent bond in which one of the bonded atoms furnishes both of the shared electrons. covalent b. l. covalente a chemical bond between two atoms or radicals formed by the sharing of a pair (single bond), two pairs (double bond), or three pairs of electrons (triple bond). disulfide b. pont disulfure a strong covalent bond, —S—S—, important in linking polypeptide chains in proteins, the linkage arising as a result of the oxidation of the sulfhydryl (SH) groups of two molecules of cysteine. high energy b. l. à haute énergie a chemical bond the hydrolysis of which yields high levels of free energy; it may involve phosphate (high energy phosphate b.) or sulfur (high energy sulfur b.) or other mixed anhydride types of chemical structure. hydrogen b. l. hydrogène a weak, primarily electrostatic, bond between a hydrogen atom bound to a highly electronegative element in a given molecule and a second highly electronegative atom in another molecule or elsewhere in the same molecule; it is usually represented by three dots, e.g., X—H···Y. ionic b. l. ionique a chemical bond in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another so that one bears a negative and the other a positive charge, the attraction between these opposite charges forming the bond. peptide b. l. peptidique a —CO—NH— linkage formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another; it is an amide linkage joining amino acids to form peptides.

bone os 1. the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates, composed chiefly of calcium salts. 2. any distinct piece of the skeleton of the body. See Plates 1 and 2. acetabular b. o. acétabulaire acetabulum. alveolar b. o. alvéolaire the thin layer of bone making up the bony processes of the maxilla and mandible, and surrounding and containing the teeth; it is pierced by many small openings through which blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve fibers pass. ankle b. astragale talus. back b. épine dorsale vertebral column. breast b. corps du sternum sternum. brittle b’s dysplasie périostale osteogenesis imperfecta. cancellous b. o. spongieux see lamellar b. capitate b. o. capitatum grand the bone in the distal row of carpal bones lying between the trapezoid and hamate bones; called also os capitatum. carpal b’s o. carpiens the eight bones of the wrist (carpus), including the capitate, hamate, lunate, pisiform, scaphoid, trapezoid, and triquetral bones and the trapezium. Called also ossa carpi. cartilage b. o. cartilagineux bone developing within cartilage, ossification taking place within a cartilage model. cheek b. os malaire zygomatic b. collar b. clavicule clavicle. compact b. o. compact see lamellar b. cortical b. o. cortical the compact bone of the shaft of a bone that surrounds the marrow cavity. cuboid b. o. cuboïde a bone on the lateral side of the tarsus between the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones; called also os cuboideum. cuneiform b., intermediate deuxième cunéiforme the intermediate and smallest of the three wedge-shaped tarsal bones located medial to the cuboid and between the navicular and the first three metatarsal bones; called also os cuneiforme intermedium. cuneiform b., lateral troisième cunéiforme the most lateral of the three wedgeshaped tarsal bones located medial to the cuboid and between the navicular and the first three metatarsal bones; called also os cuneiforme laterale. cuneiform b., medial premier cunéiforme the medial and largest of the three wedge-shaped tarsal bones located medial to the cuboid and between the navicular and the first three metatarsal bones; called also os cuneiforme mediale. ethmoid b. o. ethmoïde the cubical bone located between the orbits and consisting of the lamina cribrosa, the lamina perpendicularis, and the paired lateral masses; called also os ethmoidale. flat b. o. plat one whose thickness is slight, sometimes consisting of only a thin layer of compact bone, or of two layers with intervening cancellous bone and marrow; usually curved rather than flat. frontal b. o. frontal a single bone that closes the anterior part of the cranial cavity and forms the skeleton of the forehead; it is developed from two halves, the line of separation (the frontal suture) sometimes persisting in adult life. Called also os frontale. funny b. petit juif the region of the median condyle of the humerus where it is crossed by the ulnar nerve. hamate b. o. crochu the medial bone in the distal row of carpal bones; called also os hamatum. heel b. calcanéum calcaneus. hip b. o. iliaque o. coxal the large bone in the hip, consisting of the ilium, ischium, and pubic bone. Called also os coxae. hyoid b. o. hyoïde a horseshoe-shaped bone situated at the base of the tongue, just superior to the thyroid cartilage; called also os hyoideum. incisive b. prémaxillaire the portion of the maxilla bearing the incisors; developmentally, it is the premaxilla, which in humans later fuses with the maxilla, but in most other vertebrates persists as a separate bone. innominate b. o. iliaque hip b. jaw b. o. de la mâchoire the mandible or maxilla, especially the mandible. jugal b. o. malaire zygomatic b. lacrimal b. o. lacrymal a thin scalelike bone at the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit, articulating with the frontal and ethmoid bones and the maxilla and inferior nasal concha. Called also os lacrimale. lamellar b. o. lamellaire the normal type of adult bone, organized in layers (lamellae), which may be parallel (cancellous b.) or concentrically arranged (compact b.). lingual b. o. hyoïde hyoid b. long b. o. long a bone that has a longitudinal axis of considerable length, consisting of a body or shaft (diaphysis) and an expanded portion (epiphysis) at each end that is usually articular; typically found in the limbs. Called also os longum. lunate b. o. semilunaire the bone in the proximal row of carpal bones lying between the scaphoid and triquetral bones; called also os lunatum. malar b. o. malaire zygomatic b. marble b’s o. de marbre osteopetrosis. mastoid b. mastoïde mastoid part of temporal bone; see under part. metacarpal b’s o. métacarpiens metacarpals; the five cylindrical bones of the hand, which articulate proximally with the bones of the carpus and distally with the proximal phalanges of the fingers; numbered from that articulating with the phalanx of the thumb to that articulating with the phalanx of the little finger. Called also ossa metacarpi. metatarsal b’s o. métatarsiens metatarsals; the five bones extending from the tarsus to the phalanges of the toes, being numbered in the same sequence from the most medial to the most lateral. Called also ossa metatarsi. nasal b. o. propre du nez either of the two small, oblong bones that together form the bridge of the nose.; called also os nasale. navicular b. o. naviculaire the ovoid-shaped tarsal bone found between the talus and the three cuneiform bones; called also os naviculare. occipital b. o. occipital a single trapezoid-shaped bone situated at the posterior and inferior part of the cranium, articulating with the two parietal and two temporal bones, the sphenoid bone, and the atlas; it contains a large opening, the foramen magnum. Called also os occipitale. palatine b. o. palatin the irregularly shaped bone forming the posterior part of the hard palate, the lateral wall of the nasal fossa between the medial pterygoid plate and the maxilla, and the posterior part of the floor of the orbit. Called also os palatinum. parietal b. o. pariétal either of the two quadrilateral bones forming part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the skull, and joining each other in the midline at the sagittal suture. Called also os parietale. pelvic b. o. iliaque hip b. petrous b. rocher petrous part of temporal bone; see under part. pisiform b. pisiforme the medial bone of the proximal row of carpal bones; called also os pisiforme. pneumatic b. o. pneumatique bone that contains air-filled spaces. premaxillary b. o. prémaxillaire premaxilla. pterygoid b. ptérygoïde see under process. pubic b. o. pubien pubis; the anterior inferior part of the hip bone on either side, articulating with its fellow in the anterior midline at the pubic symphysis. Called also os pubis. rider’s b. o. des cavaliers localized ossification of the inner aspect of the lower end of the tendon of the adductor muscle of the thigh; sometimes seen in horseback riders. scaphoid b. scaphoïde the most lateral bone of the proximal row of carpal bones; called also os scaphoideum. semilunar b. semi-lunaire lunate b. sesamoid b’s o. sésamoïdes numerous ovoid nodular bones, often small, usually found embedded within a tendon or joint capsule, principally in the hands and feet (where they are called also ossa sesamoidea); two sesamoid bones, the fabella and patella, are associated with the knee. shin b. tibia tibia. sphenoid b. o. sphénoïde a single irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull, forming a part of the floor of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae; called also os sphenoidale. squamous b. o. squameux squamous part of temporal bone; see under part. sutural b. o. suturaux variable and irregularly shaped bones in the sutures between the bones of the skull. tail b. coccyx coccyx. tarsal b’s o. tarsiens the seven bones of the ankle (tarsus), including the calcaneus, talus, cuboid and navicular bones, and intermediate, lateral, and medial cuneiform bones. Called also ossa tarsi. temporal b. o. temporal one of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. It is divided anatomically into petrous, mastoid, squamous, and tympanic parts. Called also os temporale. thigh b. o. de la hanche femur. trapezoid b. trapézoïde the bone in the distal row of carpal bones lying between the trapezium and capitate bones; called also os trapezoideum. triquetral b. o. pyramidal the bone in the proximal row of carpal bones lying between the lunate and pisiform bones; called also os triquetrum. turbinate b. cornet du nez any of the nasal conchae. tympanic b. o. tympanique tympanic part of temporal bone; see under part. unciform b., uncinate b. o. crochu hamate b. wormian b. o. wormiens sutural b. zygomatic b. o. zygomatique the quadrangular bone of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, maxilla, temporal bone, and greater wing of sphenoid bone. Called also os zygomaticum.

bony osseux 1. pertaining to, characterized by, resembling, or consisting of bone. 2. having an internal skeleton made of bones. 3. ossu having prominent bones or being lean or scrawny.

Boophilus Boophilus a genus of hard-bodied ticks that are vectors of babesiosis, including B. annulatus, the vector of Babesia bigemina; B. microplus, the vector of Babesia bovis; and B. calcaratus, the vector of Babesia major.

booster rappel see under dose.

boot botte an encasement for the foot; a protective casing or sheath. Gibney b. b. de Gibney an adhesive tape support used in treatment of sprains and other painful conditions of the ankle, the tape being applied in a basketweave fashion with strips placed alternately under the sole of the foot and around the back of the leg.

borage bourrache Borago officinalis or preparations of its flowers, stems, and seeds, which are used in folk medicine for a wide variety of disorders; see also under oil.

borate borate a salt of boric acid.

borax borax sodium borate.

borborygmus borborygme pl. borborygmi [L.] a rumbling noise caused by propulsion of gas through the intestines.

border frontière a bounding line, edge, or surface. brush b. bordure en brosse a specialization of the free surface of a cell, consisting of minute cylindrical processes (microvilli) that greatly increase the surface area. vermilion b. vermillon de la lèvre the exposed red portion of the upper and lower lips.

borderline limite of a phenomenon, straddling the dividing line between two categories.

Bordetella Bordetella a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria of the family Alcaligenaceae, made up of organisms that are parasites and pathogens of the respiratory tract. B. parapertussis B. parapertussis a species that is immunologically related to B. pertussis and causes parapertussis and occasionally classic pertussis. B. pertussis B. pertussis the usual causative agent of pertussis (whooping cough).

boric acid acide borique H₃BO₃; used as a buffer and weak antimicrobial, and as a pesticide to kill ants and cockroaches. See also sodium borate.

boron (B) bore chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 5.

Borrelia Borrelia a genus of bacteria of the family Spirochaetaceae, parasitic in many animals. B. burgdorferi causes Lyme disease and skin disease, and numerous species cause relapsing fever.

borreliosis borréliose infection with spirochetes of the genus Borrelia. Lyme b. b. de Lyme any of several diseases caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and having similar manifestations, including Lyme disease, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and erythema chronicum migrans.

boss bosse a rounded eminence.

bot larve d’Oestridé the larva of botflies, which may be parasitic in the stomach of animals and sometimes humans.

Bothriocephalus Bothriocephalus Diphyllobothrium.

botryoid botryoïde shaped like a bunch of grapes.

bottle bouteille a hollow narrow-necked vessel of glass or other material. wash b. pissette 1. a flexible squeeze-bottle with delivery tube, or one with two tubes through the cork, so arranged that blowing into one forces a stream of liquid from the other; used in washing chemical materials. 2. one containing some washing fluid, through which gases are passed for the purpose of freeing them from impurities.

botuliform botuliforme sausage-shaped.

botulin botuline botulinum toxin.

botulinal botulique 1. pertaining to Clostridium botulinum. 2. pertaining to botulinum toxin.

botulism botulisme an extremely severe type of food poisoning due to a neurotoxin (botulin) produced by Clostridium botulinum in improperly canned or preserved foods. infant b. b. du nourrisson that affecting infants, thought to result from toxin produced in the gut by ingested organisms, rather than from preformed toxins. wound b. b. d’inoculation a form resulting from infection of a wound with Clostridium botulinum.

bougie bougie a slender, flexible, hollow or solid, cylindrical instrument for introduction into the urethra or other tubular organ, usually for calibrating or dilating constricted areas. bulbous b. b. à bouton one with a bulbshaped tip. filiform b. b. filiforme one of very slender caliber.

bound lié 1. restrained or confined; not free. 2. held in chemical combination.

bouton bouton [Fr.] a buttonlike swelling on an axon where it has a synapse with another neuron. synaptic b. b. synaptique b. terminal. b. terminal b. terminal pl. boutons terminaux a buttonlike terminal enlargement of an axon that ends in relation to another neuron at a synapse.

bovine bovin pertaining to, characteristic of, or derived from cattle.

bow arc an arched or curved appliance or device.

bowel boyau the intestine.

bowenoid bowénoïde pertaining to or resembling the lesions of Bowen disease.

bowl bol a rounded, more or less hemispherical open container. mastoid b., mastoidectomy b. cavité de mastoïdectomie the hollow bony defect in the temporal bone created by open mastoidectomy.

bowleg jambes arquées genu varum; an outward curvature of one or both legs near the knee.

box boîte a rectangular structure. anatomical snuff-b. tabatière anatomique a triangular epression on the dorsum of the wrist at its radial border when the thumb is abducted and extended; between the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus medially and the tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus laterally.

BP 1. TA blood pressure. 2. British Pharmacopoeia, a publication of the General Medical Council, describing and establishing standards for medicines, preparations, materials, and articles used in the practice of medicine, surgery, or midwifery.

bp pb, bp base pair.

BPA BPA British Paediatric Association.

BPH HPB benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BPIG BPIG bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin.

Bq Bq becquerel.

Br Br bromine.

brace 1. corset orthopédique an orthosis used to support, align, or hold parts of the body in correct position. 2. appareil dentaire (in the pl.) orthodontic appliance.

brachial brachial pertaining to the upper limb.

brachialgia brachialgie pain in the arm.

brachi(o)- brachi(o)- word element [L., Gr.], arm.

brachiocephalic brachiocéphalique pertaining to the arm and head.

brachiocubital brachiocubital pertaining to the arm and elbow or forearm.

brachium brachium pl. brachia [L.] arm (1,3). b. colliculi inferioris bras conjonctival postérieur fibers of the auditory pathway connecting the inferior quadrigeminal body to the medial geniculate body. b. colliculi superioris b. conjonctival antérieur fibers connecting the optic tract and lateral geniculate body with the superior quadrigeminal body.

brachy- brachy- word element [Gr.], short.

brachybasia brachybasie a slow, shuffling, short-stepped gait.

brachydactyly brachydactylie abnormal shortness of fingers and toes.

brachygnathia brachygnathie abnormal shortness of the lower jaw.

brachyphalangia brachyphalangie abnormal shortness of one or more of the phalanges.

brachytherapy curiethérapie treatment with ionizing radiation whose source is applied to the surface of the body or within the body a short distance from the area being treated.

brady- brady- word element [Gr.], slow.

bradyarrhythmia bradyarythmie any disturbance in the heart rhythm in which the heart rate is abnormally slowed.

bradycardia bradycardie slowness of the heartbeat, as evidenced by slowing of the pulse rate to less than 60. Adj.: bradycardiac.

bradydysrhythmia bradydysrythmie an abnormal heart rhythm with rate less than 60 beats per minute in an adult; bradyarrhythmia is usually used instead.

bradyesthesia bradyesthésie slowness or dullness of perception.

bradykinesia bradykinésie abnormal slowness of movement. Adj.: bradykinetic.

bradykinin bradykinine a nonapeptide kinin formed from HMW kininogen by the action of kallikrein; it is a very powerful vasodilator and increases capillary permeability; in addition, it constricts smooth muscle and stimulates pain receptors.

bradypnea bradypnée abnormal slowness of breathing.

bradysphygmia bradysphygmie abnormal slowness of the pulse, usually linked to bradycardia.

bradytachycardia bradytachycardie alternating attacks of bradycardia and tachycardia.

brain encéphale encephalon; that part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain); it develops from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube. See also cerebrum. split b. déconnexion calleuse one in which the connections between the hemispheres have been disrupted or severed; used to provide access to the third ventricle or to control epilepsy.

brainstem tronc cérébral the stemlike portion of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord, and comprising the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain; considered by some to include the diencephalon.

brainwashing lavage de cerveau any systematic effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and beliefs against a person’s will, usually beliefs in conflict with prior beliefs and knowledge.

bran son the meal derived from the outer covering of a cereal grain; a source of dietary fiber.

branch branche ramus; a division or offshoot from a main stem, especially of blood vessels, nerves, or lymphatics. bundle b. b. du faisceau a branch of the bundle of His.

brancher enzyme enzyme branchante see under enzyme.

branchial branchial pertaining to or resembling gills of a fish or derivatives of homologous parts in higher forms. Branhamella Branhamella Moraxella (Branhamella).

brash pyrosis heartburn. water b. régurgitations heartburn with regurgitation of sour fluid or almost tasteless saliva into the mouth.

breakdown 1. panne the act or process of ceasing to function. 2. dégradation an often sudden collapse in health. 3. effondrement loss of self-control. nervous b. dépression nerveuse a nonspecific, popular name for any type of mental disorder that interferes with the affected individual’s normal activities, often implying a severe episode with sudden onset.

breast poitrine the front of the chest, especially its modified glandular structure, the mamma; see also mammary gland, under gland. chicken b. thorax en carène pectus carinatum. funnel b. thorax en entonnoir pectus excavatum. pigeon b. thorax en carène pectus carinatum.

breastfeeding allaitement maternel nursing; the feeding of an infant at the mother’s breast.

breath haleine the air inhaled and exhaled during ventilation.

breathing respiration ventilation (1). frog b., glossopharyngeal b. r. glossopharyngée breathing in which air is “swallowed” into the lungs by the tongue and muscles of the pharynx, unaided by primary or ordinary accessory muscles of respiration; used by those with chronic muscle paralysis to augment their breathing. intermittent positive pressure b. r. au moyen de respirateurs à pression positive intermittente the active inflation of the lungs during inhalation under positive pressure from a cycling valve.

breech siège the buttocks.

bregma bregma the point on the surface of the skull at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures. Adj.: bregmatic.

bretylium brétylium an adrenergic blocking agent used as the tosylate salt as an antiarrhythmic in certain cases of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.

brevicollis syndrome de Klippel-Feil shortness of the neck.

Brevundimonas Brevundimonas a genus of aerobic, gram-negative, bacteria; B. vesicularis (formerly Pseudomonas vesicularis) causes urinary tract infections and is a rare nosocomial pathogen.

bridge pont 1. a structure connecting two separate points, including parts of an organ. 2. bridge a fixed partial denture. 3. tarsal coalition. cantilever b. p. Cantilever a bridge having an artificial tooth attached beyond the point of anchorage of the bridge. cytoplasmic b. p. cytoplasmique 1. protoplasmic b. 2. see intercellular b. disulfide b. p. disulfure see under bond. extension b. bridge à extension cantilever b. intercellular b. p. intercellulaire a misnomer for the appearance of the junction of epithelial cells at a desmosome as a result of dehydration during fixation; it was formerly thought to constitute a bridge for cytoplasmic continuity (cytoplasmic bridge). protoplasmic b. p. protoplasmique a strand of protoplasm connecting two secondary spermatocytes, occurring as a result of incomplete cytokinesis.

bridgework bridge-work, prothèse intercalée a partial denture retained by attachments other than clasps. fixed b. bridge one retained with crowns or inlays cemented to the natural teeth. removable b. prothèse amovible partielle one retained by attachments allowing removal.

brim rebord the upper edge of a basin. pelvic b. r. pelvien the upper edge of the superior strait of the pelvis.

brimonidine brimonidine an α-adrenergic receptor agonist used as the tartrate salt in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

brinzolamide brinzolamide a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used in the treatment of openangle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

brisement brisement [Fr.] the breaking up or tearing of anything. b. forcé b. forcé the breaking up or tearing of a bony ankylosis.

brittle cassant 1. easily broken, snapped, or cracked, especially under slight pressure. 2. easily disrupted.

BRM BRM biologic response modifier.

broach broche a fine barbed instrument for dressing a tooth canal or extracting the pulp.

bromelain broméline any of several endopeptidases that catalyze the cleavage of specific bonds in proteins. Different forms are derived from the fruit (fruit b.) and stem (stem b.) of the pineapple plant, Ananas comosus. As the concentrate bromelains, it is used as an antiinflammatory agent.

bromhidrosis bromhidrose axillary (apocrine) sweat that has become foul smelling as a result of its bacterial decomposition.

bromide bromure any binary compound of bromine in which the bromine carries a negative charge (Br⁻); specifically a salt (or organic ester) of hydrobromic acid (H⁺Br⁻).

bromine (Br) brome chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 35.

bromocriptine bromocriptine an ergot alkaloid dopamine agonist, used as the mesylate salt to suppress prolactin secretion and thereby treat prolactinomas and endocrine disorders secondary to hyperprolactinemia; also used as an antidyskinetic in parkinsonism and a growth hormone suppressant in acromegaly.

bromodiphenhydramine bromodiphénhydramine a derivative of monoethanolamine used as the hydrochloride salt as an antihistamine.

bromomenorrhea bromoménorrhée menstruation characterized by an offensive odor.

brompheniramine bromphéniramine an antihistamine with anticholinergic and sedative effects, used as the maleate salt.

bronchadenitis bronchadénite inflammation of the bronchial glands.

bronchi bronches plural of bronchus.

bronchial bronchique pertaining to or affecting one or more bronchi.

bronchiectasis bronchiectasie chronic dilatation of one or more bronchi.

bronchiloquy bronchophonie bronchophony (2).

bronchiocele bronchiocèle bronchocele.

ronchiole bronchiole one of the finer subdivisions of the branched bronchial tree. respiratory b. b. respiratoire the final branch of a bronchiole, a subdividsion of a terminal bronchiole and dividing further into several alveolar ducts. terminal b. b. terminale the last portion of a bronchiole that does not contain alveoli, whose sole function is gas conduction; it subdivides into respiratory bronchioles.

bronchiolectasis bronchiolectasie dilatation of the bronchioles.

bronchiolitis bronchiolite inflammation of the bronchioles.

bronchiolus bronchiolus pl. bronchioli [L.] bronchiole.

bronchiospasm bronchiospasme bronchospasm.

bronchitis bronchite inflammation of one or more bronchi. Adj.: bronchitic. acute b. b. aiguë a short, severe attack of bronchitis, with fever and a productive cough. chronic b. b. chronique a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with bronchial irritation, increased secretions and a productive cough lasting at least three months, two years in a row. fibrinous b. b. fibrineuse bronchitis with violent cough, paroxysmal dyspnea, and expectoration of bronchial casts containing Charcot-Leyden crystals. b. obliterans b. oblitérante that in which the smaller bronchi become filled with nodules composed of fibrinous exudate. pseudomembranous b. b. pseudo-membraneuse fibrinous b.

bronchoalveolar bronchoalvéolaire pertaining to a bronchus and alveoli.

bronchocandidiasis bronchocandidiase bronchopulmonary candidiasis.

bronchocele bronchocèle localized dilatation of a bronchus.

bronchoconstriction bronchoconstriction narrowing of air passages of the lungs from smooth muscle contraction, as in asthma.

bronchoconstrictor bronchoconstricteur 1. narrowing the lumina of the air passages of the lungs. 2. an agent that causes such constriction.

bronchodilator bronchodilatateur 1. expanding the lumina of the air passages of the lungs. 2. an agent which causes dilatation of the bronchi. bronchoesophageal broncho-œsophagien pertaining to or communicating with a bronchus and the esophagus.

bronchoesophagoscopy broncho-œsophagoscopie instrumental examination of the bronchi and esophagus.

bronchofiberscope fibroscope bronchique fiberoptic bronchoscope; a flexible bronchoscope using fiberoptics.

bronchofibroscopy bronchofibroscopie examination of bronchi through a bronchofiberscope.

bronchogenic bronchogénique originating in bronchi.

bronchography bronchographie radiography of the lungs after instillation of an opaque medium in the bronchi. Adj.: bronchographic.

broncholithiasis broncholithiase the presence of calculi in the lumen of the tracheobronchial tree.

bronchology bronchologie the study and treatment of diseases of the tracheobronchial tree.Adj.: bronchologic.

bronchomalacia bronchomalacie a deficiency in the cartilaginous wall of the trachea or a bronchus that may lead to atelectasis or obstructive emphysema.

bronchomotor bronchomoteur affecting the caliber of the bronchi.

bronchomucotropic bronchomucotrope augmenting secretion by the respiratory mucosa.

bronchopancreatic bronchopancréatique communicating with a bronchus and the pancreas, such as a fistula.

bronchophony bronchophonie 1. normal voice sounds heard over a large bronchus. 2. abnormal voice sounds heard over the lung, with the voice too clear and high-pitched, indicating solidification.

bronchoplasty bronchoplastie plastic surgery of a bronchus; surgical closure of a bronchial fistula.

bronchoplegia bronchoplégie paralysis of bronchial tube muscles.

bronchopleural bronchopleural pertaining to or communicating between a bronchus and the pleura or pleural cavity.

bronchopneumonia bronchopneumonie bronchial pneumonia; inflammation of the lungs beginning in the terminal bronchioles.

bronchopulmonary bronchopulmonaire pertaining to the bronchi and the lungs.

bronchorrhaphy bronchorrhaphie suture of a bronchus.

bronchoscope bronchoscope an instrument for inspecting the interior of the tracheobronchial tree and doing diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers such as removing specimens or foreign bodies. Adj.: bronchoscopic. fiberoptic b. fibroscope bronchique bronchofiberscope.

bronchoscopy bronchoscopie examination of the bronchi through a bronchoscope. fiberoptic b. b. fibroscopique bronchofibroscopy.

bronchospasm bronchospasme bronchial spasm; spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as in asthma.

bronchospirometry bronchospirométrie determination of vital capacity, oxygen intake, and carbon dioxide excretion of a lung, or simultaneous measurements of the function of each lung separately. differential b. b. différentielle measurement of the function of each lung separately.

bronchostenosis bronchosténose narrowing of a bronchial tube by scarring or other stricture.

bronchostomy bronchostomie the surgical creation of an opening through the chest wall into a bronchus.

bronchotracheal bronchotrachéal tracheobronchial.

bronchovesicular bronchovésiculaire bronchoalveolar.

bronchus bronche pl. bronchi [L.] one of the larger passages conveying air to a lung (right or left primary bronchus) and within the lungs (lobar and segmental bronchi).

brow front forehead.

BRS BRS British Roentgen Society.

Brucella Brucella a genus of gram-negative, aerobiccoccobacilli of the family Brucellaceae. Several species cause human infection; the most important are B. abortus, which causes infectious abortion in cattle and is the most common cause of brucellosis in humans, and B. suis, which usually infects swine.

brucella brucella any member of the genus Brucella. Adj.: brucellar.

Brucellaceae Brucellaceae a family bacteria of the order Rhizobiales, consisting of gram- negative, aerobic cocci and rod-shaped bacteria.

brucellosis brucellose a generalized infection involving primarily the reticuloendothelial system, caused by species of Brucella.

Brugia Brugia a genus of filarial worms, including B. malayi, a species similar to, and often found in association with, Wuchereria bancrofti, which causes human filariasis and elephantiasis throughout Southeast Asia, the China Sea, and eastern India.

bruise bleu, ecchymose contusion.

bruit bruit [Fr.] sound (3). aneurysmal b. b. anévrismal a blowing sound heard over an aneurysm. placental b. b. placentaire see under souffle.

bruxism bruxisme grinding of the teeth, especially during sleep.

BS BS Bachelor of Surgery; Bachelor of Science; breath sounds; blood sugar.

BSF BSF B lymphocyte stimulatory factor.

BTU BTU British thermal unit.

bubo bubon an enlarged and inflamed lymph node, particularly in the axilla or groin, due to such infections as plague, syphilis, gonorrhea, lymphogranuloma venereum, and tuberculosis. Adj.: bubonic.

bucca bucca [L.] cheek (1). Adj.: buccal.

bucc(o)- bucc(o)- word element [L.], cheek.

buccoclusion buccoclusion malocclusion in which the dental arch or a quadrant or group of teeth is buccal to the normal.

buccoversion buccoversion position of a tooth lying buccally to the line of occlusion.

buckling déformation the process or an instance of becoming crumpled or warped. scleral b. cerclage scléral a technique for repair of a detached retina, in which indentations or infoldings of the sclera are made over the tears in the retina to promote adherence of the retina to the choroid.

buclizine buclizine an antihistamine, used as the hydrochloride salt as an antinauseant in the management of motion sickness.

bud bourgeon 1. a structure on a plant, often round, that encloses an undeveloped flower or leaf. 2. any small part of the embryo or adult metazoon more or less resembling the bud of a plant and presumed to have potential for growth and differentiation. end b. b. terminal caudal eminence. limb b. b. de membre a swelling on the trunk of an embryo that becomes a limb. periosteal b. b. periosté vascular connective tissue from the periosteum growing through apertures in the periosteal bone collar into the cartilage matrix of the primary center of ossification. tail b. b. embryonnaire caudal 1. in animals having a tail, the primordium that forms it. 2. caudal eminence. taste b. b. du goût ne of the end organs of the gustatory nerve containing the receptor surfaces for the sense of taste. ureteric b. b. urétéral an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct giving rise to all but the nephrons of the permanent kidney.

budesonide budésonide an antiinflammatory glucocorticoid used to treat allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, nasal inflammation, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn disease.

buffer régulation 1. a chemical system that prevents changes in hydrogen ion concentration. 2. a physical or physiological system that tends to maintain constancy.

buffy chamois of the color buff; light yellowish pink to yellow, including orange-yellow to yellow-brown.

bulb bulbe a rounded mass or enlargement. Adj.: bulbar. b. of aorta b. aortique the enlargement of the aorta at its point of origin from the heart. hair b., b. of hair b. pileux, b. capillaire the bulbous expansion at the proximal end of a hair in which the hair shaft is generated. olfactory b. b. olfactif the bulblike expansion of the olfactory tract on the under surface of the frontal lobe of each cerebral hemisphere; the olfactory nerves enter it. onion b. b. d’oignon in neuropathology, a collection of overlapping Schwann cells resembling the bulb of an onion, encircling an axon that has become demyelinated; seen when an axon has repeatedly become demyelinated and remyelinated. b. of penis b. du pénis the enlarged proximal part of the corpus spongiosum. b. of vestibule of vagina b. vestibulaire du vagin a body consisting of paired masses of erectile tissue, one on either side of the vaginal opening.

bulbar bulbaire 1. pertaining to a bulb. 2. pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata.

bulbitis bulbite inflammation of the bulb of the penis.

bulbocavernosus muscle bulbocaverneux bulbocavernous muscle.

bulbocavernous bulbocaverneux pertaining to the bulb of the penis or to the bulbocavernous muscle.

bulbospiral bulbospiral pertaining to the root of the aorta (bulbus aortae) and having a spiral course; said of certain bundles of cardiac muscle fibers.

bulbospongiosus bulbospongieux bulbocavernous muscle.

bulbourethral bulbo-uréthral pertaining to the bulb of the penis.

bulbous 1. bulbeux bulbar. 2. shaped like, bearing, or arising from a bulb.

bulbus bulbus pl. bulbi [L.] bulb.

bulimia boulimie[Gr.] episodic binge eating usually followed by behavior designed to negate the caloric intake of the ingested food, most commonly purging behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse but sometimes the ingested food, most commonly purging behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse but sometimes other methods such as excessive exercise or fasting. Adj.: bulimic. b. nervosa b. nerveuse an eating disorder occurring mainly in girls and young women, characterized by episodic binge eating followed by purging or other behaviors designed to prevent weight gain and by excessive influence of body shape and size on the patient’s sense of self-worth. Bingeing episodes involve intake of quantifiably excessive quantities of food within a short, discrete period and a sense of loss of control over food intake during these periods. Unlike anorexia nervosa, no extreme weight loss occurs.

bulla bulle pl. bullae [L.] 1. a large blister. 2. a rounded, projecting anatomical structure.Adj.: bullate, bullous.

bullectomy bullectomie excision of giant bullae from the lung in emphysema to improve pulmonary function.

bullosis bullose the production of, or a condition characterized by, bullous lesions.

bullous bulleux pertaining to or characterized by bullae.

bumetanide bumétanide a loop diuretic used in the treatment of edema, including that associated with congestive heart failure or hepatic or renal disease, and hypertension.

BUN AUS blood urea nitrogen; see urea nitrogen.

bundle faisceau a collection of fibers or strands, as of muscle fibers, or a fasciculus or band of nerve fibers. atrioventricular b., AV b. f. auriculoventriculaire bundle of His. common b. f. commun the undivided portion of the bundle of His, from its origin at the atrioventricular node to the point of division into the right and left bundle branches. b. of His f. de His a band of atypical cardiac muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles of the heart, occurring as a trunk and two bundle branches; it propagates the atrial contraction rhythm to the ventricles, and its interruption produces heart block. The term is sometimes used specifically to denote only the trunk of the bundle. medial forebrain b. f. du cerveau antérieur moyen a group of nerve fibers containing the midbrain tegmentum and elements of the limbic system. Thorel b. f. de Thorel a bundle of muscle fibers in the human heart connecting the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes.

bundle branch branche de faisceau see under branch.

bunion oignon an abnormal prominence on the inner aspect of the first metatarsal head, with bursal formation, and resulting in displacement of the great toe. tailor’s b. o. du cinquième métatarsien bunionette.

bunionette oignon du cinquième métatarsien enlargement of the lateral aspect of the fifth metatarsal head.

Bunyaviridae Bunyaviridae the bunyaviruses: a family of RNA viruses whose genome comprises three molecules of circular negative-sense single-stranded RNA; it includes the genera Bunyavirus, Hantavirus, Nairovirus, and Phlebovirus.

Bunyavirus Bunyavirus a genus of viruses of the family Bunyaviridae usually transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito; human pathogens cause febrile disease and encephalitis. Important pathogenic species include Bunyamwera, Bwamba, California encephalitis, Guama, Jamestown Canyon, LaCrosse, Oropouche, and Tahyna viruses.

bunyavirus bunyavirus any virus of the family Bunyaviridae.

bupivacaine bupivacaïne a local anesthetic, used as the hydrochloride salt for local infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and retrobulbar, subarachnoid, sympathetic, caudal, or epidural block.

buprenorphine buprénorphine a synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist derived from thebaine, used as the hydrochloride salt as an analgesic and as an anesthesia adjunct.

bupropion bupropion a monocyclic compound structurally similar to amphetamine, used as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant and as an aid in smoking cessation.

bur fraise a rotary instrument for creating openings in teeth, bones, or similar hard material.

burbulence flatulences gaseousness; a group of intestinal symptoms including fullness, bloating or distention, borborygmus, and flatulence.

buret burette a graduated glass tube used to deliver a measured amount of liquid.

Burkholderia Burkholderia a genus of gramnegative, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Burkholderiaceae, formerly included in the genus Pseudomonas. B. cepacia is an opportunistic pathogen causing nosocomial infections, and B. pseudomallei causes melioidosis.

Burkholderiaceae Burkholderiaceae a family of phenotypically, metabolically, and ecologically diverse bacteria of the order Burkholderiales.

Burkholderiales Burkholderiales an order of phenotypically, metabolically, and ecologically diverse bacteria of the class Betaproteobacteria.

burn brûlure injury to tissues caused by the contact with heat, flame, chemicals, electricity, or radiation. First degree burns show redness; second degree burns show vesication; third degree burns show necrosis through the entire skin. Burns of the first and second degree are partial-thickness burns, those of the third degree are full-thickness burns. first-degree b. b. du premier degré a burn that affects the epidermis only, causing erythema without blistering. fourth-degree b. b. du quatrième degré a burn that extends deeply into the subcutaneous tissue; it may involve muscle, fascia, or bone. full-thickness b. b. du troisième degré third-degree b. partial-thickness b. b. du second degré second-degree b. second-degree b. b. du second degré a burn that affects the epidermis and the dermis, classified as superficial (involving the epidermis and the papillary dermis) or deep (extending into the reticular dermis). Called also partial thickness b. third-degree b. b. du triosième degré a burn that destroys both the epidermis and the dermis, often also involving the subcutaneous tissue. Called also full-thickness b.

burner brûleur the part of a lamp, stove, or furnace from which the flame issues. Bunsen b. bec Bunsen a gas burner in which the gas is mixed with air before ignition, in order to give complete oxidation.

burnishing polissage a dental procedure somewhat related to polishing and abrading.

burr fraise bur.

bursa bourse pl. bursae [L.] a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity situated in places in tissues where friction would otherwise occur. Adj.: bursal. b. of Achilles tendon b. du tendon d’Achille one between the calcaneal tendon and the back of the calcaneus. anserine b. b. ansérine, b. séreuse de la patte d’oie one between the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles, and the tibial collateral ligaments. His b. b. de His the dilatation at the end of the archenteron. omental b. arrière-cavité des épiploons b. omentale the lesser sac of the peritoneum. pharyngeal b. b. pharyngienne an inconstant blind sac located above the pharyngeal tonsil in the midline of the posterior wall of the nasopharynx; it represents persistence of an embryonic communication between the anterior tip of the notochord and the roof of the pharynx. popliteal b. b. poplitée a prolongation of the synovial tendon sheath of the popliteus muscle outside the knee joint into the popliteal space. prepatellar b. b. prérotulienne one of the bursae in front of the patella; it may be subcutaneous, subfascial, or subtendinous in location. subacromial b. b. séreuse sous-acromiale one between the acromion and the insertion of the supraspinatus muscle, extending between the deltoid and greater tubercle of the humerus. subdeltoid b. b. séreuse sous-deltoïdienne one between the deltoid and the shoulder joint capsule, usually connected to the subacromial bursa. subtendinous b. of iliacus b. séreuse du psoas iliaque one at the point of insertion of the iliopsoas muscle into the lesser trochanter. synovial b.b. synoviale a closed synovial sac interposed between surfaces that glide upon each other; it may be subcutaneous, submuscular, subfascial, or subtendinous in nature.

bursitis bursite inflammation of a bursa; specific types of bursitis are named according to the bursa affected, e.g., prepatellar bursitis, subacromial bursitis, etc. calcific b. b. calcifiante see under tendinitis. ischiogluteal b. b. ischiatique inflammation of the bursa over the ischial tuberosity, characterized by sudden onset of excruciating pain over the center of the buttock and down the back of the leg. subacromial b., subdeltoid b. b. sous-acromiale see calcific tendinitis, under tendinitis. Tornwaldt b. b. de Tornwaldt chronic inflammation of the pharyngeal bursa.

bursotomy bursotomie incision of a bursa.

buspirone buspirone an antianxiety agent used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of anxiety disorders and the short-term relief of anxiety symptoms.

busulfan busulfan an antineoplastic used in treating chronic granulocytic leukemia, polycythemia vera, myeloid metaplasia, and myeloproliferative syndrome; also used in lieu of whole body irradiation in bone marrow transplantation.

butabarbital butobarbital an intermediate-acting barbiturate used for preoperative sedation; used also as the sodium salt.

butalbital butalbital a short- to intermediateacting barbiturate used as a sedative in combination with an analgesic in the treatment of headache.

butamben butoforme a topical anesthetic, used as the base or picrate salt.

butane butane an aliphatic hydrocarbon from petroleum, occurring as a colorless flammable gas; used in pharmacy as an aerosol propellant.

butcher’s broom fragon, faux houx the European evergreen Ruscus aculeatus or preparations of its rhizome, which are used in the treatment of hemorrhoids and venous insufficiency.

butenafine buténafine a topical antifungal used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of tinea pedis, tinea corporis, and tinea cruris.

butoconazole butoconazole an imidazoleantifungal used as the nitrate salt in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

butorphanol butorphanol a synthetic opioid used as the tartrate salt as an analgesic and anesthesia adjunct.

buttocks fesses the two fleshy prominences formed by the gluteal muscles on the lower part of the back.

button bouton 1. a knoblike elevation or structure. 2. a spool- or disk-shaped device used in surgery for construction of intestinal anastomosis. mescal b’s b. de mescal transverse slices of the flowering heads of a Mexican cactus, Lophophora williamsii, whose major active principle is mescaline. skin b. b. de peau a connector or stretch of tubing covered with a velour fabric, designed to encourage tissue ingrowth where it passes through the skin.

butyl butyle a hydrocarbon radical, C₄H₉.

butyrate butyrate a salt, ester, or anionic form of butyric acid.

butyric acid acide butyrique 1. any four-carbon carboxylic acid, either n-butyric acid or isobutyric acid. 2. n-butyric acid, occurring in butter, particularly rancid butter, and in much animal fat.

butyroid butyroïde resembling or having the consistency of butter.

butyrophenone butyrophénone any of a class of structurally related antipsychotic agents, including haloperidol.

BVAD BVAD biventricular assist device.

bypass pontage an auxiliary flow; a shunt; a surgically created pathway circumventing the normal anatomical pathway, such as in an artery or the intestine. cardiopulmonary b. p. cardiopulmonaire diversion of the flow of blood to the heart directly to the aorta, via a pump oxygenator, avoiding both the heart and the lungs; a form of extracorporeal circulation used in heart surgery. coronary artery b. p. coronarien a section of vein or other conduit grafted between the aorta and a coronary artery distal to an obstructive lesion in the latter. gastric b. p. gastrique surgical treatment of morbid obesity by transecting the stomach high on its body, and joining the proximal remnant to a loop of jejunum in end-to-side anastomosis.

byssinosis byssinose brown lung; pulmonary disease due to inhalation of the dust of cotton or other textiles. Adj.: byssinotic.

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