S
S S spherical lens; serine; siemens; substrate; sulfur; Svedberg unit; sacral vertebrae (S1-S5); heart sound (S1-S4).
S. S. [L.] signa (mark).
S S entropy.
S- S- a stereodescriptor used to specify the absolute configuration of compounds having asymmetric carbon atoms; opposed to R-.
s s second.
s. s. [L.] semis (half); sinister (left).
sˉ s. [L.] sine (without).
SA SA sinoatrial.
sabulous sablonneux gritty or sandy.
saburra saburra foulness of the mouth or stomach. Adj.: saburral.
sac sac a pouch or bag. air s’s s. aériens alveolar s’s. allantoic s. s. allantoïdien the dilated portion of the allantois, becoming a part of the placenta in many mammals; it becomes the urachus in humans. alveolar s’s s. alvéolaires the spaces into which the alveolar ducts open distally, and with which the alveoli communicate. amniotic s. s. amniotique that formed by the amnion, containing the amniotic fluid. chorionic s. s. chorionique that formed by the vertebrate chorion, surrounding the embryo, amniotic cavity, and amniotic sac and contributing to the fetal part of the placenta. conjunctival s. s. conjonctival the potential space, lined by conjunctiva, between the eyelids and eyeball. dental s. s. dentaire the dense fibrous layer of mesenchyme surrounding the enamel organ and dental papilla. endolymphatic s. s. endolymphatique the blind, flattened cerebral end of the endolymphatic duct. gestational s. s. gestationnel that comprising the extraembryonic membranes that envelop the embryo or fetus; in humans, that formed by the fused amnion and chorion. heart s. péricarde pericardium. hernial s. s. herniaire the peritoneal pouch enclosing a hernia. Hilton s. s. de Hilton laryngeal saccule. lacrimal s. s. lacrymal the dilated upper end of the nasolacrimal duct. yolk s. vésicule ombilicale the extraembryonic membrane that connects with the midgut; at the end of the fourth week of development it expands into a pear-shaped vesicle (umbilical vesicle) connected to the body of the embryo by a long narrow tube (yolk stalk). In mammals, it produces a complete vitelline circulation in the early embryo and then undergoes regression.
saccade saccade [Fr.] the series of involuntary, abrupt, rapid, small movements or jerks of both eyes simultaneously in changing the point of fixation. Adj.: saccadic.
saccate sacciforme 1. saccular. 2. contained in a sac.
saccharide saccharide one of a series of carbohydrates, including the sugars.
saccharin saccharine a white, crystalline compound several hundred times sweeter than sucrose; used as the base or the calcium or sodium salt as a flavor and nonnutritive sweetener.
sacchar(o)- sacchar(o)- word element [L.], sugar.
saccharolytic saccharolytique capable of breaking the glycosidic bonds in saccharides.
saccharometabolism saccharométabolisme metabolism of sugar. Adj.: saccharometabolic.
Saccharomonospora Saccharomonospora a genus of gram-positive, spore-forming actinomycetes of the family Pseudonocardiaceae; S. viridis causes hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
Saccharomyces Saccharomyces a genus of yeasts, including S. cerevisiae, or brewers’ yeast. Adj.: saccharomycetic.
saccharopine saccharopine an intermediate in the metabolism of lysine, accumulating abnormally in some disorders of lysine degradation.
saccharopinemia saccharopinémie an excess of saccharopine in the blood.
saccharopinuria saccharopinurie excretion of saccharopine in the urine. a variant form of hyperlysinemia, clinically similar but having higher urinary saccharopine and lower lysine levels.
Saccharopolyspora Saccharopolyspora a genus of gram-positive, aerobicactinomycetes of the family Pseudonocardiaceae; S. rectivirgula is the principal cause of farmer’s lung.
sacciform sacciforme saccular.
saccular sacculaire pertaining to or resembling a sac.
sacculated sacculaire containing saccules.
sacculation sacculation 1. a saccule or pouch. 2. the quality of being sacculated.
saccule saccule 1. a little bag or sac. 2. the smaller of the two divisions of the membranous labyrinth of the ear. alveolar s’s s. alvéolaires see under sac. laryngeal s. s. laryngé a diverticulum extending upward from the front of the laryngeal ventricle.
sacculocochlear sacculocochléaire pertaining to the saccule and cochlea.
sacculus sacculus pl. sacculi [L.] saccule.
saccus saccus pl. sacci [L.] sac.
sacrad sacrum (en direction de) toward the sacrum.
sacral sacré pertaining to the sacrum.
sacralgia sacralgie pain in the sacrum.
sacralization sacralisation anomalous fusion of the fifth lumbar vertebra with the first segment of the sacrum.
sacrectomy sacrectomie excision or resection of the sacrum.
sacr(o)- sacr(o)- word element [L.], sacrum.
sacrococcygeal sacrococcygien pertaining to the sacrum and coccyx.
sacrocolpopexy sacrocolpopexie correction of prolapse of the vaginal fornix by securing the fornix to the anterior surface of the sacrum.
sacrodynia sacrodynie sacralgia.
sacroiliac sacro-iliaque pertaining to the sacrum and ilium, or to their articulation.
sacrolumbar sacrolombaire pertaining to the sacrum and loins.
sacrosciatic sacrosciatique pertaining to the sacrum and ischium.
sacrosidase sacrosidase an enzyme used as a substitute to replace the sucrase activity lacking in sucrase-isomaltase deficiency.
sacrospinal sacroépineux pertaining to the sacrum and the spinal column.
sacrovertebral sacrovertébral pertaining to the sacrum and vertebrae.
sacrum sacrum [L.] the wedge-shaped bone just below the lumbar vertebrae, formed usually by five fused vertebrae that are lodged dorsally between the two hip bones. See Plate 1. scimitar s. s. en cimeterre a congenitally deformed sacrum resembling a scimitar, usually accompanied by other defects such as anorectal or neural anomalies.
SAD TAS seasonal affective disorder.
sadism sadisme the act or instance of gaining pleasure from inflicting physical or psychological pain on another; the term is usually used to denote sexual s. Adj.: sadistic. sexual s. s. sexuel a paraphilia in which sexual gratification is derived from infliciting physical or psychological pain on another.
sadomasochism sadomasochisme a state characterized by both sadistic and masochistic tendencies. Adj.: sadomasochistic.
sage sauge Salvia officinalis, an herb whose leaves contain a volatile oil and are sudorific, carminative, and astringent; they are used as an antisecretory agent in hyperhidrosis, sialorrhea, pharyngitis, and bronchitis.
sagittal sagittal 1. shaped like an arrow. 2. situated in the direction of the sagittal suture; said of an anteroposterior plane or section parallel to the median plane of the body.
sagittalis sagittalis [L.] sagittal.
St. John’s wort millepertuis commun any of various species of the genus Hypericum; H. perforatum is used as a mild antidepressant, sedative, and anxiolytic, and is also used topically for inflammation of the skin, contusions, myalgia, and first-degree burns.
Saksenaea Saksenaea a genus of fungi of the order Mucorales, characterized by flask-shaped sporangia; S. vasiformis can cause severe opportunistic mucormycosis in debilitated or immunocompromised patients.
salbutamol salbutamol albuterol.
salicin salicine a precursor of salicylic acid, contained in the bark of the willow and poplar, that is responsible for the antiinflammatory and antipyretic effects of willow bark.
salicylamide salicylamide an amide of salicylic acid used as an analgesic and antipyretic.
salicylate salicylate a salt, anion, or ester of salicylic acid. any of a group of related compounds derived from salicylic acid, which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and have analgesic, antipyretic, and antiinflammatory activity; included are acetylsalicylic acid, choline s., magnesium s., and sodium s. methyl s. s. de méthyle see under methyl.
salicylic acid acide salicylique a topical keratolytic and caustic; see also salicylate.
salicylism salicylisme toxic effects of overdosage with salicylic acid or its salts, usually marked by tinnitus, nausea, and vomiting.
salicyluric acid acide salicylurique the glycine conjugate of salicylic acid, a form in which salicylates are excreted in the urine.
salifiable salifiable capable of combining with an acid to form a salt.
saline salin salty; of the nature of a salt; containing a salt or salts. normal s., physiological s. soluté physiologique physiologic saline solution.
saliva salive the enzyme-containing secretion of the salivary glands. Adj.: salivary.
salivation salivation 1. the secretion of saliva. 2. ptyalism.
salmeterol salmétérol a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist, used as s. xinafoate as a bronchodilator.
Salmonella Salmonella a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming, usually motile bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. This genus is very complex; it comprises two species, S. bongori and S. enterica, the latter containing six subspecies, and is separable into over 2400 serovars. Pathogenic members are widely distributed in the animal kingdom and cause enteric fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid), septicemia, and gastroenteritis. In reporting Salmonella infections, the full taxonomic designation may be abbreviated, so that S. enterica subs. enterica serovar Typhi can become Salmonella serovar Typhi or Salmonella Typhi. S. bongori S. bongori a species isolated mainly from cold-blooded animals and the environment. S. enterica S. enterica a species containing most of the serovars of Salmonella, divided into six subspecies; most infections of warm-blooded animals are caused by the subspecies S. enterica subsp. enterica. Pathogenic serovars of this subspecies include S. Choleraesuis (paratyphoid fever, gastroenteritis, and septicemia), S. Enteritidis (enteritis), S. Paratyphi (paratyphoid fever), S. Sendai (septicemia and typhoid fever), S. Typhi (typhoid fever), and S. Typhimurium (food poisoning and paratyphoid fever).
salmonella salmonelle pl. salmonellae any organism of the genus Salmonella. Adj.: salmonellal.
salmonellosis salmonellose infection with Salmonella.
salpingectomy salpingectomie tubectomy; excision of a uterine tube.
salpingemphraxis salpingemphraxie obstruction of an auditory tube.
salpingian salpingien tubal.
salpingitis salpingite inflammation of an auditory or a uterine tube. Adj.: salpingitic.
salping(o)- salping(o)- word element [Gr.], tube (eustachian tube or uterine tube).
salpingocele salpingocèle hernial protrusion of a uterine tube.
salpingography salpingographie radiography of the uterine tubes after injection of a radiopaque medium.
salpingolysis salpingolyse surgical separation of adhesions involving the uterine tubes.
salpingo-oophorectomy salpingo-oophorectomie excision of a uterine tube and ovary.
salpingo-oophoritis salpingo-oophorite inflammation of a uterine tube and ovary.
salpingo-oophorocele salpingo-oophorocèle hernia of a uterine tube and ovary.
salpingopexy salpingopexie fixation of a uterine tube.
salpingopharyngeal salpingopharyngien pertaining to the auditory tube and the pharynx.
salpingoplasty salpingoplastie plastic repair of a uterine tube.
salpingoscopy salpingoscopie endoscopic visualization of the uterine tubes via the fimbrial ends of the tubes.
salpingostomy salpingostomie 1. formation of an opening or fistula into a uterine tube. 2. surgical restoration of the patency of a uterine tube.
salpingotomy salpingotomie surgical incision of a uterine tube.
salpinx salpinx [Gr.] a tube, particularly an auditory tube or a uterine tube.
salsalate salsalate a salicylate with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory actions; used in the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
salt sel 1. sodium chloride, or common salt. 2. any compound of a base and an acid; any compound of an acid some of whose replaceable atoms have been substituted. 3. sels (in the pl.) a saline cathartic. bile s’s s. biliaires conjugates of glycine or taurine with bile acids, formed in the liver and secreted in the bile. They are powerful detergents that break down fat globules, enabling them to be digested. Epsom s. s. d’Epsom magnesium sulfate. Glauber s. s. de Glauber sodium sulfate. oral rehydration s’s (ORS) s. de réhydratation par voie orale a dry mixture of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, dextrose, and either sodium citrate or sodium bicarbonate; dissolved in water for use in treatment of dehydration. smelling s’s s. volatils aromatized ammonium carbonate; stimulant and restorative.
saltation sauts 1. the action of leaping. 2. the jerky dancing or leaping that sometimes occurs in chorea. 3. saltation saltatory conduction. 4. saltation in genetics, a dramatic and abrupt inherited change in the phenotype of an organism due to a mutation. 5. changements soudains sudden increases or changes in the course of an illness. Adj.: saltatory.
salting out relargage the precipitation of proteins by raising the salt concentration.
salubrious salubre conducive to health; wholesome.
saluresis salidiurèse urinary excretion of sodium and chloride ions.
saluretic salurétique, salidiurétique 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting saluresis. 2. an agent that so acts.
salve onguent ointment.
SAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
samarium samarium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 62, symbol Sm. The complex s. Sm 153 lexidronam is used in the palliative treatment of bone pain associated with osteoblastic metastatic bone lesions.
sampling échantillonnage the selection or making of a sample. chorionic villus s. (CVS) prélèvement des villosités choriales any of several procedures for obtaining fetal tissue to use in prenatal diagnosis, performed at 9 to 12 weeks’ gestation, usually by means of a catheter passed through the cervix or by a needle inserted through the abdominal and uterine walls. percutaneous umbilical blood s. (PUBS) prélèvement percutané de sang ombilical cordocentesis.
sanative curatif curative; healing.
sanatory sain salubrious.
sanctuary réserve an area in the body where a drug tends to collect and to escape metabolic breakdown.
sand sable material occurring in small, gritty particles. brain s. s. cérébral, s. pinéal sand bodies.
sandfly phlébotome any of various two-winged flies, especially of the genus Phlebotomus.
sane sain sound in mind.
sangui- sangui- word element [L.], blood.
sanguifacient sanguiformateur hematopoietic.
sanguine 1. sanguin plethoric. 2. enthousiaste ardent or hopeful.
sanguineous sanguin plethoric. hemic.
sanguinolent sanguinolent of a bloody tinge.
sanguinopurulent sanguinopurulent containing both blood and pus.
sanguis sang [L.] blood.
sanies sanie a fetid ichorous discharge containing serum, pus, and blood. Adj.: sanious.
sanitarian inspecteur de la Santé publique one skilled in sanitation and public health science.
sanitarium établissement de soins, sanatorium an institution for the promotion of health.
sanitary sanitaire promoting or pertaining to health.
sanitation amélioration du niveau sanitaire the establishment of conditions favorable to health.
sanitization amélioration du niveau sanitaire the process of making or the quality of being made sanitary.
sanity santé mentale soundness, especially of mind.
SAP SAP sphingolipid activator protein.
saphena saphène (veine) [L.] the small saphenous or the great saphenous vein.
saphenous saphène pertaining to or associated with a saphena; applied to certain arteries, nerves, veins, etc.
saponaceous saponacé soapy; of soaplike feel or quality.
saponification saponification conversion of an oil or fat into a soap by combination with an alkali. In chemistry, the term now denotes hydrolysis of an ester by an alkali, producing a free alcohol and an alkali salt of the ester acid.
saponin saponine any of a group of glycosides widely distributed in plants, which form a durable foam when their watery solutions are shaken, and which even in high dilutions dissolve erythrocytes.
Sapovirus Sapovirus a genus of viruses of the family Caliciviridae that cause self-limited acute gastroenteritis.
sapr(o)- sapr(o)- word element [Gr.], decay; decayed matter.
saprobe saprophyte an organism, usually referring to a fungus, that feeds on dead or decaying organic matter. Adj.: saprobic.
saprophyte saprophyte any organism living upon dead or decaying organic matter. For fungi, the preferred term is saprobe. Adj.: saprophytic.
saprozoic saprozoïte living on decayed organic matter; said of animals, especially protozoa.
saquinavir saquinavir an HIV protease inhibitor that causes formation of immature, noninfectious viral particles; used as the base or the mesylate salt in treatment of HIV infection and AIDS.
saralasin saralasine an angiotensin II antagonist, used in the form of the acetate ester as an antihypertensive in the treatment of severe hypertension and in the diagnosis of renin-dependent hypertension.
sarc(o)- sarc(o)- word element [Gr.], flesh.
sarcoblast sarcoblaste myoblast.
sarcocyst sarcocyste 1. a protozoan of the genus Sarcocystis. 2. a cylindrical cyst containing parasitic spores, found in muscles of those infected with Sarcocystis.
Sarcocystis Sarcocystis a genus of parasitic protozoa that occur as sporocysts in the muscle tissue of mammals, birds, and reptiles.
sarcocystosis sarcocystose infection with protozoa of the genus Sarcocystis, which in humans is usually asymptomatic or manifested by muscle cysts associated with myositis or myocarditis or by intestinal infection. It is usually transmitted by eating undercooked beef or pork containing sporocysts or by ingestion of sporocysts from the feces of an infected animal.
Sarcodina Sarcodina a subphylum of protozoa consisting of organisms that alter their body shape and that move about and acquire food either by means of pseudopodia or by protoplasmic flow without producing discrete pseudopodia.
sarcoid sarcoïde 1. sarcoidosis. 2. a sarcomalike tumor. 3. fleshlike.
sarcoidosis sarcoïdose a chronic, progressive, generalized granulomatous reticulosis involving almost any organ or tissue, characterized by the presence in all affected tissues of noncaseating epithelioid cell tubercles.
sarcolemma sarcolemme the membrane covering a striated muscle fiber. Adj.: sarcolemmic, sarcolemmous.
sarcoma sarcome pl. sarcomas, sarcomata any of a group of tumors usually arising from connective tissue, although the term now includes some of epithelial origin; most are malignant. alveolar soft part s. s. alvéolaire de Christopherson et Foote, s. alvéolaire des parties molles a well-circumscribed, painless, highly metastatic neoplasm with a distinctive alveolar pattern, usually in the limbs, head, and neck of young adults. ameloblastic s. s. améloblastique see under fibrosarcoma. botryoid s., s. botryoides s. bothryoïde an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma arising in submucosal tissue, usually in the upper vagina, cervix uteri, or neck of urinary bladder in young children and infants, presenting grossly as a polypoid grapelike structure. clear cell s. of kidney s. à cellules claires du rein a malignant kidney tumor similar to a Wilms tumor but having a poorer prognosis; it often metastasizes to bone. endometrial stromal s. s. du stroma endométrial a pale, polypoid, fleshy, malignant tumor of the endometrial stroma. Ewing s. s. d’Ewing a primary malignant tumor of the bone, closely related to a primitive neuroectodermal tumor, arising in medullary tissue, usually of cylindrical bones. Prominent symptoms are pain, fever, and leukocytosis. giant cell s. s. à cellules géantes 1. a form of giant cell tumor of bone arising malignant de novo rather than transforming to malignancy. 2. sarcoma characterized by large anaplastic (giant) cells. immunoblastic s. of B cells s. immunoblastique à lymphocytes B large cell immunoblastic lymphoma composed predominantly of B cells. immunoblastic s. of T cells s. immunoblastique à lymphocytes T large cell immunoblastic lymphoma composed predominantly of T cells. Kaposi s. s. de Kaposi a multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation, characterized by blue to red nodules on the skin, sometimes with widespread visceral involvement; a particularly virulent, disseminated form occurs in immunocompromised patients. Kupffer cell s. s. des cellules de Kupffer hepatic angiosarcoma. osteogenic s. ostéosarcome ostéogénique osteosarcoma. pseudo-Kaposi s. pseudo-sarcome de Kaposi unilateral subacute to chronic dermatitis occurring in association with an underlying arteriovenous fistula and closely resembling Kaposi sarcoma clinically and histologically. reticulum cell s. réticulosarcome histiocytic lymphoma. Rous s. s. de Rous a virus-induced sarcomalike growth of fowls. soft tissue s. s. des tissus mous a general term for a malignant tumor derived from extraskeletal connective tissue, including fibrous, fat, smooth muscle, nerve, vascular, histiocytic, and synovial tissue; almost all lesions arise from primitive mesoderm. spindle cell s. s. fusocellulaire 1. any sarcoma composed of spindle cells. 2. a type of soft tissue sarcoma whose cells are spindle-shaped; it is usually resistant to radiation therapy.
sarcomatoid sarcomatoïde resembling a sarcoma.
sarcomatosis sarcomatose a condition characterized by development of many sarcomas at various sites.
sarcomatous sarcomateux pertaining to or of the nature of a sarcoma.
sarcomere sarcomère the contractile unit of a myofibril; sarcomeres are repeating units, delimited by the Z bands, along the length of the myofibril.
sarcopenia sarcopénie age-related reduction in skeletal muscle mass in the elderly.
sarcoplasm sarcoplasme the interfibrillary matter of striated muscle. Adj.: sarcoplasmic.
sarcoplast myoblaste an interstitial cell of muscle, itself capable of being transformed into muscle.
sarcopoietic sarcopoïétique producing flesh or muscle.
Sarcoptes Sarcoptes a genus of mites, including S. scabiei, the cause of scabies in humans.
sarcosinemia hypersarcosinémie 1. an aminoacidopathy characterized by accumulation and excretion of sarcosine, sometimes associated with neurologic abnormalities. 2. accumulation of sarcosine in the blood.
sarcosis sarcose abnormal increase of flesh.
sarcosporidian sarcosporidien similar to or caused by protozoa of the genus Sarcocystis.
sarcosporidiosis sarcosporidiose sarcocystosis.
sarcostosis sarcostose ossification of fleshy tissue.
sarcotubules sarcotubules the membrane-limited structures of the sarcoplasm, forming a canalicular network around each myofibril.
sarcous qui a trait à la chair ou aux muscles pertaining to flesh or muscle tissue.
sargramostim sargramostime granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor developed by recombinant technology; used to enhance neutrophil function, stimulating hematopoiesis and decreasing neutropenia.
SARS SRAS severe acute respiratory syndrome.
satellite satellite 1. a vein that closely accompanies an artery, such as the brachial. 2. a minor, or attendant, lesion situated near a larger one. 3. a globoid mass of chromatin attached at the secondary constriction to the ends of the short arms of acrocentric autosomes. 4. exhibiting satellitism.
satellitism satellitisme the phenomenon in which certain bacterial species grow more vigorously in the immediate vicinity of colonies of other unrelated species, owing to the production of an essential metabolite by the latter species.
satellitosis satellitose accumulation of neuroglial cells about neurons; seen whenever neurons are damaged.
sattva sattva [Sanskrit] according to ayurveda, the purest aspect of the three gunas, characterized by equilibrium; responsible for health and contentment of mind and body and associated with the mind, consciousness, or intelligence that maintains health.
saturated saturé 1. denoting a chemical compound that has only single bonds and no double or triple bonds between atoms. 2. unable to hold in solution any more of a given substance.
saturation saturation 1. the state of being saturated, or the act of saturating. 2. in radiotherapy, the delivery of a maximum tolerable tissue dose within a short period, then maintenance of the dose by additional smaller fractional doses over a prolonged period. oxygen s. s. du sang en oxygène the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in the blood expressed as a percentage of the maximal binding capacity.
satyriasis satyriasis abnormal, excessive, insatiable sexual desire in the male.
saucerization saucérisation 1. the excavation of tissue to form a shallow shelving depression, usually performed to facilitate drainage from infected areas of bone. 2. the shallow saucerlike depression on the upper surface of a vertebra which has suffered a compression fracture.
saw scie a cutting instrument with a serrated edge. Gigli wire s. s. de Gigli a flexible wire with saw teeth.
saw palmetto chou palmiste a small creeping palm of the southeastern United States, Serenoa repens, or its fruit, which is used for urination problems associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
saxitoxin saxitoxine a powerful neurotoxin synthesized and secreted by certain dinoflagellates, which accumulates in the tissues of shellfish feeding on the dinoflagellates and may cause a severe toxic reaction in persons consuming contaminated shellfish.
Sb Sb antimony (L. stibium).
SBMA SBMA spinobulbar muscular atrophy.
Sc Sc scandium.
scab 1. croûte the crust of a superficial sore. 2. encroûter (s’) to become covered with a crust or scab.
scabicide scabicide 1. lethal to Sarcoptes scabiei. 2. an agent lethal to Sarcoptes scabiei.
scabies gale a contagious skin disease due to the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei; the female bores into the stratum corneum, forming burrows (cuniculi), attended by intense itching and eczema caused by scratching. Adj.: scabietic. Norwegian s. g. norvégienne a rare, severe form associated with an immense number of mites, with marked scales and crusts, usually accompanied by lymphadenopathy and eosinophilia.
scala scala, rampe pl. scalae [L.] a stairlike structure. s. media cochlée membraneuse cochlear duct. s. tympani rampe tympanique the part of the cochlea below the lamina spiralis. s. vestibuli rampe vestibulaire the part of the cochlea above the lamina spiralis.
scalar scalaire 1. a quantity that has magnitude only (as opposed to also having direction), such as mass or temperature. Cf. vector. 2. pertaining to such a quantity.
scald ébouillanter, ébouillantage to burn with hot liquid or steam; a burn so produced.
scale écaille 1. a thin flake or compacted platelike structure, as of cornified epithelial cells on the body surface. 2. a thin fragment of tartar or other concretion on the surface of a tooth. Adj.: scaly. 3. détartrer to remove such material from the tooth surface. 4. échelle a scheme or device by which some property may be measured (as hardness, weight, linear dimension). absolute temperature s. échelle de température absolue one with its zero at absolute zero (− 273.15 °C, − 459.67 °F). Brazelton behavioral s. échelle de Brazelton a method for assessing infant behavior by responses to environmental stimuli. Celsius s. (C) échelle Celsius a temperature scale on which 0° is officially 273.15 kelvins and 100° is 373.15 kelvins. Formerly (and still, unofficially), the degree Celsius was called the degree centigrade, with 0° at the freezing point of fresh water and 100° at the boiling point under normal atmospheric pressure; see table accompanying temperature. centigrade s. échelle centigrade one in which the interval between two fixed points is divided into 100 equal units, as the Celsius scale. Fahrenheit s. (F) échelle Fahrenheit a temperature scale with the ice point at 32 degrees and the normal boiling point of water at 212 degrees (212 °F); see table accompanying temperature. French s. échelle française a scale used for denoting the size of catheters, sounds, etc., each unit (symbol F) being roughly equivalent to 0.33 mm in diameter. gray s. niveaux de gris a representation of intensities in shades of gray, as in gray scale ultrasonography. Kelvin s. échelle Kelvin an absolute temperature scale whose unit of measurement, the kelvin, is equivalent to the degree Celsius, the ice point therefore being at 273.15 kelvins. temperature s. échelle thermométrique one for expressing degree of heat, based on absolute zero as a reference point, or with a certain value arbitrarily assigned to such temperatures as the ice point and boiling point of water. See table accompanying temperature.
scalene scalène 1. uneven; unequally three-sided. 2. pertaining to one of the scalene muscles; see under muscle.
scalenectomy scalénectomie resection of the scalenus muscle.
scalenotomy scalénotomie division of the scalenus muscle.
scaler instrument à détartrer, grattoir a dental instrument for removal of calculus from teeth.
scalp cuir chevelu the skin covering the cranium.
scalpel scalpel a small surgical knife usually having a convex edge.
scan 1. scanner to examine or map the body, or one or more organs or regions of it, by gathering information with a sensing device. 2. scanographie the data or image so obtained. 3. scan shortened form of scintiscan. A-s. échographie A display on a cathode ray tube of ultrasonic echoes, in which one axis represents the time required for return of the echo and the other corresponds to the strength of the echo. B-s. échographie B display on a cathode ray tube of ultrasonic echoes, depicting time elapsed and echo strength and producing two-dimensional cross-sectional displays by movement of the transducer. CAT s., CT s. tomographie axiale (commandée) par ordinateur computed tomography, or the image obtained from it. M-mode s. mode TM the image obtained using M-mode echocardiography, showing the motion (M) over time of a monodimensional (“icepick”) section of the heart. PET s. TEP positron emission tomography, or the image obtained from it. ventilationperfusion s., V/Q s. scintigraphie de ventilation-perfusion a scintigraphic technique for demonstrating perfusion defects in normally ventilated areas of the lung in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
scandium scandium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 21, symbol Sc.
scanning 1. balayage the act of examining by passing over an area or organ with a sensing device. 2. parole scandée scanning speech. MUGA s., multiple gated acquisition s. ERNA equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography.
scapha gouttière de l’hélix [L.] the curved depression separating the helix and anthelix.
scaphocephaly scaphocéphalie abnormal length and narrowness of the skull as a result of premature closure of the sagittal suture. Adj.: scaphocephalic, scaphocephalous.
scaphoid scaphoïde 1. boat-shaped. 2. scaphoid bone.
scaphoiditis scaphoïdite inflammation of the scaphoid bone.
scapula scapula, omoplate pl. scapulae [L.] shoulder blade; the flat, triangular bone in the back of the shoulder, articulating with the ipsilateral clavicle and humerus. See illustration and Plate 1. Adj.: scapular.
scapulalgia scapulalgie pain in the scapular region.
scapulectomy scapulectomie excision or resection of the scapula.
scapuloclavicular scapuloclaviculaire pertaining to the scapula and clavicle.
scapulohumeral scapulohuméral pertaining to the scapula and humerus.
scapulopexy scapulopexie surgical fixation of the scapula.
scapus scapus pl. scapi [L.] shaft.
scar cicatrice cicatrix; a mark remaining after the healing of a wound or other morbid process. By extension, any visible manifestation of an earlier event.
scarification scarification production in the skin of many small superficial scratches or punctures, as for introduction of vaccine.
scarificator scarificateur scarifier.
scarifier scarificateur an instrument with many sharp points, used in scarification.
scarlatina scarlatine scarlet fever. Adj.: scarlatinal.
scarlatiniform scarlatiniforme resembling scarlet fever.
SCAT réaction d’agglutination d’hématies de mouton sheep cell agglutination test.
scat(o)- scat(o)- word element [Gr.], dung; fecal matter.
scatology scatologie 1. study and analysis of feces, as for diagnosis. 2. a preoccupation with feces, filth, and obscenities. Adj.: scatological, scatologic.
scatoscopy scatoscopie examination of the feces.
ScD ScD [L.] Scientiae Doctor (Doctor of Science).
scDNA scDNA single copy DNA.
Scedosporium Scedosporium an imperfect fungus of the form-class Hyphomycetes; it is the anamorph of Pseudallescheria. S. angiospermum is the anamorph of Pseudallescheria boydii and is an agent of mycetoma.
SCFA AGCC short-chain fatty acids.
schindylesis schindylèse an articulation in which one bone is received into a cleft in another.
schist(o)- schist(o)- word element [Gr.], split, cleft, divided.
schistocormus schistocormus a fetus with a cleft lower trunk.
schistocyte schizocyte helmet cell; a fragment of an erythrocyte, commonly observed in the blood in hemolytic anemia.
schistocytosis schistocytose an accumulation of schistocytes in the blood.
Schistosoma Schistosoma the blood flukes, a genus of parasitic trematodes. Species that cause schistosomiasis in humans include S. haematobium and S. intercalatum in Africa, S. japonicum in East Asia and nearby islands, and S. mansoni in Africa, South America, and the West Indies. The invertebrate hosts are snails. Infection follows penetrating the skin of those coming in contact with infected waters. Adj.: schistosomal.
schistosome schistosome an individual fluke of the genus Schistosoma.
schistosomiasis schistosomiase infection with Schistosoma. s. haematobia bilharziose urinaire urinary s. intestinal s. s. intestinale the chronic form of schistosomiasis mansoni and japonica in which the intestinal tract is involved; usually asymptomatic. s. japonica bilharziose artérioveineuse infection with Schistosoma japonica. The acute form is marked by fever, allergic symptoms, and diarrhea; chronic effects, which may be severe, are due to fibrosis around eggs deposited in the liver, lungs, and central nervous system. s. mansoni bilharziose intestinale infection with Schistosoma mansoni, living chiefly in the mesenteric veins but migrating to deposit eggs in venules, primarily of the large intestine; eggs lodging in the liver may lead to peripheral fibrosis, hepatosplenomegaly, and ascites. urinary s., vesical s. s. urinaire infection with Schistosoma haematobium involving the urinary tract and causing cystitis and hematuria.
schistosomicide schistosomicide an antischistosomal agent that kills the parasites.
schizamnion schizamnios an amnion formed by cavitation over or in the embryoblast, as in human development.
schiz(o)- schiz(o)- word element [Gr.], split, cleft, divided.
schizoaffective schizoaffectif pertaining to or exhibiting features of both schizophrenic and mood disorders.
schizogenesis schizogenèse fission(2). Adj.: schizogenous.
schizogony schizogonie the asexual reproduction of a sporozoan parasite (sporozoite) by multiple fission of the nucleus of the parasite followed by segmentation of the cytoplasm, giving rise to merozoites. Adj.: schizogonic.
schizogyria schizogyrie a condition in which there are wedge-shaped cracks in the cerebral convolutions.
schizoid schizoïde 1. denoting the traits that characterize the schizoid personality. 2. denoting any of a variety of schizophrenia-related characteristics, including traits said to indicate a predisposition to schizophrenia as well as disorders other than schizophrenia either occurring in a relative of a schizophrenic or occurring more commonly than average in families of schizophrenics.
schizont schizonte the multinucleate stage in the development of some members of the Sarcodina and some sporozoans during schizogony.
schizonychia schizonychie splitting of the nails.
schizophasia schizophasie word salad; see under W.
schizophrenia schizophrénie a mental disorder or group of disorders characterized by disturbances in the form and content of thought (e.g., delusions, hallucinations), in mood (e.g., inappropriate affect), in sense of self and relationship to the external world (e.g., loss of ego boundaries, withdrawal), and in behavior (e.g., bizarre or apparently purposeless behavior); it must cause marked decrease in functioning and be present for at least six months. Adj.: schizophrenic. catatonic s. s. catatonique a form characterized by psychomotor disturbance, which may be manifested by a marked decrease in reactivity to the environment and in spontaneous activity, by excited, uncontrollable, and apparently purposeless motor activity, by resistance to instructions or attempts to be moved, or by maintenance of a rigid posture or of fixed bizarre postures. childhood s. s. de l’enfance former name for schizophrenia-like symptoms with onset before puberty, marked by autistic, withdrawn behavior, failure to develop an identity separate from the mother’s, and gross developmental immaturity, now classified as pervasive developmental disorders. disorganized s., hebephrenic s. s. désorganisée a form marked by disorganized and incoherent thought and speech, shallow, inappropriate, and silly affect, and regressive behavior without systematized delusions. paranoid s. s. paranoïde a form characterized by delusions, often with auditory hallucinations, with relative preservation of affect and cognitive functioning. residual s. s. résiduelle a condition manifested by individuals with symptoms of schizophrenia who, after a psychotic schizophrenic episode, are no longer psychotic. undifferentiated s. s. indifférenciée a type characterized by the presence of prominent psychotic symptoms but not classifiable as catatonic, disorganized, or paranoid.
schizophreniform schizophréniforme resembling schizophrenia.
schizotrichia schizotrichie splitting of the hairs at the ends.
schizotypal schizotypique exhibiting abnormalities in behavior and communication style similar to those of schizophrenia, but less severe. See under personality.
schizozoite schizozoïte merozoite.
schwannoma schwannome a neoplasm originating from Schwann cells (of the myelin sheath) of neurons; schwannomas include neurofibromas and neurilemomas. granular cell s. s. à cellules granulaires see under tumor.
sciatic sciatique 1. near or related to the sciatic nerve or vein. 2. ischial.
sciatica sciatalgie neuralgia along the course of the sciatic nerve, most often with pain radiating into the buttock and lower limb, most commonly due to herniation of a lumbar disk.
SCID DICS severe combined immunodeficiency (disease); see under immunodeficiency.
science science 1. the systematic observation of natural phenomena for the purpose of discovering laws governing those phenomena. 2. the body of knowledge accumulated by such means. Adj.: scientific.
scieropia sciéropie defect of vision in which objects appear in a shadow.
scintigram scintigramme the graphic record obtained by scintigraphy.
scintigraphy scintigraphie the production of two-dimensional images of the distribution of radioactivity in tissues after the internal administration of a radiopharmaceutical imaging agent, the images being obtained by a scintillation camera. Adj.: scintigraphic. exercise thallium s. s. (myocardique) d’effort au thallium myocardial perfusion using thallium 201 as a tracer and performed in conjunction with an exercise stress test. gated blood pool s. s. hémodynamique equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography. infarct avid s. s. myocardique au thallium après un infarctus récent that performed following myocardial infarction to confirm infarction as well as detect, localize, and quantify areas of myocardial necrosis by means of a radiotracer that concentrates in necrotic regions. myocardial perfusion s. s. de perfusion myocardique that performed using a radiotracer that traverses the myocardial capillary system; immediate and delayed images are obtained to assess regional blood flow and cell viability.
scintillation scintillation 1. an emission of sparks. 2. scintillement a subjective visual sensation, as of seeing sparks. 3. a particle emitted in disintegration of a radioactive element; see also under counter.
scintiscan scintigramme a two-dimensional representation of the radiation emitted by a radioisotope, revealing its concentration in specific organs or tissues.
scirrhoid scirrhoïde resembling scirrhous carcinoma.
scirrhous squirrheux hard or indurated; see under carcinoma.
sclera sclère pl. sclerae [L.] the tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior five-sixths of its surface, continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. Adj.: scleral.
scleradenitis scléradénite inflammation and hardening of a gland.
sclerectasia sclérectasie a bulging state of the sclera.
sclerectoiridectomy sclérecto-iridectomie excision of part of the sclera and of the iris.
sclerectoiridodialysis sclérecto-iridodialyse sclerectomy and iridodialysis.
sclerectomy sclérectomie excision of part of the sclera.
scleredema scléroedème diffuse, symmetrical, woodlike, nonpitting induration of the skin of unknown etiology, typically beginning on the head, face, or neck and spreading to involve the shoulders, arms, and thorax and sometimes extracutaneous sites.
sclerema sclérémie a severe, sometimes fatal disorder of adipose tissue seen in preterm, sick, debilitated infants, with induration of involved tissue and skin that is cold, yellowish white, mottled, boardlike, and inflexible.
scleriritomy sclériritomie incision of the sclera and iris in anterior staphyloma.
scleritis sclérite inflammation of the sclera; it may involve the part adjoining the limbus of the cornea (anterior s.) or the underlying retina and choroid (posterior s.); the former may take diffuse, nodular, or necrotizing forms, or a related necrotizing form without inflammation (scleromalacia perforans).
scler(o)- sclér(o)- word element [Gr.], hard; sclera.
scleroblastema scléroblastème the embryonic tissue from which bone is formed. Adj.: scleroblastemic.
sclerochoroiditis sclérochoroïdite inflammation of the sclera and choroid.
sclerocornea sclérocornée the sclera and choroid regarded as forming a single layer.
sclerocorneal sclérocornéen pertaining to the sclera and the cornea.
sclerodactyly sclérodactylie localized scleroderma of the digits.
scleroderma sclérodermie hardening and thickening of the skin, a finding in various different diseases, occurring in localized and general forms. circumscribed s. s. localisée morphea. systemic s. s. généralisée a systemic disorder of connective tissue with skin hardening and thickening, blood vessel abnormalities, and fibrotic degenerative changes in various body organs.
sclerogenous sclérogène producing sclerosis or sclerous tissue.
scleroiritis scléro-iritis inflammation of the sclera and iris.
sclerokeratitis sclérokératite inflammation of the sclera and cornea.
scleroma sclérome a hardened patch or induration, especially of the nasal or laryngeal tissues.
scleromalacia scléromalacie degeneration and thinning (softening) of the sclera. s. perforans s. perforante a nodular form of anterior scleritis in which necrosis and atrophy, usually painless, occur without inflammation; marked thinning of the sclera exposes the underlying uvea, and perforation of the globe readily occurs.
scleromere scléromère 1. any segment or metamere of the skeletal system. 2. the caudal half of a sclerotome (3).
scleromyxedema scléromyxœdème lichen myxedematosus. a term sometimes used to refer to lichen myxedematosus associated with scleroderma.
scleronyxis scléronyxie surgical puncture of the sclera.
sclero-oophoritis scléro-oophorite sclerosing inflammation of the ovary.
sclerophthalmia sclérophtalmie a condition, resulting from imperfect differentiation of the sclera and cornea, in which only the central part of the cornea remains clear.
scleroprotein scléroprotéine a simple protein characterized by its insolubility and fibrous structure and usually serving a supportive or protective function in the body.
sclerosant sclérosant sclerosing agent.
sclerose scléroser (se) to become, or cause to become, hardened or sclerotic.
sclerosing sclérosant causing or undergoing sclerosis.
sclerosis sclérose an induration or hardening, especially from inflammation and in diseases of the interstitial substance; applied chiefly to such hardening of the nervous system or to hardening of the blood vessels. amyotrophic lateral s. s. amyotrophique Lou Gehrig disease: progressive degeneration of the neurons that give rise to the corticospinal tract and of the motor cells of the brain stem and spinal cord, resulting in a deficit of upper and lower motor neurons; it usually has a fatal outcome within 2 to 3 years. arterial s. s. artériolo-capillaire arteriosclerosis. arteriolar s. s. artériolo-capillaire arteriolosclerosis. diffuse cerebral s. s. cérébrale diffuse the infantile form of metachromatic leukodystrophy. familial centrolobar s. s. familiale centrolobaire Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. glomerular s. s. glomérulaire glomerulosclerosis. hippocampal s. s. de l’hippocampe loss of neurons in the region of the hippocampus, with gliosis; sometimes seen in epilepsy. lateral s. s. latérale degeneration of the lateral columns of the spinal cord, leading to spastic paraplegia. See amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and primary lateral sclerosis Mönckeberg s. s. de Mönckeberg see under arteriosclerosis. multiple s. (MS) s. en plaques demyelination occurring in patches throughout the white matter of the central nervous system, sometimes extending into the gray matter; symptoms of lesions of the white matter are weakness, incoordination, paresthesias, speech disturbances, and visual complaints. primary lateral s. s. primitive a form of motor neuron disease in which the degenerative process is limited to the corticospinal pathways. tuberous s. s. tubéreuse (de Bourneville) an autosomal dominant disease characterized by hamartomas (tubers) of the brain with mental retardation and seizures; skin lesions; and sometimes retinal and visceral benign tumors.
sclerostenosis sclérosténose induration or hardening combined with contraction.
sclerostomy sclérostomie surgical creation of an opening in the sclera; usually performed in treatment of glaucoma.
sclerotherapy sclérothérapie injection of a chemical irritant into a vein to produce inflammation and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the lumen, as for treatment of hemorrhoids.
sclerotic 1. sclérosé hard or hardening; affected with sclerosis. 2. sclérotique scleral.
sclerotitis sclérotite scleritis.
sclerotium sclérote a structure formed by fungi and certain protozoa in response to adverse environmental conditions, which will germinate under favorable conditions; in fungi, it is a hard mass of intertwined mycelia, usually with pigmented walls, and in protozoa it is a multinucleated hard cyst into which the plasmodium divides.
sclerotome sclérotome 1. an instrument used in the incision of the sclera. 2. the area of a bone innervated from a single spinal segment. 3. one of the paired masses of mesenchymal tissue, separated from the ventromedial part of a somite, which develop into vertebrae and ribs.
sclerotomy sclérotomie incision of the sclera.
sclerous scléreux hard; indurated.
scolex scolex pl. scoleces, scolices [Gr.] the attachment organ of a tapeworm, generally considered the anterior, or cephalic, end.
scoli(o)- scoli(o)- word element [Gr.], crooked; twisted.
scoliokyphosis scoliocyphose combined lateral (scoliosis) and posterior (kyphosis) curvature of the spine.
scoliosiometry scoliosométrie measurement of spinal curvature.
scoliosis scoliose lateral curvature of vertebral column. Adj.: scoliotic.
scombroid scombroïde 1. of or pertaining to the suborder Scombroidea. 2. a fish of the suborder Scombroidea. See also under poisoning.
Scombroidea Scombridés a suborder of larger, bony, marine fish having oily flesh, including tunas, bonitos, mackerels, albacores, and skipjacks; their flesh may contain a toxic histamine-like substance and, if ingested, can cause scombroid poisoning.
scopolamine scopolamine an anticholinergic alkaloid obtained from various solanaceous plants; used as the base or the hydrobromide salt as an antiemetic and as the hydrobromide salt as a preanesthetic antisialagogue, adjunct to general anesthesia, and topical mydriatic and cycloplegic.
scopophilia scopophilie usually, voyeurism, but it is sometimes divided into active and passive forms, active s. being voyeurism and passive s. being exhibitionism.
scopophobia scopophobie irrational fear of being seen.
-scopy -scopie word element [Gr.], examination of.
scorbutic scorbutique pertaining to or affected with scurvy.
scorbutigenic scorbutigène causing scurvy.
score score a rating, usually expressed numerically, based on specific achievement or the degree to which certain qualities or conditions are present. APACHE s. s. APACHE [acute physiological assessment and chronic health evaluation] a widely-used method for assessing severity of illness in acutely ill patients in intensive care units, taking into account a variety of routine physiological parameters. Apgar s. indice d’Apgar a numerical expression of an infant’s condition, usually determined at 60 seconds after birth, based on heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Bishop s. cotation de Bishop a score for estimating the prospects of induction of labor, arrived at by evaluating the extent of cervical dilatation, effacement, the station of the fetal head, consistency of the cervix, and the cervical position in relation to the vaginal axis.
scot(o)- scot(o)- word element [Gr.], darkness.
scotochromogen scotochromogène a microorganism whose pigmentation develops in the dark as well as in the light. Adj.: scotochromogenic.
scotodinia scotodinie dizziness with blurring of vision and headache.
scotoma scotome pl. scotomata 1. an area of depressed vision in the visual field, surrounded by an area of less depressed or of normal vision. 2. mental s. Adj.: scotomatous. annular s. s. annulaire circular area of depressed vision surrounding the point of fixation. central s. s. central an area of depressed vision corresponding with the point of fixation and interfering with central vision. centrocecal s. s. centrocaecal a horizontal oval defect in the field of vision situated between and embracing both the point of fixation and the blind spot. color s. s. aux couleurs an isolated area of depressed or defective vision for color. hemianopic s. s. hémianopsique depressed or lost vision affecting half of the central visual field. mental s. s. mental a figurative blind spot in a person’s psychological awareness, the person being unable to gain insight into and to understand their mental problems; lack of insight. negative s. s. négatif one which appears as a blank spot or hiatus in the visual field, the patient being unaware of it. peripheral s. s. périphérique an area of depressed vision toward the periphery of the visual field, distant from the point of fixation. physiologic s. s. physiologique that area of the visual field corresponding with the optic disk, in which the photosensitive receptors are absent. positive s. s. positif one which appears as a dark spot in the visual field, the patient being aware of it. relative s. s. relatif an area of the visual field in which perception of light is only diminished, or loss is restricted to light of certain wavelengths. ring s. s. annulaire annular s. scintillating s. s. scintillant teichopsia.
scotomagraph scotomagraphe an instrument for recording a scotoma.
scotometry scotométrie the measurement of scotomas.
scotophobia scotophobie irrational fear of darkness.
scotopia scotopsie 1. night vision. 2. dark adaptation. Adj.: scotopic.
scotopsin scotopsine the opsin of the retinal rods that combines with 11-cis retinal to form rhodopsin; see retinal (2).
scrapie tremblante du mouton a prion disease occurring in sheep and goats, characterized by severe pruritus, debility, and muscular incoordination, ending in death.
scratch gratter 1. to scrape or rub a surface lightly, such as to relieve itching. 2. érafler to make shallow cuts on a surface. 3. égratignure a slight wound. 4. to make a thin grating sound.
screen écran 1. a structure resembling a curtain or partition., used as a protection or shield, e.g., against excessive radiation exposure. 2. a large flat surface upon which light rays are projected. 3. protective (2). 4. dépister to examine by fluoroscopy (Great Britain). 5. dépister to separate well individuals in a population from those with an undiagnosed pathologic condition by means of tests, examinations, or other procedures. skin s. é. cutané a substance applied to the skin to protect it from the sun’s rays or other noxious agents. solar s., sun s. é. solaire sunscreen.
screening dépistage 1. examination of a group to separate well persons from those who have an undiagnosed pathologic condition or who are at high risk. 2. fluoroscopy (Great Britain). antibody s. d. d’anticorps a method of determining the presence and amount of anti-HLA antibodies in the serum of a potential allograft recipient: aliquots of the recipient’s serum are mixed with a panel of leukocytes from wellcharacterized cell donors, complement is added, and the percentage of cells that lyse (referred to as the panel-reactive antibody) indicates the degree of sensitization of the recipient.
screwworm lucilie bouchère the larva of Cochliomyia hominivorax.
scrobiculate scrobiculé marked with pits.
scrofula scrofule, écrouelles old name for tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis.
scrofuloderma scrofuloderme a type of cutaneous tuberculosis representing either direct extension of tuberculosis into the skin from underlying structures (e.g., cervical lymph nodes, bone, lung) or contact exposure to tuberculosis; manifested by painless subcutaneous swellings that evolve into cold abscesses, ulcers, and draining sinus tracts.
scrotal scrotal pertaining to the scrotum.
scrotectomy scrotectomie partial or complete excision of the scrotum.
scrotoplasty scrotoplastie plastic reconstruction of the scrotum.
scrotum scrotum the pouch containing the testes and their accessory organs. lymph s. chylocèle elephantiasis scroti.
scu-PA scu-PA single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator; see prourokinase.
scurvy scorbut a disease due to deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), marked by anemia, spongy gums, a tendency to mucocutaneous hemorrhages, and brawny induration of calf and leg muscles.
scute écusson any squama or scalelike structure, especially the bony plate separating the upper tympanic cavity and mastoid cells (tympanic s.).
scutiform scutiforme shaped like a shield.
scutulum scutiforme pl. scutula [L.] one of the disklike or saucerlike crusts characteristic of favus.
scutum scutum 1. scute. 2. a hard chitinous plate on the anterior dorsal surface of hard-bodied ticks.
scybalum scybales pl. scybala [Gr.] a hard mass of fecal matter in the intestines. Adj.: scybalous.
SD SD skin dose; standard deviation.
SDMS SDMS Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers.
SDS DSS sodium dodecyl sulfate.
SE ES standard error.
Se Se selenium.
seam bordure a line of union. osteoid s. b. ostéoïde on the surface of a bone, the narrow region of newly formed organic matrix not yet mineralized.
seasickness mal de mer motion sickness malaise caused by the motion of a ship.
seasonal saisonnier of, depending on, or occurring in a particular season of the year.
seatworm oxyure oxyurid.
sebaceous sébacé pertaining to or secreting sebum.
seborrhea séborrhée 1. excessive secretion of sebum. 2. seborrheic dermatitis. Adj.: seborrheal, seborrheic. s. sicca seborrhea sicca dry, scaly seborrheic dermatitis.
sebotropic sébotrope having an affinity for sebaceous glands.
sebum sébum the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands, composed of fat and epithelial debris.
secobarbital sécobarbital a short-acting barbiturate used as the sodium salt as a hypnotic and sedative and as an anticonvulsant in tetanus.
secondary secondaire second or inferior in order of time, place, or importance; derived from or consequent to a primary event or thing.
secreta secreta [L., pl.] secretion (2).
secretagogue sécrétagogue stimulating secretion, or an agent that so acts.
secrete sécréter to elaborate and release a secretion.
secretin sécrétine a hormone secreted by the duodenal and jejunal mucosa when acid chyme enters the intestine; it stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and, to a lesser extent, bile and intestinal secretion.
secretion sécrétion 1. the cellular process of elaborating and releasing a specific product; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. material that is secreted.
secretoinhibitory sécréto-inhibiteur antisecretory.
secretomotor sécrétomoteur stimulating secretion; said of nerves.
secretor sécréteur 1. an individual expressing the autosomal dominant phenotype of secreting the ABH antigens of the ABO blood group in the saliva and other body fluids. 2. the gene determining this phenotype.
secretory sécrétoire pertaining to secretion or affecting the secretions.
sectio sectio pl. sectiones [L.] section.
section section 1. an act of cutting. 2. a cut surface. 3. a segment or subdivision of an organ. 4. a supplemental taxonomic category subordinate to a subgenus but superior to a species or series. abdominal s. s. abdominale laparotomy. cesarean s. césarienne delivery of a fetus by incision through the abdominal wall and uterus. frozen s. coupe à congélation a specimen cut by microtome from tissue that has been frozen. perineal s. résection par voie périnéale external urethrotomy. Saemisch s. opération de Guthrie- Saemisch see under operation. serial s. coupe en série histologic sections made in consecutive order and so arranged for the purpose of microscopic examination.
secundigravida secundigravida a woman pregnant the second time; gravida II.
secundines délivre afterbirth.
secundipara secondipare a woman who has had two pregnancies which resulted in viable offspring; para II.
SED SED skin erythema dose; see erythema dose, under dose.
sedation sédation 1. the allaying of irritability or excitement, especially by administration of a sedative. 2. the state so induced. conscious s. s. consciente a state of anesthesia in which the patient is conscious but is rendered free of fear and anxiety.
sedative sédatif 1. allaying irritability and excitement. 2. a drug that so acts.
sedentary sédentaire 1. sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. pertaining to a sitting posture.
sediment sédiment a precipitate, especially that formed spontaneously.
sedimentation sédimentation the settling out of sediment.
seed 1. graine the mature ovule of a flowering plant. 2. grain a small cylindrical shell of gold or other suitable material, used in application of radiation therapy. 3. ensemencer to inoculate a culture medium with microorganisms. grape s. pépin de raisin a preparation of the seeds of grapes, having antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antiinflammatory properties; used for the prevention of atherosclerosis and cancer and in folk medicine for the treatment of circulatory disorders. plantago s., psyllium s. plantain cleaned, dried ripe seed of species of Plantago; used as a bulk-forming laxative.
segment segment a demarcated portion of a whole. anterior s. of eye, anterior s. of eyeball s. antérieur de l’œil the sclera, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, and lens. bronchopulmonary s’s s. bronchopulmonaires one of the smaller subdivisions of the lobes of the lungs, separated by connective tissue septa and supplied by branches of the respective lobar bronchi. See Plate 26. posterior s. of eye, posterior s. of eyeball s. postérieur de l’œil the vitreous, retina, and optic nerve. renal s’s s. rénaux subdivisions of the kidney that have independent blood supply from branches of the renal artery, including the superior, anterior superior, inferior, anterior inferior, and posterior segments. spinal s’s, s’s of spinal cord s. rachidiens the regions of the spinal cord to each of which is attached anterior and posterior roots of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3 coccygeal. ST s. s. ST the interval from the end of ventricular depolarization to the onset of the T wave. uterine s. s. utérin either of the portions into which the uterus differentiates in early labor; the upper contractile portion (corpus uteri) becomes thicker as labor advances, and the lower noncontractile portion (the isthmus) is expanded and thin-walled.
segmental segmentaire 1. pertaining to or forming a segment or a product of division, especially into serially arranged or nearly equal parts. 2. undergoing segmentation.
segmentation segmentation 1. division into similar parts. 2. cleavage.
segmentum segmentum pl. segmenta [L.] segment.
segregation ségrégation 1. the separation of allelic genes during meiosis as homologous chromosomes begin to migrate toward opposite poles of the cell, so that the members of each pair of allelic genes go to separate gametes. 2. the progressive restriction of potencies in the zygote to the various regions of the forming embryo.
seizure 1. ictus the sudden attack or recurrence of a disease. 2. crise a single episode of epilepsy, often named for the type it represents. absence s. absence the seizure of absence epilepsy, marked by a momentary break in consciousness of thought or activity and accompanied by a symmetrical 3-cps spike and wave activity on the electroencephalogram. adversive s. c. adversive a type of focal motor seizure in which there is forceful, sustained turning to one side by the eyes, head, or body. atonic s. c. atonique an absence seizure characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone. automatic s. attaque automatique a type of complex partial seizure characterized by automatisms, often ambulatory and involving quasipurposeful acts. clonic s. c. clonique one in which there are generalized clonic contractions without a preceding tonic phase. complex partial s. c. partielle complexe a type of partial seizure associated with disease of the temporal lobe and characterized by varying degrees of impairment of consciousness and automatisms, for which the patient is later amnestic. febrile s’s c. fébrile see under convulsion. generalized tonic-clonic s. c. tonico clonique généralisée the seizure of grand mal epilepsy, consisting of a loss of consciousness and generalized tonic convulsions followed by clonic convulsions. myoclonic s. c. myoclonique one characterized by a brief episode of myoclonus. partial s. c. partielle complexe any seizure due to a lesion in a specific, known area of the cerebral cortex. reflex s. c. d’épilepsie réflexe an episode of reflex epilepsy. sensory s. c. sensorielle 1. a simple partial seizure manifested by paresthesias or other hallucinations, including several types of aura. 2. a reflex seizure in response to a sensory stimulus. simple partial s. c. partielle simple a localized type of partial seizure, without loss of consciousness; if it progresses to another type of seizure it is called an aura. tonic s. c. tonique one characterized by tonic but not clonic contractions.
selection sélection the play of forces that determines the relative reproductive performance of the various genotypes in a population. natural s. s. naturelle the survival in nature of those individuals and their progeny best equipped to adapt to environmental conditions. sexual s. s. sexuelle natural selection in which certain characteristics attract male or female members of a species, thus ensuring survival of those characteristics.
selective sélectif 1. having a high degree of selectivity. 2. discriminating; making a choice from multiple alternatives; singling out in preference.
selectivity sélectivité in pharmacology, the degree to which a dose of a drug produces the desired effect in relation to adverse effects.
selegiline sélégiline an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type B; adminstered transdermally in the treatment of major depressive disorder; also used orally as the hydrochloride salt in conjunction with levodopa and carbidopa as an antiparkinsonian agent.
selenious acid acide sélénieux monohydrated selenium dioxide, a source of elemental selenium.
selenium sélénium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 34, symbol Se; it is an essential mineral nutrient, being a constituent of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. s. sulfide sulfure de s. a topical antiseborrheic and antifungal, used in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff of the scalp and of tinea versicolor.
self-antigen antigène du soi autoantigen.
self-limited autolimité limited by its own peculiarities, and not by outside influence; said of a disease that runs a definite limited course.
self-tolerance tolérance au soi, autotolérance immunological tolerance to self-antigens.
sella selle pl. sellae 1. [L.] a saddle-shaped depression. Adj.: sellar. 2. s. turcica. s. turcica s. turcique a depression on the upper surface of the sphenoid bone, lodging the pituitary gland.
semen sperme [L.] fluid discharged at ejaculation in the male, consisting of secretions of glands associated with the urogenital tract and containing spermatozoa. Adj.: seminal.
semi- semi- word element [L.], half.
semicanal canal a channel open at one side.
semicoma coma vigil a stupor from which the patient may be aroused. Adj.: semicomatose.
semidominance semi-dominance incomplete dominance.
semiflexion demi-flexion position of a limb midway between flexion and extension; the act of bringing to such a position.
semilunar semi-lunaire resembling a crescent or half-moon.
seminal séminal pertaining to semen or to a seed.
seminiferous séminifère producing or conveying semen.
seminoma séminome a radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. Cf. germinoma. classical s. s. classique the most common type, composed of well-differentiated sheets or cords of polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells). ovarian s. s. ovarien dysgerminoma. spermatocytic s. s. spermatocytaire a less malignant form characterized by cells resembling maturing spermatogonia with filamentous chromatin.
seminuria séminurie the presence of semen in the urine.
semiotic sémiotique 1. pertaining to signs or symptoms. 2. pathognomonic.
semiotics sémiotique symptomatology.
semipermeable semi-perméable permitting passage only of certain molecules.
semiquantitative semi-quantitatif yielding an approximation of the quantity or amount of a substance; between a qualitative and a quantitative result.
semis (ss.) semi [L.] half.
semisulcus semi-sulcus a depression which, with an adjoining one, forms a sulcus.
semisupination semi-supination a position of partial supination.
semisynthetic semi-synthétique produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances.
senescence sénescence the process of growing old, especially the condition resulting from the transitions and accumulations of the deleterious aging processes.
senile sénile pertaining to old age; manifesting senility.
senilism sénilisme premature old age.
senility sénilité the physical and mental deterioration associated with old age.
senna séné the dried leaflets of Cassia acutifolia or C. angustifolia; used chiefly as a cathartic.
sennoside sennoside either of two anthraquinone glucosides, sennoside A and B, found in senna as the calcium salts; a mixture of the two is used as a cathartic.
sensation sensation an impression produced by impulses conveyed by an afferent nerve to the sensorium. girdle s. s. de ceinture abdominale zonesthesia. referred s., reflex s. s. référée one felt elsewhere than at the site of application of a stimulus. subjective s. s. subjective one perceptible only to the subject, and not connected with any object external to the body.
sense 1. sens any of the physical processes by which stimuli are received, transduced, and conducted as impulses to be interpreted to the brain. 2. sentir to perceive by one of these processes. 3. in molecular genetics, referring to the strand of a nucleic acid that directly specifies the product. body s. somesthésie somatognosis. color s. s. chromatique the faculty by which colors are perceived and distinguished. s. of equilibrium s. de l’équilibre the sense that maintains awareness of being or not being in an upright position, controlled by receptors in the vestibule of the ear. joint s. s. arthrocinétique arthresthesia. kinesthetic s. s. kinesthésique 1. kinesthesia. 2. muscle s. light s. s. lumineux the sense by which degrees of brilliancy are distinguished. motion s., movement s. s. de la motilité the awareness of motion by the head or body. muscle s., muscular s. s. musculaire 1. sensory impressions, such as movement and stretch, that come from the muscles. 2. movement s. pain s. s. algique the ability to feel pain, caused by stimulation of a nociceptor. position s., posture s. s. de l’espace the awareness of the position of the body or its parts in space, a combination of the sense of equilibrium and kinesthesia. pressure s. baresthésie the sense by which pressure upon the surface of the body is perceived. sixth s. sixième s. somatognosis. somatic s’s s. somatiques senses other than the special senses, including touch, pressure, pain, and temperature, kinesthesia, muscle sense, visceral sense, and sometimes sense of equilibrium. space s. s. de l’espace the sense by which relative positions and relations of objects in space are perceived. special s’s s. spéciaux those of seeing, hearing, taste, smell, and sometimes sense of equilibrium. stereognostic s. s. stéréognostique the sense by which form and solidity are perceived. temperature s. s. thermique the sense by which differences of temperature are distinguished by the thermoreceptors. vestibular s. s. vestibulaire s. of equilibrium. vibration s. s. vibratoire pallesthesia. visceral s. s. viscéral the awareness of sensations that arise from the viscera and stimulate the interoceptors; sensations include pain, pressure or fullness, and organ movement.
sensibility sensibilité susceptibility of feeling; ability to feel or perceive. deep s. s. profonde sensibility to stimuli such as pain, pressure, and movement that activate receptors below the body surface but not in the viscera. epicritic s. s. épicritique the sensibility of the skin to gentle stimulations permitting fine discriminations of touch and temperature. proprioceptive s. s. proprioceptive proprioception. protopathic s. s. protopathique sensibility to pain and temperature which is low in degree and poorly localized. splanchnesthetic s. s. somesthésique visceral sense.
sensible sensible 1. capable of sensation. 2. perceptible to the senses.
sensitive 1. sensitif able to receive or respond to stimuli. 2. sensible unusually responsive to stimulation, such as too quickly or acutely.
sensitivity sensibilité 1. the state or quality of being sensitive. 2. the smallest concentration of a substance that can be reliably measured by a given analytical method. 3. the probability that a person having a disease will be correctly identified by a clinical test.
sensitization sensibilisation 1. administration of an antigen to induce a primary immune response. 2. exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. autoerythrocyte s. s. de Gardner-Diamond, s. autoérythrocytaire see painful bruising syndrome, under syndrome.
sensitized sensibilisé rendered sensitive.
sensomotor sensitivomoteur sensorimotor.
sensorial sensoriel pertaining to the sensorium.
sensorimotor sensorimoteur both sensory and motor.
sensorineural neurosensoriel of or pertaining to a sensory nerve or mechanism.
sensorium sensorium 1. a sensory nerve center.2. the state of an individual as regards consciousness or mental awareness.
sensory sensoriel pertaining to sensation.
sentient sensible able to feel; sensitive.
sentinel sentinelle an individual or object that gives a warning or indicates danger.
Sephadex Sephadex trademark for cross-linked dextran beads. Various forms are used in chromatography.
sepsis sepsis, sepsie 1. presence in the blood or other tissues of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins. 2. septicemia. catheter s. sepsis sur cathéter sepsis occurring as a complication of intravenous catheterization. puerperal s. s. puerpérale see under fever.
septa septa [L.] plural of septum.
septal septal pertaining to a septum.
septate cloisonné divided by a septum.
septectomy septectomie excision of part of the nasal septum.
septic septique pertaining to sepsis.
septicemia septicémie blood poisoning; systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Adj.: septicemic. cryptogenic s. s. cryptogénétique septicemia in which the focus of infection is not evident during life. puerperal s. s. puerpérale see under fever.
septicopyemia septicopyohémie septicemia and pyemia combined. Adj.: septicopyemic.
septomarginal septomarginal pertaining to the margin of a septum.
septonasal septonasal pertaining to the nasal septum.
septoplasty septoplastie surgical reconstruction of the nasal septum.
septostomy septostomie surgical creation of an opening in a septum.
septotomy septostomie incision of the nasal septum.
septulum septulum pl. septula [L.] a small separating wall or partition.
septum septum pl. septa [L.] a dividing wall or partition. alveolar s. s. alvéolaire interalveolar s. atrioventricular s. of heart s. atrioventriculaire the part of the membranous portion of the interventricular septum between the left ventricle and the right atrium. Cloquet s., crural s., femoral s. ligament de Cloquet the thin fibrous membrane that helps close the femoral ring. gingival s. s. gingival the part of the gingiva interposed between adjoining teeth. interalveolar s. s. interalvéolaire one of the thin plates of bone separating the alveoli of the different teeth in the mandible and maxilla. one of the thin septa separating adjacent pulmonary alveoli. interatrial s. of heart s. interauriculaire the partition separating the right and left atria of the heart. interdental s. s. interdentaire interalveolar s. interradicular s. s. interradiculaire interalveolar s. (1). interventricular s. of heart s. interventriculaire the partition separating the right and left ventricles of the heart. lingual s. s. lingual the median vertical fibrous part of the tongue. nasal s. s. nasal the partition between the two nasal cavities. s. pectiniforme s. pectiniforme s. penis. pellucid s., s. pellucidum s. pellucide the triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. s. penis s. du pénis the fibrous sheet between the corpora cavernosa of the penis. s. primum s. primum the first septum in the embryonic heart, dividing the primordial atrium into right and left chambers. rectovaginal s. s. rectovaginal the membranous partition between the rectum and vagina. rectovesical s. s. rectovésical a membranous partition separating the rectum from the prostate and urinary bladder. scrotal s. s. scrotal the partition between the two chambers of the scrotum. s. secundum s. secundum the second septum in the embryonic heart, to the right of the septum primum; after birth it fuses with the septum primum to close the foramen ovale and form the interatrial septum.
septuplet septuplé one of seven offspring produced at one birth.
sequel séquelle sequela.
sequela séquelle pl. sequelae [L.] a morbid condition following or occurring as a consequence of another condition or event.
sequence séquence 1. a connected series of events or things. 2. in dysmorphology, a pattern of multiple anomalies derived from a single prior anomaly or mechanical factor. 3. the order of arrangement of residues or constituents in a biological polymer, as the order of nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or of amino acids in a protein. 4. a specific fragment or segment of a biological polymer, with a known arrangement of its residues. 5. séquencer to ascertain the order of the residues of a biological polymer. amniotic band s. s. des bandelettes amniotiques early rupture of the amnion with formation of strands of amnion that may adhere to or compress parts of the fetus, resulting in a wide variety of deformities. insertion s. (IS) s. d’insertion a small bacterial transposable element encoding transposition functions and terminating in inverted repeated sequences; it can act alone or a pair can form the ends of a more complex transposon. oligohydramnios s. s. d’oligoamnios a group of anomalies, usually fatal shortly after birth, caused by compression of the fetus secondary to oligohydramnios, which may result from renal agenesis or other urinary tract defects or from leakage of amniotic fluid; infants have characteristic flattened facies (Potter facies), skeletal abnormalities, and often hypoplasia of the lungs.
sequester séquestrer 1. to detach or separate abnormally a small portion from the whole. See sequestration and sequestrum. 2. to isolate a constituent of a chemical system by chelation or other means.
sequestrant séquestrant a sequestering agent, as, for example, cholestyramine resin, which binds bile acids in the intestine, thus preventing their absorption.
sequestration séquestration 1. the formation of a sequestrum. 2. the isolation of a patient. 3. a net increase in the quantity of blood within a limited vascular area, occurring physiologically, with forward flow persisting or not, or produced artificially by the application of tourniquets. pulmonary s. s. pulmonaire loss of connection of lung tissue with the bronchial tree and the pulmonary veins.
sequestrectomy séquestrectomie excision of a sequestrum.
sequestrum séquestre pl. sequestra [L.] 1. any sequestered tissue. 2. a piece of dead bone separated from the sound bone in the process of necrosis.
sequoiosis séquoiose hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to inhalation of and tissue reaction to dust from moldy redwood bark.
Ser Ser serine.
sera sera [L.] plural of serum.
series série a group or succession of events, objects, or substances arranged in regular order or forming a kind of chain; in electricity, parts of a circuit connected successively end to end to form a single path for the current. Adj.: serial. erythrocytic s. s. érythrocytaire the succession of morphologically distinguishable cells that are stages in erythrocyte development: proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast, reticulocyte, and erythrocyte. granulocytic s. s. granulocytaire the succession of morphologically distinguishable cells that are stages in granulocyte development; there are distinct basophil, eosinophil, and neutrophil series but the morphological stages are the same. lymphocytic s. s. lymphocytaire a series of morphologically distinguishable cells once thought to represent stages in lymphocyte development; now known to represent various forms of mature lymphocytes. monocytic s. s. monocytaire the succession of developing cells that ultimately culminates in the monocyte. thrombocytic s. s. thrombocytaire the succession of developing cells that ultimately culminates in the blood platelets (thrombocytes).
serine (Ser, S) sérine a naturally occurring nonessential amino acid present in many proteins.
sermorelin sermoréline a synthetic peptide corresponding to a portion of growth hormone-releasing hormone; used as the acetate salt in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency.
seroconversion séroconversion the change of serologic test results from negative to positive, indicating development of antibodies in response to immunization or infection.
serodiagnosis sérodiagnostic diagnosis of disease based on serologic tests. Adj.: serodiagnostic.
seroenteritis séroentérite inflammation of the serous coat of the intestine.
serofibrinous sérofibrineux composed of serum and fibrin, as a serofibrinous exudate.
serogroup sérogroupe 1. an unofficial designation denoting a group of bacteria containing a common antigen, possibly including more than one serovar, species, or genus. 2. a group of viral species that are closely related antigenically.
serology sérologie the study of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. Adj.: serologic.
seroma sérome a tumorlike collection of serum in the tissues.
seromembranous séromembraneux pertaining to or composed of serous membrane.
seromucous séromuqueux both serous and mucous.
seromuscular séromusculaire pertaining to the serous and muscular coats of the intestine.
seronegative séronégatif showing negative results on serological examination; showing a lack of antibody.
seropositive séropositif showing positive results on serological examination; showing a high level of antibody.
seropurulent séropurulent both serous and purulent.
seroreaction séroréaction a reaction occurring in serum or as a result of the action of a serum.
seroreversion séroréversion spontaneous or induced conversion from a seropositive to a seronegative state.
serosa séreuse 1. tunica serosa. 2. chorion. Adj.: serosal.
serosanguineous sérosanguin composed of serum and blood.
seroserous séroséreux pertaining to two or more serous membranes.
serositis sérosite pl. serositides inflammation of a serous membrane.
serosurvey test sérique a screening test of the serum of persons at risk to determine susceptibility to a particular disease.
serosynovitis sérosynovite synovitis with effusion of serum.
serotherapy sérothérapie treatment of infectious disease by injection of immune serum or antitoxin.
serotonin sérotonine a hormone and neurotransmitter,5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT), found in many tissues, including blood platelets, intestinal mucosa, the pineal body, and the central nervous system; it has many physiologic properties including inhibition of gastric secretion, stimulation of smooth muscles, and production of vasoconstriction.
serotoninergic sérotoninergique 1. containing or activated by serotonin. 2. pertaining to neurons that secrete serotonin.
serotype sérotype 1. the type of a microorganism determined by its constituent antigens; a taxonomic subdivision based thereon. 2. serovar.
serous séreux 1. pertaining to or resembling serum. 2. producing or containing serum.
serovaccination sérovaccination injection of serum combined with bacterial vaccination to produce passive immunity by the former and active immunity by the latter.
serovar sérotype a taxonomic subdivision of bacteria based on the kinds and combinations of constituent antigens present in the cell. Called also serotype.
serpiginous serpigineux creeping; having a wavy or much indented border.
serpin serpine any of a superfamily of serine protease inhibitors, found in plasma and tissues; they are homologous single-chain glycoproteins targeting specific serine proteases involved in coagulation, complement activation, fibrinolysis, inflammation, and tissue remodeling.
serrated denté having a sawlike edge.
Serratia Serratia a genus of bacteria made up of motile gram-negative rods that produce a white, pink, or red pigment. For the most part, they are free-living saprophytes, but they cause a variety of infections in immunocompromised patients.
serration dentelure 1. the state of being serrated. 2. a serrated structure or formation.
sertraline sertraline a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder.
serum sérum pl. serums, sera [L.] 1. the clear portion of any liquid separated from its more solid elements. 2. blood s. 3. antiserum. antilymphocyte s. (ALS) s. antilymphocytaire antiserum derived from animals immunized against human lymphocytes; a powerful nonspecific immunosuppressive agent that causes destruction of circulating lymphocytes. antirabies s. s. antirabique antiserum obtained from the blood serum or plasma of animals immunized with rabies vaccine; used for postexposure prophylaxis against rabies if rabies immune globulin is unavailable. blood s. s. sanguin the clear liquid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot completely, and is therefore blood plasma from which fibrogen has been removed during clotting. foreign s. s. étranger heterologous s. heterologous s. s. hétérologue 1. that obtained from an animal belonging to species different from that of the recipient. 2. that prepared from an animal immunized by an organism differing from that against which it is to be used. homologous s. s. homologue 1. that obtained from an animal belonging to the same species as the recipient. 2. that prepared from an animal immunized by the same organism against which it is to be used. immune s. s. immun antiserum. polyvalent s. s. polyvalent antiserum containing antibody to more than one kind of antigen. pooled s. pool de s. the mixed serum from a number of individuals.
serumal sérique pertaining to or formed from serum.
serum-fast sérorésistant resistant to the effects of serum.
sesamoid sésamoïde 1. denoting a small nodular bone embedded in a tendon or joint capsule. 2. a sesamoid bone.
sessile sessile attached by a broad base, as opposed to being pedunculated or stalked.
setaceous sétacé bristlelike.
Setaria Setaria a genus of filarial nematodes.
set-point valeur de consigne the target value of a controlled variable that is maintained physiologically by bodily control mechanisms for homeostasis.
sevelamer sevelamer a phosphate-binding substance used as the hydrochloride salt to reduce serum phosphorus concentrations in hyperphosphatemia associated with end-stage renal disease.
sex sexe 1. a distinctive character of most animals and plants, based on the type of gametes produced by the gonads, ova (macrogametes) being typical of the female, and spermatozoa (microgametes) of the male, or the category in which the individual is placed on such basis. see 2. gender identity, under identity. 3. sexual intercourse. 4. sexer to determine whether an organism is male or female. chromosomal s., genetic s. s. chromosomique sex as determined by the presence of the XX (female) or the XY (male) genotype, without regard to phenotypic manifestations. gonadal s. s. gonadique that part of the phenotypic sex that is determined by the gonadal tissue present (ovarian or testicular). morphological s. s. anatomique that part of the phenotypic sex that is determined by the morphology of the external genitals. phenotypic s. s. génétique the phenotypic manifestations of sex determined by endocrine influences.
-sexduction sexduction the process whereby part of the bacterial chromosome is attached to the autonomous F (sex) factor and thus is transferred from donor (male) bacterium to recipient (female).
sex-influenced influencé par le sexe pertaining to a trait carried on an autosome but expressed differently, in either frequency or degree, in males and females, e.g., androgenetic alopecia.
sex-limited limité à un sexe pertaining to a trait caried on an autosome but expressed in one sex only, e.g., lactation.
sex-linked lié au sexe carried on one of the sex chromosomes, as a gene; by extension, sexually determined, as an inherited trait determined by such a gene.
sexology sexologie the scientific study of sex and sexual relations.
sextuplet sextuplé any one of six offspring produced at the same birth.
sexual sexuel 1. pertaining to, characterized by, involving, or endowed with sex, sexuality, the sexes, or the sex organs and their functions. 2. characterized by the property of maleness or femaleness. 3. pertaining to reproduction involving both male and female gametes. 4. implying or symbolizing erotic desires or activity.
sexuality sexualité 1. the characteristic of the male and female reproductive elements. 2. the constitution of an individual in relation to sexual attitudes and behavior. infantile s. s. infantile in freudian theory, the erotic life of infants and children, encompassing the oral, anal, and phallic stages of psychosexual development.
SGOT SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; see aspartate transaminase.
SGPT SGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; see alanine transaminase.
shadow-casting couche de masquage application of a coating of gold, chromium, or other metal to ultramicroscopic structures to increase their visibility under the microscope.
shaft tige a long slender part, such as the diaphysis of a long bone.
shaggy chevelu 1. covered with, having, or resembling rough long hair or wool. 2. having a rough texture or surface or hairlike processes.
sham 1. supercherie, imposture a hoax; a fraudulent imitation. 2. factice, feint not genuine; fraudulent; marked by falseness.
shamanism chamanisme a traditional system, occurring in tribal societies, in which certain individuals (shamans) are believed to be gifted with access to an invisible spiritual world and are able to mediate between it and the physical world to heal, divine, and affect events in the latter.
shank 1. bande de jambe leg (1). 2. jambe crus ( 2).
shaping façonnage a technique in behavior therapy in which new behavior is produced by providing reinforcement for progressively closer approximations of the final desired behavior.
shave raser 1. to cut at or parallel to the surface of the skin. 2. to remove the beard or other body hair by such a process. 3. effiler to cut thin slices from or to cut into thin slices.
SHBG TeBG sex hormone-binding globulin.
sheath gaine a tubular case or envelope. arachnoid s. g. arachnoïde the continuation of the arachnoidea mater around the optic nerve, forming part of its internal sheath. carotid s. g. carotidienne a portion of the cervical fascia enclosing the carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve. crural s. g. crurale femoral s. dentinal s. g. dentinaire the layer of tissue forming the wall of a dentinal tubule. dural s. g. durale the external investment of the optic nerve. femoral s. g. fémorale the investing fascia of the proximal portion of the femoral vessels. Henle s. g. de Henle endoneurium. Hertwig s. g. de Hertwig root s. (1). s. of Key and Retzius g. de Key et Retzius endoneurium. lamellar s. g. lamellaire the perineurium. Mauthner s. g. de Mauthner axolemma. medullary s., myelin s. g. médullaire the sheath surrounding the axon of myelinated nerve cells, consisting of concentric layers of myelin formed in the peripheral nervous system by the plasma membrane of Schwann cells, and in the central nervous system by oligodendrocytes. It is interrupted at intervals along the length of the axon by gaps known as nodes of Ranvier. Myelin is an electrical insulator that serves to speed the conduction of nerve impulses. periarterial lymphatic s. g. lymphatique périartérielle any of the sheaths of lymphatic tissue that make up the white pulp of the spleen. pial s. g. piale the continuation of the pia mater around the optic nerve, forming part of its internal sheath. root s. manchon de Hertwig 1. an investment of epithelial cells around the unerupted tooth and inside the dental follicle. 2. the epithelial layer of a hair follicle, divided into an inner and an outer root sheath. s. of Schwann g. de Schwann neurilemma. synovial s. g. synoviale a double-layered, fibrous sheath with synovial fluid present between the layers, such as surrounds a tendon. tendon s. g. tendineuse the fibrous sheath covering a tendon.
sheet drap 1. an oblong piece of cotton, linen, etc., for a bed covering. 2. any structure resembling such a covering. draw s. alèze one folded and placed under a patient’s body so it may be removed with minimal disturbance of the patient.
shen shen one of the basic substances that according to traditional Chinese medicine pervade the body, usually translated “spirit,” encompassing both the mind of the individual and healthy mental and physical function.
shiatsu shiatsu [Japanese] a Japanese form of acupressure, in which pressure is applied using the thumb, elbow, or knee, perpendicularly to the skin at acupoints, combined with passive stretching and rotation of the joints.
shield écran any protecting structure. Buller s. bandeau de Buller a watch glass fitted over the eye to guard it from infection. nipple s. protège-mamelon a device to protect the nipple of a nursing woman.
shift déplacement a change or deviation. chloride s. échange d’ions chlore contre des ions bicarbonate the exchange of chloride (Cl−) and bicarbonate (HCO3 centre des ions bicarbonate3−) between plasma and the erythrocytes occurring whenever HCO3− is generated or decomposed within the erythrocytes. Doppler s. d. Doppler the magnitude of frequency change due to the Doppler effect. s. to the left d. vers la gauche an increase in the percentage of neutrophils having only one or a few lobes. s. to the right d. vers la droite an increase in the percentage of multilobed neutrophils.
Shigella Shigella a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae; its members cause dysentery. It contains the species S. boydii, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, and S. sonnei.
shigella shigella pl. shigellae an individual organism of the genus Shigella.
shigellosis shigellose intestinal infection with Shigella, such as bacillary dysentery.
shin tibia the prominent anterior edge of the tibia or the leg. saber s. t. en lame de sabre marked anterior convexity of the tibia, seen in congenital syphilis and in yaws.
shingles zona herpes zoster.
shivering 1. frissonnement involuntary shaking of the body, as with cold. 2. maladie des tremblements a disease of horses, with trembling or quivering of various muscles.
shock choc 1. a sudden disturbance of mental equilibrium. 2. a profound hemodynamic and metabolic disturbance due to failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs. anaphylactic s. c. anaphylactique see anaphylaxis. cardiogenic s. c. cardiogénique shock resulting from inadequate cardiac function, as from myocardial infarction or mechanical obstruction; characteristics include hypovolemia, hypotension, cold skin, weak pulse, and confusion. endotoxic s., endotoxin s. c. endotoxique septic shock due to release of endotoxins by gram-negative bacteria. hypovolemic s. c. hypovolémique shock due to insufficient blood volume, either from hemorrhage or other loss of fluid or from widespread vasodilation so that normal blood volume cannot maintain tissue perfusion; symptoms are like those of cardiogenic shock. insulin s. c. insulinique a hypoglycemic reaction to overdosage of insulin, a skipped meal, or strenuous exercise in an insulin-dependent diabetic, with tremor, dizziness, cool moist skin, hunger, and tachycardia, sometimes progressing to coma and convulsions. septic s. c. septique shock associated with overwhelming infection, most commonly infection with gram-negative bacteria, thought to result from the actions of endotoxins and other products of the infectious agent that cause sequestration of blood in the capillaries and veins. serum s. c. anaphylactique, maladie sérique see anaphylaxis and see under sickness.
shotty piqueté like shot; resembling the pellets used in shotgun cartridges.
shoulder épaule the area where the arm joins the trunk and the clavicle meets the scapula. frozen s. é. gelée adhesive capsulitis.
shoulder-blade omoplate scapula.
show 1. trace a tiny amount or appearance of something. 2. perte du bouchon muqueux bloody s. bloody s. p. du bouchon muqueux vaginal discharge of blood-tinged mucus, usually meaning that the cervix has begun to dilate and the onset of labor is imminent.
shunt 1. dériver to turn to one side; to bypass. 2. shunt a passage or anastomosis between two natural channels, especially between blood vessels, formed physiologically or anomalously. 3. dérivation, shunt a surgically created anastomosis; also, the operation of forming a shunt. arteriovenous s. s. artérioveineux 1.arteriovenous anastomosis (1). 2.a U-shaped plastic tube inserted between an artery and a vein; usually to allow repeated access to the arterial system for hemodialysis. Blalock-Taussig s. s. de Blalock-Taussig see under operation. cardiovascular s. s. cardiovasculaire diversion of the blood flow through an anomalous opening from the left side of the heart to the right side or from the systemic to the pulmonary circulation (left-to-right s.), or from the right side to the left side or from the pulmonary to the systemic circulation (right-to-left s.). left-to-right s. s. gauche-droit see cardiovascular s. LeVeen s. s. de LeVeen peritoneovenous s. peritoneovenous s. s. péritonéoveineux a surgically implanted subcutaneous plastic tube for continuous shunting of ascites fluid from the peritoneal cavity to the jugular vein; a pressure-activated valve buried in the abdominal wall ensures one-way flow. portacaval s. s. portocave surgical anastomosis of the portal vein and the vena cava. right-to-left s. s. droite-gauche see cardiovascular s. splenorenal s. s. splénorénal removal of the spleen with anastomosis of the splenic vein to the left renal vein. ventriculoatrial s. ventriculo-atriostomie the surgical creation of a communication between a cerebral ventricle and a cardiac atrium by means of a plastic tube, to permit drainage of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus. ventriculoperitoneal s. s. ventriculopéritonéal a communication between a cerebral ventricle and the peritoneum by means of plastic tubing; done for the relief of hydrocephalus.
SI SI Systme International d’Units, or International System of Units. See SI unit, under unit.
Si Si silicon.
SIADH syndrome de Schwartz-Bartter syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.
sialadenitis sialadénite inflammation of a salivary gland.
sialadenoma sialadénomie a benign tumor of the salivary glands.
sialadenopathy sialadénopathie sialadenosis.
sialadenosis sialadénose sialadenopathy; a disease of a salivary gland.
sialagogue sialagogue an agent which stimulates the flow of saliva. Adj.: sialagogic.
sialectasia sialectasie dilatation of a salivary duct.
sialic acid acide sialique any of a group of acetylated derivatives of neuraminic acid; they occur in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria.
sialitis sialite inflammation of a salivary gland or duct.
sial(o)- sial(o)- word element [Gr.], saliva; salivary glands.
sialoadenectomy sialoadénectomie excision of a salivary gland.
sialoadenitis sialoadénite sialadenitis.
sialoadenotomy sialodénotomie incision and drainage of a salivary gland.
sialoaerophagy sialoaérophagie the swallowing of saliva and air.
sialoangiectasis sialoangiectasis sialectasia.
sialoangiitis sialoangiite sialoductitis; inflammation of a salivary duct.
sialoangiography sialoangiographie radiography of the ducts of the salivary glands after injection of a radiopaque medium.
sialocele sialocèle a salivary cyst.
sialodochitis sialodochite sialoangiitis.
sialodochoplasty sialodochoplastie plastic repair of a salivary duct.
sialoductitis sialodochite sialoangiitis.
sialogenous sialogène producing saliva.
sialography sialographie sialoangiography.
sialolith sialolithe a calcareous concretion or calculus in the salivary ducts or glands, usually the submaxillary gland and its duct.
sialolithiasis sialolithiase the formation of salivary calculi.
sialolithotomy sialolithotomie excision of a salivary calculus.
sialometaplasia sialométaplasie metaplasia of the salivary glands. necrotizing s. s. nécrosante a benign inflammatory condition of the salivary glands, simulating mucoepidermoid and squamous cell carcinoma.
sialomucin sialomucine a mucin whose carbohydrate groups contain sialic acid.
sialorrhea sialorrhée ptyalism.
sialoschesis sialoschèse suppression of secretion of saliva.
sialostenosis sialosténose stenosis of a salivary duct.
sialosyrinx sialosyrinx 1. salivary fistula. 2. a syringe for washing out the salivary ducts, or a drainage tube for the salivary ducts.
sib membre de la même fratrie 1. a blood relative; one of a group of persons all descended from a common ancestor. 2. sibling.
sibilant sibilant whistling or hissing.
sibling membre de la même fratrie any of two or more offspring of the same parents; a brother or sister.
sibship fratrie 1. relationship by blood. 2. a group of persons all descended from a common ancestor. 3. a group of siblings.
sibutramine sibutramine an anorectic used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of obesity.
siccus siccus [L.] dry.
sick 1. malade not in good health; afflicted by disease; ill. 2. nauséeux nauseated.
sicklemia drépanocytose sickle cell anemia.
sickling falciformation the development of sickle cells in the blood.
sickness mal, maladie disease. African sleeping s. maladie du sommeil African trypanosomiasis. air s. m. de l’air airsickness. altitude s. m. de l’altitude a condition due to difficulty adjusting to lowered oxygen pressure at high altitudes; it may take the form of mountain sickness, highaltitude pulmonary edema, or cerebral edema. car s. m. de la route carsickness. decompression s. maladie des caissons divers’ paralysis; joint pain, respiratory problems, skin lesions, and neurologic signs, due to rapid reduction of air pressure in a person’s environment. green tobacco s. maladie du tabac vert transient, recurring nicotine poisoning in tobacco harvesters. high-altitude s. m. de haute altitude altitude s. milk s. indigestion au lait an acute, often fatal disease in humans after they ingest milk, milk products, or flesh of cattle or sheep who have eaten certain toxic plants; human disease is marked by weakness, anorexia, vomiting, and sometimes muscular tremors. morning s. maladie gravidique précoce nausea of early pregnancy. motion s. m. des transports nausea and malaise due to unaccustomed motion, such as in travel by airplane, automobile, ship, or train. mountain s. m. des montagnes a type of high altitude sickness with oliguria, dyspnea, blood pressure and pulse rate changes, and neurological disorders. radiation s. m. des rayons a condition resulting from exposure to a whole-body dose of over 1 gray of ionizing radiation and characterized by the symptoms of the acute radiation syndrome. sea s. m. de mer seasickness. serum s. maladie sérique a hypersensitivity reaction after administration of foreign serum or serum proteins, marked by urticaria, arthralgia, edema, and lymphadenopathy. sleeping s. maladie du sommeil 1. African trypanosomiasis. 2. increasing lethargy and drowsiness due to a disease process such as African trypanosomiasis or types of encephalomyelitis.
s.i.d. s.i.d. [L.] semel in die (once a day).
sider(o)- sidér(o)- word element [Gr.], iron.
sideroblast sidéroblaste a nucleated erythrocyte containing iron granules in its cytoplasm. Adj.: sideroblastic. ringed s. s. annulaire an abnormal sideroblast with many iron granules in its mitochondria, found in a ring around the nucleus; seen in sideroblastic anemia.
siderocyte sidérocyte an erythrocyte containing nonhemoglobin iron.
sideroderma sidérodermie bronzed coloration of the skin due to disordered iron metabolism.
siderofibrosis sidérofibrose fibrosis of the spleen with deposits of iron. Adj.: siderofibrotic.
sideromycin sidéromycine any of a class of antibiotics, synthesized by certain actinomycetes, that inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with iron uptake.
sideropenia sidéropénie iron deficiency. Adj.: sideropenic.
siderophil sidérophile 1. siderophilous. 2. a siderophilous cell or tissue.
siderophilous sidérophile tending to absorb iron.
siderophore sidérophore a macrophage containing hemosiderin.
siderosilicosis sidérosilicose pneumoconiosis from inhalation of dust containing particles of iron ore and silica.
siderosis sidérose pneumoconiosis 1. due to inhalation of iron particles. 2. hyperferremia. hemosiderosis. hepatic s. s. hépatique the deposit of an abnormal quantity of iron in the liver. urinary s. s. urinaire hemosiderinuria.
SIDS MSN sudden infant death syndrome.
siemens (S) siemens the SI unit of conductance; the conductance of one ampere per volt in a body with one ohm resistance.
sig. sig. [L.] signa (mark).
sight vue vision (1, 2). far s. hypermétropie hyperopia. near s. myopie myopia. night s. nyctalopie hemeralopia.
sigmatism sigmatisme faulty enunciation or too frequent use of the s sound.
sigmoid sigmoïde 1. shaped like the letter C or S. 2. sigmoid colon.
sigmoidectomy sigmoïdectomie excision of part or all of the sigmoid colon.
sigmoiditis sigmoïdite inflammation of the sigmoid colon.
sigmoidopexy sigmoïdopexie fixation of the sigmoid colon, as for rectal prolapse.
sigmoidoproctostomy sigmoïdoproctostomie surgical anastomosis of the sigmoid colon to the rectum.
sigmoidoscopy sigmoïdoscopie direct examination of the interior of the sigmoid colon.
sigmoidosigmoidostomy sigmoïdosigmoïdostomie surgical anastomosis of two portions of the sigmoid colon; the opening so created.
sigmoidostomy sigmoïdostomie creation of an artificial opening from the sigmoid colon to the body surface; the opening so created.
sigmoidotomy sigmoïdotomie incision of the sigmoid colon.
sigmoidovesical sigmoïdovésical pertaining to or communicating with the sigmoid colon and the urinary bladder.
sign signe an indication of the existence of something; any objective evidence of a disease, i.e., such evidence as is perceptible to the examining physician, as opposed to the subjective sensations (symptoms) of the patient. Abadie s. s. d’Abadie insensibility of the Achilles tendon to pressure in tabes dorsalis. Babinski s. s. de Babinski 1. loss or lessening of the triceps surae reflex in organic sciatica. 2. see under reflex. 3. in organic hemiplegia, failure of the platysma muscle to contract on the affected side in opening the mouth, whistling, etc. 4. in organic hemiplegia, flexion of the thigh and lifting of the heel from the ground when the patient tries to sit up from a supine position with arms crossed upon chest. 5. in organic paralysis, when the affected forearm is placed in supination, it turns over to pronation. Beevor s. s. de Beevor 1. in functional paralysis, inability to inhibit the antagonistic muscles. 2. in paralysis of the lower abdominal muscles due to a spinal cord lesion in the region of the lower thoracic vertebrae, there is upward excursion of the umbilicus on attempting to lift the head. Bergman s. s. de Bergman in urologic radiography, (a) the ureter is dilated immediately below a neoplasm, rather than collapsed as below an obstructing stone, and (b) the ureteral catheter tends to coil in this dilated portion of the ureter. Biernacki s. s. de Biernacki analgesia of the ulnar nerve in general paresis and tabes dorsalis. Blumberg s. s. de Blumberg pain on abrupt release of steady pressure (rebound tenderness) over the site of a suspected abdominal lesion, indicative of peritonitis. Branham s. s. de Branham bradycardia produced by digital closure of an artery proximal to an arteriovenous fistula. Braxton Hicks s. s. de Braxton-Hicks see under contraction. Broadbent s. s. de Broadbent retraction on the left side of the back, near the eleventh and twelfth ribs, related to pericardial adhesion. Brudzinski s. s. de Brudzinski 1. in meningitis, flexion of the neck usually causes flexion of the hip and knee. 2. in meningitis, on passive flexion of one lower limb, the contralateral limb shows a similar movement. Chaddock s. s. de Chaddock see under reflex. Chadwick s. s. de Chadwick a dark blue to purplish-red congested appearance of the vaginal mucosa, an indication of pregnancy. Chvostek s., Chvostek-Weiss s. s. de Chvostek spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of the parotid gland; seen in tetany. Cullen s. s. de Cullen bluish discoloration around the umbilicus sometimes associated with intraperitoneal hemorrhage, especially after rupture of the uterine tube in ectopic pregnancy; similar discoloration occurs in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Dalrymple s. s. de Dalrymple abnormal wideness of the palpebral opening in Graves disease. Delbet s. s. de Delbet in aneurysm of a limb’s main artery, if nutrition of the part distal to the aneurysm is maintained despite absence of the pulse, collateral circulation is sufficient. de Musset s. s. de De Musset Musset s. Ewart s. s. d’Ewart bronchial breathing and dullness on percussion at the lower angle of the left scapula in pericardial effusion. fabere s. s. de fabere see Patrick test. Friedreich s. s. de Friedreich diastolic collapse of the cervical veins due to adhesion of the pericardium. Goodell s. s. de Goodell softening of the cervix; a sign of pregnancy. Gorlin s. s. de Gorlin the ability to touch the tip of the nose with the tongue, often a sign of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Graefe s. s. de von Graefe tardy or jerky downward movement of the upper eyelids when the gaze is directed downward; noted in thyrotoxicosis. halo s. s. du halo a halo effect produced in the radiograph of the fetal head between the subcutaneous fat and the cranium; said to be indicative of intrauterine death of the fetus. harlequin s. s. d’Arlequin reddening of the lower half of the laterally recumbent body and blanching of the upper half, due to temporary vasomotor disturbance in newborn infants. Hegar s. s. de Hegar softening of the lower uterine segment; indicative of pregnancy. Hoffmann s. s. de Hoffmann 1. increased mechanical irritability of the sensory nerves in tetany; the ulnar nerve is usually tested. 2. a sudden nipping of the nail of the index, middle, or ring finger produces flexion of the terminal phalanx of the thumb and of the second and third phalanges of some other finger. Homans s. s. de Homans discomfort behind the knee on forced dorsiflexion of the foot, due to thrombosis in the calf veins. Hoover s. s. de Hoover 1. in the normal state or in true paralysis, when the supine patient presses the leg against the surface on which he is lying, the other leg will lift. 2. movement of the costal margins toward the midline in inhalation, bilaterally in pulmonary emphysema and unilaterally in conditions causing flattening of the diaphragm. Kernig s. s. de Kernig in meningitis, inability to completely extend the leg when sitting or lying with the thigh flexed upon the abdomen; when in dorsal decubitus position, the leg can be easily and completely extended. Klippel-Weil s. s. du pouce in pyramidal tract disease, flexion and adduction of the thumb when the flexed fingers are quickly extended by the examiner. Lasgue s. s. de Lasègue in sciatica, flexion of the hip is painful when the knee is extended, but painless when the knee is flexed. Lri s. s. de Léri absence of normal flexion of the elbow on passive flexion of the hand at the wrist of the affected side in hemiplegia. Lhermitte s. s. de Lhermitte electric-like shocks spreading down the body on flexing the head forward; seen mainly in multiple sclerosis but also in compression and other cervical cord disorders. Macewen s. s. de Macewen a more than normal resonant note on percussion of the skull behind the junction of the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones in internal hydrocephalus and cerebral abscess. Mc- Murray s. s. de McMurray occurrence of a cartilage click on manipulation of the knee; indicative of meniscal injury. Möbius s. s. de Mœbius in Graves disease, inability to keep the eyes converged due to insufficiency of the internal rectus muscles. Musset s. s. de Musset rhythmical jerking of the head in aortic aneurysm and aortic insufficiency. Nikolsky s. s. de Nikolsky ready separation of the outer layer of the epidermis from the basal layer with sloughing of the skin produced by minor trauma such as a sliding or rubbing pressure on the skin; it can occur in certain skin disorders, infection, and thermal burns. Oliver s. s. de la trachée tracheal tugging; see tugging. Oppenheim s. s. d’Oppenheim see under reflex. Queckenstedt s. s. de Queckenstedt when the veins in the neck are compressed on one or both sides in healthy persons, there is a rapid rise in the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid, which then returns quickly to normal when compression ceases. In obstruction of the vertebral canal, the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid is little or not at all affected. Romberg s. s. de Romberg swaying of the body or falling when the eyes are closed while standing with the feet close together; observed in tabes dorsalis. Rossolimo s. s. de Rossolimo see under reflex. setting sun s. s. du coucher de soleil downward deviation of the eyes so that each iris appears to “set” beneath the lower lid, with white sclera exposed between it and the upper lid; indicative of increased intracranial pressure or irritation of the brain stem. Stellwag s. s. de Stellwag infrequent or incomplete blinking, a sign of Graves disease. string of beads s. s. du collier de perles a series of rounded shapes resembling a string of beads on a radiograph of the small intestine, indicating bubbles of trapped gas within the fluid of an obstructed and distended bowel. Tinel s. s. de Tinel a tingling sensation in the distal end of a limb when percussion is made over the site of a divided nerve. It indicates a partial lesion or the beginning regeneration of the nerve. Trousseau s. s. de Trousseau tache cérébrale. vital s’s s. vitaux the pulse, respiration, and temperature.
signa signa [L.] write or make a mark; abbreviated S. or sig. in prescriptions.
signature signature the part of a prescription that gives directions as to the taking of the medicine.
significant significatif in statistics, probably resulting from something other than chance.
signing langage des signes dactylology; use of a system of hand movements for communication.
Silastic Silastic trademark for polymeric silicone substances that have the properties of rubber but are biologically inert; used in surgical prostheses.
sildenafil sildénafil a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that relaxes the smooth muscle of the penis, facilitating blood flow to the corpus cavernosum; used as the citrate salt to treat erectile dysfunction.
silencing répression the process of making or keeping something silent. gene s. inactivation génique negative regulation of gene expression, including processes that inhibit transcription of genes, such as DNA methylation, and posttranscriptional processes.
silent silencieux 1. noiseless. 2. producing no detectable signs or symptoms.
silica silice silicon dioxide, SiO2, occurring in various allotropic forms, some of which are used in dental materials. See also silicosis.
silicatosis silicatose pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of the dust of silicates such as those in asbestos, kaolin, mica, or talc.
silicoanthracosis silicoanthracose anthracosilicosis.
silicon silicium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 14, symbol Si. s. carbide carbure de s. a compound of silicon and carbon used in dentistry as an abrasive agent. s. dioxide dioxyde de s. silica.
silicone silicone any of a large group of organic compounds comprising alternating silicon and oxygen atoms linked to organic radicals, particularly methyl groups; uses have included wetting agents and surfactants, sealants, coolants, contact lenses, and surgical membranes and implants.
silicosiderosis silicosidérose siderosilicosis.
silicosis silicose pneumoconiosis due to inhalation of the dust of stone, sand, or flint containing silica, with generalized nodular fibrotic changes in the lungs. Adj.: silicotic.
siliquose siliqueux pertaining to or resembling a pod or husk.
silk soie the protein filament produced by the larvae of various insects; braided, degummed silk obtained from the cocoons of the silkworm Bombyx mori is used as a nonabsorbable suture material.
siloxane siloxane any of various compounds based on a substituted backbone of alternating silica and oxygen molecules; in polymeric form they are polysiloxanes, and when the side chain substituents are organic radicals, they are silicones.
silver argent chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 47, symbol Ag. s. nitrate nitrate d’a. used as a local anti-infective, as in the prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum. s. protein protéine d’a. silver made colloidal by the presence of, or combination with, protein; it may be mild, used as a topical anti-infective, or strong, used as an active germicide with a local irritant and astringent effect. s. sulfadiazine sulfadiazine d’a. the silver derivative of sulfadiazine, having bactericidal activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, as well as being effective against yeasts; used as a topical antiinfective for the prevention and treatment of wound sepsis in patients with second and third degree burns. toughened s. nitrate nitrate d’a., Argentum nitricum a compound of silver nitrate, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, or potassium nitrate; used as a caustic, applied topically after being dipped in water.
simethicone siméthicone an antifoaming and antiflatulent agent consisting of a mixture of dimethicones and silicon dioxide.
simian simien of, pertaining to, or resembling an ape or a monkey.
similia similibus curantur similia similibus curantur [L. “likes are cured by likes”] the doctrine, which lies at the foundation of homeopathy, that a disease is cured by those remedies which produce effects resembling the disease itself.
simillimum simillimum [L.] the homeopathic remedy that most exactly reproduces the symptoms of any disease.
simple simple neither compound nor complex; single.
Simplexvirus Simplexvirus herpes simplex-like viruses; a genus of ubiquitous viruses of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae (family Herpesviridae) that infect humans and other animals.
simul simul [L.] at the same time as.
simulator simulateur something that simulates, such as an apparatus that simulates conditions that will be encountered in real life.
Simulium Simulium a genus of biting gnats; some species are intermediate hosts of Onchocerca volvulus.
simultanagnosia simultanagnosie partial visual agnosia, consisting of the inability to comprehend more than one element of a visual scene at the same time or to integrate the parts as a whole.
simvastatin simvastatine an antihyperlipidemic agent that acts by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and other forms of dyslipidemia and to lower the risks associated with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
sinciput sinciput forehead. Adj.: sincipital.
sinew tendon a tendon of a muscle. weeping s. ganglion synovial an encysted ganglion, chiefly on the back of the hand, containing synovial fluid.
single blind simple insu (à) pertaining to an experiment in which subjects do not know which treatment they are receiving.
singultus singultus [L.] hiccup.
sinister sénestre [L.] left; on the left side.
sinistrad sinistrad to or toward the left.
sinistral sénestre pertaining to the left side.
sinistrality sinistralité lateral dominance on the left side.
sinistr(o)- sinistr(o)- word element [L.], left; left side.
sinistrocerebral sinistrocérébral pertaining to or situated in the left cerebral hemisphere.
sinistrocular sinistroculaire having the left eye dominant.
sinistromanual gaucher left-handed.
sinistropedal sinistropédal using the left foot in preference to the right.
sinistrotorsion sinistrotorsion levoclination.
sinoatrial sinoatrial pertaining to the sinus venosus and the atrium of the heart.
sinobronchitis sinobronchite chronic paranasal sinusitis with recurrent bronchitis.
sinopulmonary sinopulmonaire involving the paranasal sinuses and the lungs.
sinuatrial sinuatrial sinoatrial.
sinuous sinueux bending in and out; winding.
sinus sinus pl. sinus, sinuses 1. [L.] a recess, cavity, or channel, as (a) one in bone or (b) a dilated channel for venous blood. 2. an abnormal channel or fistula permitting escape of pus. Adj.: sinusal. air s. s. aérien an air-containing space within a bone. anal s’s s. anaux furrows, with pouchlike openings at the distal end, separating the rectal columns. aortic s. s. aortique a dilatation between the aortic wall and each of the semilunar cusps of the aortic valve; from two of these sinuses the coronary arteries originate. branchial s. s. branchial an abnormal cavity or space opening externally on the inferior third of the neck; usually a result of persistence of the second pharyngeal groove and cervical sinus. carotid s. s. carotidien a dilatation of the proximal portion of the internal carotid or distal portion of the common carotid artery, containing in its wall pressoreceptors which are stimulated by changes in blood pressure. cavernous s. s. caverneux either of two irregularly shaped sinuses of the dura mater, located at either side of the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating across the midline; it contains the internal carotid artery and abducent nerve. cervical s. s. cervical a temporary depression caudal to the second pharyngeal arch, containing the succeeding pharyngeal arches; it is overgrown by the second pharyngeal arch and closes off as the cervical vesicle. circular s. s. circulaire the venous channel encircling the hypophysis, formed by the two cavernous sinuses and the anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses. coccygeal s. s. coccygien a sinus or fistula just over or close to the tip of the coccyx. coronary s. s. coronaire the terminal portion of the great cardiac vein, lying in the coronary sulcus between the left atrium and ventricle, and emptying into the right atrium. cortical s’s s. corticaux lymph sinuses in the cortex of a lymph node, which arise from the marginal sinuses and continue into the medullary sinuses. dermal s. fistule dermique a congenital sinus tract extending from the surface of the body, between the bodies of two adjacent lumbar vertebrae, to the spinal canal. dural s’s s. duraux large venous channels forming an anastomosing system between the layers of the dura mater, draining the cerebral veins and some diploic and meningeal veins into the veins of the neck. s. of epididymis s. de l’épididyme a long, slitlike serous pocket between the upper part of the testis and the overlying epididymis. ethmoid s’s, ethmoidal s’s s. éthmoïdaux see under cell. frontal s. s. frontal one of the paired paranasal sinuses in the frontal bone, each communicating with the middle meatus of the ipsilateral nasal cavity. intercavernous s’s s. intercaverneux two sinuses of the dura mater connecting the two cavernous sinuses, one passing anterior and the other posterior to the infundibulum of the hypophysis. lacteal s’s, lactiferous s’s s. galactophores enlargements of the lactiferous ducts just before they open on the mammary papilla. lymphatic s’s s. lymphatiques irregular, tortuous spaces within lymphoid tissue (nodes) through which lymph passes, to enter efferent lymphatic vessels. marginal s’s s. marginaux 1. see under lake. 2. bowl-shaped lymph sinuses separating the capsule from the cortical parenchyma, and from which lymph flows into the cortical sinuses. maxillary s. s. maxillaire one of the paired paranasal sinuses in the body of the maxilla on either side, and opening into the middle meatus of the ipsilateral nasal cavity. medullary s’s s. médullaires lymph sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node, which divide the lymphoid tissue into a number of medullary cords. occipital s. s. occipital one of the sinuses of the dura mater, passing upward along the midline of the cerebellum. oral s. s. oral stomodeum. paranasal s’s s. paranasaux mucosa-lined air cavities in bones of the skull, communicating with the nasal cavity and including ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses. petrosal s. s. pétreux either of two sinuses of the dura mater, arising from the cavernous sinus and draining into the internal jugular vein (inferior petrosal s.) or into the transverse sinus (superior petrosal s.). pilonidal s. s. pilonidal a suppurating sinus containing hair, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region. prostatic s. s. prostatique the posterolateral recess between the seminal colliculus and the wall of the urethra. s. of pulmonary trunk s. de l’artère pulmonaire a slight dilatation between the wall of the pulmonary trunk and each of the semilunar cusps of the pulmonary trunk valve. renal s. s. du rein a recess in the substance of the kidney, occupied by the renal pelvis, calices, vessels, nerves, and fat. sagittal s., inferior s. sagittal, inférieur a small venous sinus of the dura mater, opening into the straight sinus. sagittal s., superior s. sagittal, supérieur a venous sinus of the dura mater which ends in the confluence of sinuses. sigmoid s. s. sigmoïde a venous sinus of the dura mater on either side, continuous with the transverse sinus and draining into the internal jugular vein of the same side. sphenoid s., sphenoidal s. s. sphénoïde one of the paired paranasal sinuses in the body of the sphenoid bone and opening into the highest meatus of the ipsilateral nasal cavity. sphenoparietal s. s. sphénopariétal either of two sinuses of the dura mater, draining into the anterior part of the cavernous sinus. splenic s. s. splénique a dilated venous sinus in the substance of the spleen. straight s. s. droit one of the sinuses of the dura mater formed by junction of the great cerebral vein and inferior sagittal sinus, commonly ending in the confluence of the sinuses. tarsal s. c. calcanéen a space between the calcaneus and talus. tentorial s. s. droit straight s. terminal s. s. terminal a vein that encircles the vascular area in the blastoderm. transverse s. s. latéral 1. either of two large sinuses of the dura mater. 2. a passage behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk and in front of the atria. tympanic s. s. du tympan a deep recess in the posterior part of the tympanic cavity. urogenital s. s. urogénital an elongated sac formed by division of the cloaca in the early embryo, forming most of the bladder, the female vestibule, urethra, and vagina, and most of the male urethra. uterine s’s s. utérins venous channels in the wall of the uterus in pregnancy. s. of venae cavae s. des veines caves the portion of the right atrium into which the inferior and the superior venae cavae open. s. venosus s. veineux 1. the common venous receptacle in the embryonic midheart, attached to the posterior wall of the primordial atrium. 2. venous s. (1). 3. s. of venae cavae. venous s. s. veineux 1. a large vein or channel for the circulation of venous blood. 2. s. venosus (1). venous s’s of dura mater s. veineux de la dure-mère large channels for venous blood forming an anastomosing system between the layers of the dura mater of the brain, receiving blood from the brain and draining into the veins of the scalp or deep veins at the base of the skull. venous s. of sclera s. veineux de la sclère a branching, circumferential vessel in the internal scleral sulcus, a major component of the drainage pathway for aqueous humor.
sinusitis sinusite inflammation of a sinus.
sinusoid sinusoïde 1. resembling a sinus. 2. a form of terminal blood channel consisting of a large, irregular anastomosing vessel having a lining of reticuloendothelium and found in the liver, heart, spleen, pancreas, and the adrenal, parathyroid, carotid, and hemolymph glands.
sinusoidal sinusoïdal 1. located in a sinusoid or affecting the circulation in the region of a sinusoid. 2. shaped like or pertaining to a sine wave.
sinusotomy sinusotomie incision of a sinus.
siphon siphon a bent tube with two arms of unequal length, used to transfer liquids from a higher to a lower level by the force of atmospheric pressure.
siphonage siphonage the use of the siphon, as in gastric lavage or in draining the bladder.
sirenomelia sirénomélie apodal symmelia.
sirenomelus sirénomèle a fetus with sirenomelia.
sirolimus sirolimus a macrolide antibiotic having immunosuppressant properties; used to prevent rejection of kidney transplants.
-sis -sie word element [Gr.], state; condition.
SISI SISI short increment sensitivity index.
sister sœur the nurse in charge of a hospital ward (Great Britain).
Sistrurus Sistrurus a genus of small rattlesnakes of the family Crotalidae; they occur throughout the United States and have symmetrical plates covering their heads. S. catenatus is the massasauga and S. miliarius is the pygmy rattlesnake.
sitagliptin sitagliptine an agent that in response to elevated blood sugar slows the inactivation of incretins, thereby increasing insulin release and decreasing circulating glucagon levels; used as the phosphate salt in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
site site a place, position, or locus. active s. s. actif the three-dimensional region of an enzyme or other catalyst at which the reaction occurs, binding the substrate and facilitating its conversion to a reaction product. allosteric s. s. allostérique a site on a multi-subunit enzyme that is not the substrate binding site but that when reversibly bound by an effector induces a conformational change in the enzyme, altering its catalytic properties. antigen-binding s., antigen-combining s. s. de liaison antigénique the region of the antibody molecule that binds to antigens. binding s. s. de liaison in an enzyme or other protein, the three-dimensional configuration of specific groups on specific amino acids that binds specific compounds, such as substrates or effectors, with high affinity and specificity. catalytic s. s. catalytique in an enzyme, the portion of the active site that converts the substrate to a reaction product or otherwise interacts with it. restriction s. s. de restriction a base sequence in a DNA segment recognized by a particular restriction endonuclease.
sit(o)- sit(o)- word element [Gr.], food.
sitosterol sitostérol any of a group of closely related plant sterols, having anticholesterolemic activity.
sitosterolemia sitostérolémie the presence of excessive sitosterols in the blood, especially β-sitosterol, from dietary vegetables. Written also β-sitosterolemia.
sitotropism sitotropisme response of living cells to the presence of nutritive elements.
situs situs pl. situs [L.] site or position. s. inversus viscerum s. inversus viscerum lateral transposition of the viscera of the thorax and abdomen. s. transversus s. transversus s. inversus viscerum.
SIV VIS simian immunodeficiency virus.
skatole skatole a strong-smelling crystalline amine from human feces, produced by protein decomposition in the intestine and directly from tryptophan by decarboxylation.
skeletal du squelette pertaining to the skeleton.
skeletization squelettisation 1. extreme emaciation. 2. removal of soft parts from the skeleton.
skeletogenous squelettogène producing skeletal or bony structures.
skeleton squelette [Gr.] the hard framework of the animal body, especially that of higher vertebrates; the bones of the body collectively. See Plate 1. appendicular s. s. appendiculaire the bones of the limbs and supporting thoracic (pectoral) and pelvic girdles. axial s. s. axial the bones of the body axis, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. cardiac s. s. cardiaque the fibrous or fibrocartilaginous framework that supports and gives attachment to the cardiac muscle fibers and valves, and the roots of the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
skenitis skénite inflammation of the paraurethral(Skene) glands.
skin peau the outer protective covering of the body, consisting of the dermis and epidermis. farmers’ s. élastose actinique actinic elastosis.
skinfold pli cutané the layer of skin and subcutaneous fat raised by pinching the skin and letting the underlying muscle fall back to the bone; used to estimate the percentage of body fat.
SKSD SKSD streptokinase-streptodornase.
skull crâne the skeleton of the head, including the cranium and the mandible. See Plate 1.
slant gélose inclinée 1. a sloping surface of agar in a test tube. 2. slant culture.
SLE LES systemic lupus erythematosus.
sleep sommeil a period of rest for the body and mind, during which volition and consciousness are in abeyance and bodily functions are partially suspended; also described as a behavioral state, with characteristic immobile posture and diminished but readily reversible sensitivity to external stimuli. NREM s. s. lent non-rapid eye movement sleep; the deep, dreamless period of sleep during which the brain waves are slow and of high voltage, and autonomic activities, such as heart rate and blood pressure, are low and regular. REM s. s. paradoxal the period of sleep during which the brain waves are fast and of low voltage, and autonomic activities, such as heart rate and respiration, are irregular. This type of sleep is associated with dreaming, mild involuntary muscle jerks, and rapid eye movements (REM). It usually occurs three to four times each night at intervals of 80 to 120 minutes, each occurrence lasting from 5 minutes to more than an hour.
sleepwalking somnambulisme somnambulism.
slide préparation microscopique a glass plate on which objects are placed for microscopic examination.
sling écharpe a bandage or suspensory for supporting a part. mandibular s. é. mandibulaire a structure suspending the mandible, formed by the medial pterygoid and masseter muscles and aiding in mandibulomaxillary articulation. pubovaginal s. fronde pubovaginale a support constructed of rectoabdominal fascia to stabilize the bladder from underneath in treatment of stress incontinence. suburethral s. fronde sous-urétrale a support constructed surgically from muscle, ligament, or synthetic material that elevates the bladder from underneath in the treatment of stress incontinence.
slough 1. escarre necrotic tissue in the process of separating from viable portions of the body. 2. perdre to shed or cast off.
sludge boue a suspension of solid or semisolid particles in a fluid which itself may or may not be a truly viscous fluid.
sludging agglutination settling out of solid particles from solution. s. of blood agrégation de sang intravascular agglutination.
Sm Sm samarium.
smallpox variole variola; an acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease, now eradicated worldwide by vaccination programs, caused by an orthopoxvirus and marked by fever and distinctive progressive skin eruptions.
smear frottis a specimen for microscopic study prepared by spreading the material across the slide. Pap s., Papanicolaou s. test de Papanicolaou see under test.
smegma smegma a type of secretion of sebaceous glands, found chiefly beneath the prepuce; it consists principally of desquamated epithelial cells and sometimes has a cheesy consistency. Adj.: smegmatic.
smell odorat olfaction.
Sn Sn tin (L. stannum).
SNA SNA State Nurses Association.
snake serpent, couleuvre 1. a limbless reptile of the suborder Ophidia, some of which are poisonous. 2. any of various worms that resemble members of Ophidia. black s. serpent noir blacksnake. brown s. couleuvre brune a venomous elapid snake of Australia and New Guinea belonging to the genus Demansia. coral s. serpent corail any of various venomous snakes of the genera Micrurus and Micruroides. crotalid s. serpent crotale crotalid (1). elapid s. serpent élapide elapid (1). harlequin s. serpent harlequin coral s. poisonous s’s serpent venimeux 1. venomous s’s. 2. snakes that contain poison, either in venom glands or in other organs or tissues. sea s. serpent à queue plate a snake of the family Hydrophiidae. tiger s. serpent tigre Notechis scutatus. venomous s’s serpents venimeux snakes that secrete venoms capable of producing a deleterious effect on either the blood (hemotoxin) or the nervous system (neurotoxin), with the venom injected into the body of the victim by the snake’s bite. viperine s. vipère true viper.
snap claquement a short, sharp sound. opening s. c. d’ouverture a short, sharp sound in early diastole caused by abrupt halting at its maximal opening of an abnormal atrioventricular valve.
snare anse diathermique a wire loop for removing polyps and tumors by encircling them at the base and closing the loop.
sneeze 1. éternuer to expel air forcibly and spasmodically through the nose and mouth. 2. éternuement an involuntary, sudden, violent, and audible expulsion of air through the mouth and nose.
SNMTS SNMTS Society of Nuclear Medicine— Technologists Section.
snow neige a freezing or frozen mixture consisting of discrete particles or crystals. carbon dioxide s. n. carbonique solid carbon dioxide, formed by rapid evaporation of liquid carbon dioxide; it gives a temperature of about − 79 °C (− 110 °F). It is used in cryotherapy to freeze and anesthetize the skin and, in the form of a slush (carbon dioxide slush), as an escharotic to destroy skin lesions and as a peeling agent for chemabrasion.
snowblindness ophtalmie des neiges see under blindness.
SNP PNS single nucleotide polymorphism.
SNRI IRSN serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; see also selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
snRNA snRNA small nuclear RNA.
snRNP snRNP small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.
SNS SNS sympathetic nervous system.
snuffles jetage catarrhal discharge from the nasal mucous membrane in infants, generally in congenital syphilis.
SOAP SOAP a device for conceptualizing the process of recording the progress notes in the problem-oriented record (see under record): S indicates subjective data obtained from the patient and others close to him; O designates objective data obtained by observation, physical examination, diagnostic studies, etc.; A refers to assessment of the patient’s status through analysis of the problem, possible interaction of the problems, and changes in the status of the problems; P designates the plan for patient care.
soap savon any compound of one or more fatty acids, or their equivalents, with an alkali; it is detergent and is used as a cleanser.
SOB anhélation shortness of breath.
socialization socialisation the process by which society integrates the individual and the individual learns to behave in socially acceptable ways.
sociobiology sociobiologie the branch of theoretical biology that proposes that animal (including human) behavior has a biological basis controlled by the genes. Adj.: sociobiologic, sociobiological.
sociometry sociométrie the branch of sociology concerned with the measurement of human social behavior.
sociotherapy sociothérapie any treatment emphasizing modification of the environment and improvement in interpersonal relationships rather than intrapsychic factors.
socket alvéole a hollow into which a corresponding part fits. dry s. alvéolite a condition sometimes occurring after tooth extraction, with exposure of bone, inflammation of an alveolar crypt, and severe pain. eye s. orbite de l’œil orbit. tooth s. a. de la dent dental alveolus.
soda soude a term loosely applied to sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, or sodium carbonate. baking s., bicarbonate of s. hydrogénocarbonate de sodium sodium bicarbonate. s. ime chaux sodée calcium hydroxide with sodium or potassium hydroxide, or both; used as adsorbent of carbon dioxide in equipment for metabolism tests, inhalant anesthesia, or oxygen therapy.
sodium sodium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 11, symbol Na; the chief cation of extracellular body fluids. For sodium salts not listed here, see under the acid or the active ingredient. s. acetate acétate de s. a source of sodium ions for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, also a systemic and urinary alkalizer. s. ascorbate ascorbate de s. an antiscorbutic vitamin and nutritional supplement; also used as an aid to deferoxamine therapy in the treatment of chronic iron toxicity. s. benzoate benzoate de s. an antifungal agent also used in a test of liver function. s. bicarbonate bicarbonate de s. the monosodium salt of carbonic acid, used as a gastric and systemic anatacid and to alkalize urine; also used, in solution, for washing the nose, mouth, and vagina, as a cleansing enema, and as a dressing for minor burns. s. biphosphate biphosphate de s. monobasic s. phosphate. s. borate borate de s. the sodium salt of boric acid, used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals. s. carbonate carbonate de s. the disodium salt of carbonic acid, used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals. s. chloride chlorure de s. common table salt, a necessary constituent of the body and therefore of the diet, involved in maintaining osmotic tension of blood and tissues; uses include replenishment of electrolytes in the body, irrigation of wounds and body cavities, enema, inhaled mucolytic, topical osmotic ophthalmic agent, and preparation of pharmaceuticals. s. chromate Cr 51 chromate de s. Cr 51 the disodium salt of chromic acid prepared using the radioactive isotope chromium 51; used to tag erythrocytes or platelets for studies of red cell disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, and platelet survival. s. citrate citrate de s. the trisodium salt of citric acid, used as an anticoagulant for blood or plasma for transfusion; also used as a urinary alkalizer. dibasic s. phosphate phosphate de s. dibasique an electrolyte replenisher, laxative, urinary acidifier, and antiurolithic, often used in combination with other phosphate compounds. Labeled with radiophosphorus (s. phosphate P 32), it is used as an antineoplastic in the treatment of polycythemia vera, chronic lymphocytic or myelocytic leukemia, and metastatic bone lesions. s. dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sulfate dodécyl de s. the more usual name for sodium lauryl sulfate when used as an anionic detergent to solubilize proteins. s. fluoride fluorure de s. a dental caries prophylactic, NaF; used in the fluoridation of water and applied topically to the teeth. s. glutamate glutamate de s. monosodium glutamate. s. hydroxide hydroxyde de s. NaOH, a strongly alkaline and caustic compound; used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals. s. hypochlorite hypochlorite de s. the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid, NaClO, having germicidal and disinfectant properties. s. hyposulfite hyposulfite de s. s. thiosulfate. s. iodide iodure de s. a binary haloid, used as a source of iodine. Labeled with radioactive iodine, it is used in thyroid function tests and thyroid imaging and to treat hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma. s. lactate lactate de s. the sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid, used as a fluid and electrolyte replenisher to combat acidosis. monobasic s. phosphate phosphate monosodique the monohydrate, dihydrate, or anhydrous monosodium salt of phosphoric acid; used in buffer solutions. Used alone or in combination with other phosphate compounds, given intravenously as an electrolyte replenisher, orally or rectally as a laxative, and orally as a urinary acidifier and as an antiurolithic. s. monofluorophosphate monofluorophosphate de s. a dental caries prophylactic applied topically to the teeth. s. nitrite nitrite de s. an antidote for cyanide poisoning; also used as a preservative in cured meats and other foods. s. nitroprusside nitroprusside de s. an antihypertensive used in the treatment of acute congestive heart failure and of hypertensive crisis and to produce controlled hypotension during surgery; also used as a reagent. s. phenylbutyrate phénylbutyrate de s. an antihyperammonemic agent used as adjunctive treatment to control the hyperammonemia of urea cycle enzyme disorders. s. phosphate phosphate de s. any of various compounds of sodium and phosphoric acid; usually specifically dibasic s. phosphate. s. polystyrene sulfonate sulfonate de polystyrène sodique, kayexalate a cation exchange resin used as an antihyperkalemic. s. propionate propionate de s. the sodium salt of propionic acid, having antifungal properties; used as a topical antifungal; also used as a preservative. s. salicylate salicylate de s. see salicylate. s. sulfate sulfate de s. an osmotic laxative. s. tetradecyl sulfate tétradécylsulfate de s. an anionic surfactant with sclerosing properties; used as a wetting agent and in the treatment of varicose veins. s. thiosulfate thiosulfate de s. a compound used as an antidote (with s. nitrite) to cyanide poisoning, in the prophylaxis of ringworm (added to foot baths), topically in tinea versicolor, and in some tests of renal function.
sodoku sodoku Japanese name for the spirillary form of rat-bite fever.
sodomy sodomie 1. anal intercourse. 2. any of various nonreproductive sexual acts, particularly anal intercourse.
softening ramollissement malacia.
Sol. Sol. [L.] solutio (solution).
sol sol a colloid system in which the dispersion medium is liquid or gas; the latter is usually called an aerosol.
solar solaire denoting the great sympathetic plexus and its principal ganglia (especially the celiac); so called because of their radiating nerves.
solation solation the conversion of a gel into a sol.
sole plante the bottom of the foot.
solitary solitaire 1. alone; separated from others. 2. living alone or in pairs only.
solubility solubilité quality of being soluble; susceptibility of being dissolved.
soluble soluble susceptible of being dissolved.
solute soluté the substance dissolved in solvent to form a solution.
solution solution 1. a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes) dispersed molecularly in a sufficient quantity of dissolving medium (solvent). 2. in pharmacology, a liquid preparation of one or more soluble chemical substances usually dissolved in water. 3. the process of dissolving. 4. dissolution a loosening or separation. acetic acid otic s. s. auriculaire d’acide acétique a solution of glacial acetic acid in a nonaqueous solvent, used to treat otitis externa caused by various fungi. aluminum acetate topical s. s. locale d’acétate d’aluminium a preparation of aluminum subacetate solution, glacial acetic acid, and water; an astringent applied topically to the skin as a wet dressing and used as a gargle or mouthwash. aluminum subacetate topical s. soluté local de sous-acétate d’aluminium a solution of aluminum sulfate, acetic acid, precipitated calcium carbonate, and water; applied topically as an astringent, and also as an antiseptic and a wet dressing. anisotonic s. s. anisotonique one having tonicity differing from that of the standard of reference. anticoagulant citrate dextrose s. s. anticoagulante de citrate et dextrose a solution of citric acid, sodium citrate, and dextrose in water for injection, used for preservation of whole blood. anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose s. s. anticoagulante de citrate, phosphate et dextrose a solution containing citric acid, sodium citrate, monobasic sodium phosphate, and dextrose in water for injection; used for preservation of whole blood. anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose adenine s. s. anticoagulante de citrate, phosphate, dextrose et adénine a solution consisting of anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose solution and adenine; used for the preservation of whole blood. anticoagulant heparin s. s. anticoagulante d’héparine a sterile solution of heparin sodium in sodium chloride, used as an anticoagulant in the preservation of whole blood. anticoagulant sodium citrate s. s. anticoagulante de citrate de sodium a solution of sodium citrate in water for injection, used for the storage of whole blood, preparation of blood for fractionation, and preparation of citrated human plasma. APF s. s. APF sodium fluoride and acidulated phosphate topical s. aqueous s. s. aqueuse one in which water is the solvent. Benedict s. s. de Benedict a sodium citrate, sodium carbonate, and cupric sulfate aqueous solution; used to determine presence of glucose in urine. buffer s. s. tampon one that resists appreciable change in its hydrogen ion concentration upon addition of acid or alkali. cardioplegic s. s. cardioplégique a cold solution injected into the aortic root or the coronary ostia to induce cardiac arrest and protect the heart during open heart surgery, usually potassium in an electrolyte solution or in blood. colloid s., colloidal s. s. colloïde imprecise term for a colloidal system; see colloid (2). Dakin s. s. de Dakin a diluted sodium hypochlorite solution, which has been used as a topical anti-infective for skin and wounds. formaldehyde s. formol an aqueous solution containing not less than 37 per cent formaldehyde; used as a disinfectant and as a preservative and fixative for pathologic specimens. hyperbaric s. s. hyperbare one having a greater specific gravity than a standard of reference. hypobaric s. s. hypobare one having a specific gravity less than that of a standard of reference. iodine topical s. eau iodée pour utilisation locale a solution prepared with purified water, each 100 mL containing 1.8 to 2.2 g of iodine and 2.1 to 2.6 g of sodium iodide; a local anti-infective. isobaric s. s. isobare a solution having the same specific gravity as a standard of reference. lactated Ringer s. s. de Ringer see under injection. Lugol s. s. de Lugol strong iodine s. molar s. s. molaire a solution each liter of which contains 1 mole of the dissolved substance; designated 1 M. The concentration of other solutions may be expressed in relation to that of molar solutions as tenth-molar (0.1 M), etc. Monsel s. s. de Monsel a reddish-brown aqueous solution of basic ferric sulfate; astringent and hemostatic. normal s. s. normale a solution each liter of which contains 1 equivalent weight of the dissolved substance: designated 1 N. normal saline s., normal salt s. soluté physiologique physiologic salt s. ophthalmic s. s. ophthalmique a sterile solution, free from foreign particles, for instillation into the eye. physiologic saline s., physiologic salt s., physiologic sodium chloride s. s. physiologique salée a 0.9 per cent aqueous solution of sodium chloride, which is isotonic with blood serum. Ringer s. s. de Ringer see under injection and irrigation. saline s., salt s. s. salée a solution of sodium chloride in purified water. saturated s. s. saturée one containing all of the solute which can be held in solution by the solvent. sclerosing s. s. sclérosante a solution of a sclerosing agent, for use in sclerotherapy. Shohl s. s. de Shohl an aqueous solution of citric acid and sodium citrate; used to correct electrolyte imbalance in renal tubular acidosis. sodium fluoride and acidulated phosphate topical s. s. locale de fluorure de sodium et de phosphate acidulé a solution of sodium fluoride, acidulated with phosphoric acid, pH of 3.0 to 3.5; applied topically to the teeth as a dental caries prophylactic. sodium hypochlorite s. s. d’hypochlorite de sodium a solution containing 4 to 6 per cent by weight of sodium hypochlorite; used to disinfect utensils. In dilution, usually containing approximately 0.5 per cent free chlorine, it is used for skin disinfection and wound irrigation. standard s. s. standard one that contains in each liter a definitely stated amount of reagent; usually expressed in terms of normality (equivalent weights of solute per liter of solution) or molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution). strong iodine s. eau iodée concentrée a solution containing, in each 100 ml, 5 g of iodine and 10 g of potassium iodide; a source of iodine. supersaturated s. s. sursaturée an unstable solution containing more of the solute than it can permanently hold. TAC s. s. TAC a solution of tetracaine, epinephrine, and cocaine, used as a local anesthetic in the emergency treatment of uncomplicated lacerations. volumetric s. s. volumétrique one that contains a specific quantity of solvent per stated unit of volume.
solvent solvant 1. dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. a substance, usually a liquid, that dissolves or is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution present in greater amount.
soma soma 1. the body as distinguished from the mind. 2. the body tissue as distinguished from the germ cells. 3. the cell body.
somatalgia somatalgie generalized bodily pain.
somatesthesia somatesthésie somatognosis.
somatic somatique 1. pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera.
somatization somatisation the conversion of mental experiences or states into bodily symptoms.
somat(o)- somat(o)- word element [Gr.], body.
somatochrome somatochrome any neuron that has cytoplasm completely surrounding the nucleus and easily stainable Nissl bodies.
somatoform somatoforme denoting physical symptoms that cannot be attributed to organic disease and appear to be psychogenic.
somatogenic somatogène originating in the cells of the body, as opposed to psychogenic.
somatognosis somatognosis the general feeling of the existence of one’s body and of the functioning of the organs.
somatology somatologie the sum of what is known about the body; the study of anatomy and physiology.
somatomedin somatomédine any of a group of peptides found in plasma, complexed with binding proteins; they stimulate cellular growth and replication as second messengers in the somatotropic actions of growth hormone and also have insulin-like activities. Two such peptides have been isolated, insulin-like growth factors I and II.
somatometry somatométrie measurement of the body.
somatomotor somatomoteur pertaining to movements of the body.
somatopleure somatoplèvre the embryonic body wall, formed by ectoderm and somatic mesoderm. Adj.: somatopleural.
somatopsychic somatopsychique pertaining to both mind and body; relating to the effects of the body on the mind.
somatoscopy somatoscopie examination of the body.
somatosensory somatosensoriel pertaining to sensations received in the skin and deep tissues.
somatosexual somatosexuel pertaining to both physical and sex characteristics, or to physical manifestations of sexual development.
somatostatin (SS) somatostatine a polypeptide elaborated primarily by the median eminence of the hypothalamus and by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans; it inhibits release of thyrotropin, somatotropin, and corticotropin by the adenohypophysis, of insulin and glucagon by the pancreas, of gastrin by the gastric mucosa, of secretin by the intestinal mucosa, and of renin by the kidney.
somatostatinoma somatostatinome an islet cell tumor that secretes somatostatin.
somatotherapy somatothérapie biological treatment of mental disorders, as electric shock or drug therapy.
somatotopic somatotopique related to particular areas of the body; describing organization of the motor area of the brain, control of the movement of different parts of the body being centered in specific regions of the cortex.
somatotrope somatotrope somatotroph.
somatotroph somatotrophe a type of acidophil of the adenohypophysis that secretes growth hormone.
somatotrophic somatotrophique somatotropic.
somatotrophin somatotrophine growth hormone.
somatotropic somatotrope 1. having an affinity for or attacking the body cells. 2. having a stimulating effect on nutrition and growth. 3. having the properties of somatotrophin.
somatotropin somatotropine growth hormone.
somatotype somatotype a particular type of body build.
somatrem somatrem biosynthetic human growth hormone, prepared by recombinant technology and differing from the natural human hormone in containing an additional methionine residue at the terminus; used to treat growth failure and AIDS-associated cachexia or weight loss.
somatropin somatropine biosynthetic human growth hormone, prepared by recombinant means and having the same amino acid sequence as the natural hormone; used to treat growth failure and AIDS-associated cachexia or weight loss.
somesthesia somesthésie somatognosis.
somite somite one of the paired, blocklike masses of mesoderm, arranged segmentally alongside the neural tube of the embryo, forming the vertebral column and segmental musculature.
somnambulism somnambulisme sleepwalking; rising out of bed and walking about or performing other complex motor behavior during an apparent state of sleep.
somnifacient hypnogène hypnotic (1, 2).
somniferous somnifère hypnotic (1).
somniloquism somniloquie talking in one’s sleep.
somnolence somnolence [L.] drowsiness or sleepiness, particularly in excess.
somnolentia somnolence 1. drowsiness, or somnolence. 2. sleep drunkenness.
sonication sonification exposure to sound waves; disruption of bacteria by exposure to highfrequency sound waves.
sonography sonographie ultrasonography. Adj.: sonographic.
sonolucent anéchogène anechoic; in ultrasonography, permitting the passage of ultrasound waves without reflecting them back to their source (without giving off echoes).
SOPHE SOPHE Society for Public Health Education.
sopor sommeil profond [L.] unnaturally deep or profound sleep.
soporific soporifique 1. producing deep sleep. 2. hypnotic (2).
soporous soporeux associated with coma or profound sleep.
sorb absorber to attract and retain substances by absorption or adsorption.
sorbefacient qui facilite l’absorption absorbefacient.
sorbent sorbant an agent that sorbs; see absorbent and adsorbent.
sorbic acid acid sorbique a fungistat used as an antimicrobial inhibitor in pharmaceuticals.
sorbitan sorbitan any of the anhydrides of sorbitol, the fatty acids of which are surfactants used as emulsifiers in pharmaceutical preparations; see also polysorbate 80.
sorbitol sorbitol a six-carbon sugar alcohol from a variety of fruits, found in lens deposits in diabetes mellitus. A pharmaceutical preparation is used as a sweetening agent and osmotic laxative, and in drugs as a tablet excipient, humectant, and stabilizer.
sordes fuliginosité debris, especially the encrustations of food, epithelial matter, and bacteria that collect on the lips and teeth during a prolonged fever.
sore 1. plaie popularly, almost any lesion of the skin or mucous membranes. 2. endolori painful. bed s. p. de lit decubitus ulcer. canker s. aphte recurrent aphthous stomatitis. cold s. herpès labial see herpes simplex.
sorption sorption the process or state of being sorbed; absorption or adsorption.
S.O.S. S.O.S. [L.] si opus sit (if it is necessary).
sotalol sotalol a non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
souffle souffle a soft, blowing auscultatory sound. cardiac s. s. cardiaque any cardiac or vascular murmur of a blowing quality. funic s., funicular s. s. funiculaire hissing souffle synchronous with fetal heart sounds, probably from the umbilical cord. mammary s. s. mammaire a functional cardiac murmur with a blowing sound, heard over the breasts in late pregnancy and during lactation. placental s. s. placentaire the sound supposed to be produced by the blood current in the placenta. uterine s. s. utérin a sound made by the blood within the arteries of the gravid uterus.
sound son 1. a pressure wave propagating through an elastic medium; waves with a frequency of 20–20,000 Hz cause the sensation of hearing. 2. bruit the effect produced on the organ of hearing by vibrations of the air or other medium. 3. a noise, normal or abnormal, heard within the body. an instrument to be introduced into a cavity to detect a foreign body or to dilate a stricture. adventitious s’s b. adventices abnormal auscultatory sounds heard over the lung, such as rales, rhonchi, or abnormal resonance. aortic second s. b. aortique second the audible vibrations related to the closure of the aortic valve; symbol A2. auscultatory s’s b. auscultatoires those heard on auscultation, such as breath sounds, heart sounds, and adventitious sounds. breath s’s b. de la respiration respiratory s’s; sounds heard on auscultation over the respiratory tract; bronchial and ventricular ones are heard normally at certain places, whereas a cavernous one indicates a lung cavity. continuous s’s s. continus adventitious sounds lasting longer than 0.2 sec, such as wheezes and rhonchi. discontinuous s’s s. discontinus adventitious sounds lasting less than 0.2 sec and coming in a series; the most common are rales. ejection s’s b. d’éjection high-pitched clicking sounds heard just after the first heart sound, at maximal opening of the semilunar valves; seen in patients with valvular abnormalities or dilatations of aortic or pulmonary arteries. friction s. b. de friction see under rub. heart s’s b. du cœur sounds heard over the cardiac region, produced by the functioning of the heart. The first, at the beginning of ventricular systole, is dull, firm, and prolonged, and heard as a “lubb” sound; the second, produced mainly by closure of the semilunar valves, is shorter and sharper than the first and is heard as a “dupp” sound; the third is usually audible only in youth; and the fourth is normally inaudible. hippocratic s’s b. hippocratiques succussion s’s. Korotkoff s’s b. de Korotkoff sounds heard during auscultatory determination of blood pressure. percussion s. b. de percussion any sound obtained by percussion. pulmonic second s. b. pulmonique second the audible vibrations related to the closure of the pulmonary valve; symbol P2. respiratory s’s b. respiratoires breath s’s. succussion s’s b. de succussion splashing sounds heard on succussion over a distended stomach or in hydropneumothorax. to-and-fro s. b. de va-et-vient see under murmur. urethral s. sonde urétrale a long, slender instrument for exploring and dilating the urethra. valvular ejection s. b. d’éjection valvulaire an ejection sound resulting from abnormality of one or both semilunar valves. vascular ejection s. b. d’éjection vasculaire an ejection sound resulting from abnormality of the pulmonary artery or aorta without abnormality of either semilunar valve. voice s’s b. de voix auscultatory sounds heard over the lungs or airways when the patient speaks; increased resonance indicates consolidation or effusion. white s. b. blanc that produced by a mixture of all frequencies of mechanical vibration perceptible as sound.
soy soja soybean.
soybean soja the bean of the leguminous plant, Glycine max, which contains little starch but is rich in protein and phytoestrogens.
space 1. espace a delimited area. 2. loge an actual or potential cavity of the body. Adj.: spatial. apical s. e. apical the region between the wall of the alveolus and the apex of the root of a tooth. Bowman s. e. de Bowman capsular s. capsular s. e. capsulaire a narrow chalice-shaped cavity between the glomerular and capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule of the kidney. cartilage s’s e. cartilagineux the spaces in hyaline cartilage containing the cartilage cells. corneal s’s e. cornéens the spaces between the lamellae of the substantia propria of the cornea containing corneal cells and interstitial fluid. cupular s. e. cupulaire the part of the attic above the malleus. danger s. e. de danger a subdivision of the retropharyngeal space, extending from the base of the skull to the level of the diaphragm; it provides a route for the spread of infection from the pharynx to the mediastinum. dead s. e. mort 1. the space remaining after incomplete closure of surgical or other wounds, permitting accumulation of blood or serum and resultant delay in healing. 2. in the respiratory tract: (1) anatomical dead s., those portions, from the nose and mouth to the terminal bronchioles, not participating in oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, and (2) physiologic dead s., which reflects nonuniformity of ventilation and perfusion in the lung, is the anatomical dead space plus the space in the alveoli occupied by air that does not participate in oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange. epidural s. e. épidural the space between the dura mater and the lining of the vertebral canal. episcleral s. e. épiscléral the space between the bulbar fascia and the eyeball. iliocostal s. e. iliocostal the area between the twelfth rib and the crest of the ilium. intercostal s. e. intercostal the space between two adjacent ribs. interglobular s’s e. interglobulaires small irregular spaces on the outer surface of the dentin in the tooth root. interproximal s. e. interproximal the space between the proximal surfaces of adjoining teeth. intervillous s. e. intervilleux the space of the placenta into which the chorionic villi project and through which the maternal blood circulates. Kiernan s’s e. de Kiernan the triangular spaces bounded by the invaginated Glisson capsule between the liver lobules, containing the larger interlobular branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic duct. lymph s. e. lymphatique any space in tissue occupied by lymph. Meckel s. e. de Meckel a recess in the dura mater which lodges the gasserian ganglion. medullary s. e. médullaire the central cavity and the intervals between the trabeculae of bone which contain the marrow. palmar s. e. palmaire a large fascial space in the hand, divided by a fibrous septum into a midpalmar and a thenar space. parasinoidal s’s e. para-sinusaux lateral lacunae. periaxial s. e. périaxial a fluid-filled cavity surrounding the nuclear bag and myotubule regions of a muscle spindle. perilymphatic s. e. périlymphatique the fluid-filled space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth. perineal s’s e. périnéaux spaces on either side of the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, the deep between it and the superior fascia, the superficial between it and the superficial perineal fascia. perinuclear s. e. périnucléaire a space, approximately 30 nm wide and continuous with the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, separating the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope. periplasmic s. e. périplasmique a zone between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. perivascular s’s e. périvasculaires spaces, often only potential, that surround blood vessels for a short distance as they enter the brain. perivitelline s. e. périvitellin a space between the oocyte and the zona pellucida. pneumatic s. e. pneumatique a portion of bone occupied by air-containing cells, especially the spaces constituting the paranasal sinuses. Poiseuille s. e. de Poiseuille that part of the lumen of a tube, at its periphery, where no flow of liquid occurs. Reinke s. e. de Reinke a potential space between the vocal ligament and the overlying mucosa. retroperitoneal s. e. rétropéritonéal the space between the peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall. retropharyngeal s. e. rétropharyngien the space behind the pharynx, containing areolar tissue. retropubic s. e. rétropubien the areolar space bounded by the reflection of peritoneum, symphysis pubis, and bladder. Retzius s. e. de Retzius 1. retropubic s. 2. perilymphatic s. subarachnoid s. e. sous-arachnoïdien the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater. subdural s. e. sousdural an artifactual space between the dura mater and the arachnoid; normally the arachnoid is attached to the dura and space exists only as the result of trauma or a pathologic process. subgingival s. e. sous-gingival gingival crevice. subphrenic s. e. sous-phrénique the space between the diaphragm and subjacent organs. subumbilical s. e. sous-ombilical a somewhat triangular space in the body cavity beneath the umbilicus. Tenon s. e. de Tenon episcleral s. thenar s. e. thénarien the palmar space lying between the middle metacarpal bone and the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus. zonular s’s e. zonulaires the lymph-filled spaces between the fibers of the ciliary zonule.
sparfloxacin sparfloxacine a synthetic, broadspectrum antimicrobial agent.
sparganosis sparganose infection with the larvae (spargana) of any of several species of tapeworms, which invade the subcutaneous tissues, causing inflammation and fibrosis.
sparganum sparganum pl. spargana [Gr.] the larval stage of certain tapeworms, especially of the genera Diphyllobothrium and Spirometra; see also sparganosis. Also, a genus name applied to such larvae, usually when the adult stage is unknown.
spasm spasme 1. a sudden, violent, involuntary muscular contraction. 2. a sudden transitory constriction of a passage, canal, or orifice. bronchial s. s. bronchique bronchospasm. carpopedal s. s. carpopédal spasm of the hand or foot, or of the thumbs and great toes, seen in tetany. clonic s. s. clonique a spasm consisting of clonic contractions. facial s. paraspasme tonic spasm of the muscles supplied by the facial nerve, involving the entire side of the face or confined to a limited area about the eye. habit s. s. habituel see under tic. infantile s’s s. infantiles a syndrome of severe myoclonus appearing in infancy and associated with general cerebral deterioration. intention s. s. intentionnel muscular spasm on attempting voluntary movement. myopathic s. s. myopathique spasm accompanying disease of the muscles. nodding s. syndrome des spasmes en flexion a nodding motion of the head accompanied by nystagmus, seen in infants and young children. saltatory s. s. saltatoire clonic spasm of the muscles of the legs, producing a peculiar jumping or springing motion when standing. tetanic s., tonic s. s. tonique tetanus (2). toxic s. s. toxique spasm caused by a toxin.
spasmodic spasmodique of the nature of a spasm; occurring in spasms.
spasmolysis spasmolyse the arrest of spasm. Adj.: spasmolytic.
spasmus spasmus [L.] spasm. s. nutans s. nutans nodding spasm.
spastic spastique 1. of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and movements awkward.
spasticity spasticité the state of being spastic; see spastic (2).
spatial spatial pertaining to space.
spatium spatium pl. spatia [L.] space.
spatula spatule [L.] 1. a wide, flat, blunt, usually flexible instrument of little thickness, used for spreading material on a smooth surface. 2. a spatulate structure.
spatulate spatulé 1. having a flat blunt end. 2. to mix or manipulate with a spatula. 3. to make an enlarged opening in a tubular structure by means of a longitudinal incision which is then spread open.
SPCA ACSP serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (coagulation factor VII).
specialist spécialiste a physician whose practice is limited to a particular branch of medicine or surgery, especially one who, by virture of advanced training, is certified by a specialty board as being qualified to so limit it. clinical nurse s., nurse s. infirmière spécialiste clinique see under nurse.
specialty spécialité the field of practice of a specialist.
speciation spéciation the evolutionary formation of new species.
species espèce a taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety. type s. e. type the original species from which the description of the genus is formulated.
species-specific spécifique à l’espèce 1. characteristic of a particular species. 2. having a characteristic effect on, or interaction with, cells or tissues of members of a particular species; said of an antigen, drug, or infective agent.
specific spécifique 1. pertaining to a species. 2. produced by a single kind of microorganism. 3. restricted in application, effect, etc., to a particular structure, function, etc. 4. a remedy specially indicated for a particular disease. 5. in immunology, pertaining to the special affinity of antigen for the corresponding antibody.
specificity spécificité 1. the quality or state of being specific. 2. the probability that a person who does not have a disease will be correctly identified by a clinical test.
specimen spécimen a small sample or part taken to show the nature of the whole, as a small quantity of urine for analysis, or a small fragment of tissue for microscopic study.
SPECT TEPU single-photon emission computed tomography.
spectacles lunettes glasses.
spectinomycin spectinomycine an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces spectabilis, used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of gonorrhea.
spectral spectral pertaining to a spectrum; performed by means of a spectrum.
spectrin spectrine 1. a contractile protein attached to glycophorin at the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane of erythrocytes, important in maintaining cell shape. 2. a contractile protein that with actin, glycophorin, and other cytoskeleton proteins forms a fibrous network beneath the plasma membrane of erythrocytes that maintains cell shape and flexibility.
spectr(o)- spectr(o)- word element [L.], spectrum, image.
spectrometry spectrométrie determination of the wavelengths or frequencies of the lines in a spectrum.
spectrophotometer spectrophotomètre 1. an apparatus for measuring light sense by means of a spectrum. 2. an apparatus for determining quantity of coloring matter in solution by measurement of transmitted light.
spectroscope spectroscope an instrument for developing and analyzing spectra. Adj.: spectroscopic.
spectrum spectre pl. 1. spectra [L.] a charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation obtained by refraction or diffraction. 2. by extension, a measurable range of activity, as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. absorption s. s. d’absorption that afforded by light which has passed through various gaseous media, each gas absorbing those rays of which its own spectrum is composed. broad-s. à large s. effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. electromagnetic s. s. électromagnétique the range of electromagnetic energy from cosmic rays to electric waves, including gamma, x- and ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared waves, and radio waves. fortification s. s. de fortification a form of migraine aura characterized by scintillating or zigzag bands of colored light forming the edge of an area of teichopsia. visible s. rayonnement visible that portion of the range of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations (from 770 to 390 nm) which is capable of stimulating specialized sense organs and is perceptible as light.
speculum spéculum pl. specula [L.] an instrument for opening or distending a body orifice or cavity to permit visual inspection.
speech langage the expression of thoughts and ideas by vocal sounds. esophageal s. l. œsophagien that produced by vibration of the column of air in the esophagus against the contracting cricopharyngeal sphincter; used after laryngectomy. explosive s. parole explosive speech uttered with more force than necessary. mirror s. parole en miroir a speech abnormality in which the order of syllables in a sentence is reversed. pressured s. verbomanie logorrhea. scanning s. scansion that in which syllables of words are separated by noticeable pauses. staccato s. l. saccadé that in which each syllable is uttered separately. telegraphic s. télégrammatisme that consisting of only certain prominent words and lacking articles, modifiers, and other ancillary words, a form of agrammaticism in other than young children.
sperm spermatozoïde 1. spermatozoon. 2. semen.
spermatic spermatique 1. seminal. 2. pertaining to spermatozoa.
spermatid spermatide a cell derived from a secondary spermatocyte by fission, and developing into a spermatozoon.
spermat(o)- spermat(o)- word element [Gr.], seed; specifically, the male germinative element.
spermatoblast spermatoblaste spermatid.
spermatocele spermatocèle cystic distention of the epididymis or rete testis, containing spermatozoa.
spermatocelectomy spermatocélectomie excision of a spermatocele.
spermatocidal spermatocide spermicidal; see spermicide.
spermatocide spermatocide spermicide.
spermatocyst spermatocyste spermatocele.
spermatocyte spermatocyte a cell developed from a spermatogonium in spermatogenesis. Adj.: spermatocytal, spermatocytic. primary s. s. de premier ordre a diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes. secondary s. s. de deuxième ordre one of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids.
spermatocytogenesis spermatocytogenèse the first stage of formation of spermatozoa, in which the spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids.
spermatogenesis spermatogenèse the process of formation of spermatozoa, including both spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.
spermatogenetic spermatogénétique 1. pertaining to spermatogenesis. 2. spermatogenic.
spermatogenic spermatogène producing semen or spermatozoa.
spermatogonium spermatogonie pl. spermatogonia an undifferentiated male germ cell, originating in a seminiferous tubule and dividing into two primary spermatocytes.
spermatolysis spermatolyse destruction or dissolution of spermatozoa. Adj.: spermatolytic.
spermatotoxic spermatotoxique 1. spermicidal; see spermicide. 2. having a destructive or toxic effect on spermatozoa.
spermatozoon spermatozoïde pl. spermatozoa a mature male germ cell, which fertilizes the oocyte in sexual reproduction and contains the genetic information for the zygote from the male. Spermatozoa, formed in the seminiferous tubules, are derived from spermatogonia, which first develop into spermatocytes; these in turn produce spermatids by meiosis, which then differentiate into spermatozoa. Adj.: spermatozoal.
spermaturia spermaturie seminuria.
spermiation spermiation the release of mature spermatozoa from the Sertoli cells.
spermicide spermicide an agent destructive to spermatozoa. Adj.: spermicidal.
spermiduct spermiducte the ejaculatory duct and ductus deferens together.
spermiogenesis spermiogenèse the second stage in the formation of spermatozoa, when spermatids transform into spermatozoa.
sperm(o)- sperm(o)- see spermat(o)-.
sp gr sp gr specific gravity.
sphenion sphénion pl. sphenia the point at the sphenoid angle of the parietal bone.
sphen(o)- sphén(o)- word element [Gr.], wedgeshaped; sphenoid bone.
sphenoethmoidal sphénoethmoïdal pertaining to the sphenoid and ethmoid bones.
sphenoid sphénoïde 1. wedge-shaped. 2. sphenoid bone. Adj.: sphenoidal.
sphenoiditis sphénoïdite inflammation of the sphenoid sinus.
sphenoidotomy sphénoïdotomie incision of a sphenoid sinus.
sphenomaxillary sphénomaxillaire pertaining to the sphenoid bone and the maxilla.
sphenooccipital sphéno-occipital pertaining to the sphenoid and occipital bones.
sphenopalatine sphénopalatin pertaining to the sphenoid and palatine bones.
sphenoparietal sphénopariétal pertaining to the sphenoid and parietal bones.
sphere sphère ball or globe; a three-dimensional round body. Adj.: spherical.
spher(o)- sphér(o)- word element [Gr.], round; a sphere.
spherocyte sphérocyte a small, globular, completely hemoglobinated erythrocyte without the usual central pallor characteristically found in hereditary spherocytosis but also in acquired hemolytic anemia. Adj.: spherocytic.
spherocytosis sphérocytose the presence of spherocytes in the blood. hereditary s. anémie à sphérocytes a congenital hereditary form of hemolytic anemia characterized by spherocytosis, abnormal fragility of erythrocytes, jaundice, and splenomegaly.
spheroid sphéroïde a spherelike body.
spheroidal sphéroïde resembling a sphere.
spheroplast sphéroplaste a membrane-bound, spherical cell that results after partial or complete removal of the cell wall from a bacterial, yeast, or fungal cell; it is dependent for its integrity on an isotonic or hypertonic medium.
sphincter sphincter [L.] a ringlike muscle which closes a natural orifice or passage. Adj.: sphincteral, sphincteric. anal s., external s. anal, externe external sphincter muscle of anus: a muscle surrounding the anal canal, originating at the tip of the coccyx and the anococcygeal ligament and inserting into the perineal body; it closes the anus. anal s., internal s. anal, interne internal sphincter muscle of anus: a thickening of the circular lamina of the tunica muscularis at the caudal end of the rectum. s. ani s. de l’anus see external anal s. and internal anal s. s. of bile duct, s. of Boyden s. du canal cholédoque an annular sheath of muscle that invests the bile duct within the wall of the duodenum. cardiac s. s. cardiaque lower esophageal s. cricopharyngeal s. s. cricopharyngien upper esophageal s. esophageal s., lower (LES) s. œsophagien inférieur the terminal few centimeters of the esophagus, which prevents reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. esophageal s., upper (UES) s. œsophagien supérieur the upper 3 to 5 cm of the esophagus, including the cricopharyngeus muscle, which prevents the aspiration of air from the pharynx into the esophagus. gastroesophageal s. s. gastro-œsophagien lower esophageal s. hepatic s. s. hépatique a thickened portion of the muscular coat of the hepatic veins near their entrance into the inferior vena cava. O’Beirne s. s. d’O’Beirne a band of muscle at the junction of the sigmoid colon and rectum. s. of Oddi s. d’Oddi muscle fibers investing the hepatopancreatic ampulla in the wall of the duodenum palatopharyngeal s. s. palatopharyngien a transverse band of muscle fibers in the posterior wall of the pharynx, derived from the superior constrictor or palatopharyngeus muscle, which contracts during swallowing to seal shut the isthmus between the nasopharynx and oropharynx pancreatic s. s. pancréatique a muscle that surrounds the pancreatic duct just above the hepatopancreatic ampulla. pharyngoesophageal s. s. pharyngo-œsophagien a region of higher muscular tone at the junction of the pharynx and esophagus, which is involved in movements of swallowing. precapillary s. s. précapillaire a smooth muscle fiber encircling a true capillary where it originates from the arterial capillary, which can open and close the capillary entrance. preprostatic s. s. préprostatique internal urethral s. s. pupillae s. de la pupille sphincter muscle of pupil: circular fibers of the iris, innervated by the ciliary nerves (parasympathetic), and acting to contract the pupil. pyloric s. s. pylorique pyloric sphincter muscle: a thickening of the circular muscle of the stomach around its opening into the duodenum. rectal s. s. rectal an incomplete band or thickening of the muscle fibers in the rectum a few inches above the anus in the upper part of the rectal ampulla. rectosigmoid s. s. supérieur du rectum O’Beirne s. tubal s. s. tubaire an encircling band of muscle fibers at the junction of the uterine tube and the uterus. urethral s., external s. urétral, externe the external sphincter muscle of the urethra, originating at the ramus of the pubis and inserting at the median raphe behind and in front of the urethra, innervated by the perineal nerve; it compresses the central part of the urethra in females and the membranous part in males. urethral s., internal s. urétral, interne the internal sphincter muscle of the urethra, occurring only in males; it is a circular layer of smooth muscle fibers surrounding the internal urethral orifice, innervated by the vesical nerve, and acting to close the orifice. vesical s. s. vésical internal urethral s.
sphincterectomy sphinctérectomie excision of a sphincter.
sphincterismus sphinctérospasme spasm of a sphincter.
sphincteritis sphinctérite inflammation of a sphincter.
sphincterolysis sphinctérolyse surgical separation of the iris from the cornea in anterior synechia.
sphincteroplasty sphinctéroplastie plastic reconstruction of a sphincter.
sphincterotomy sphinctérotomie incision of a sphincter.
sphinganine sphinganine a dihydroxy derivative of sphingosine, commonly occurring in sphingolipids.
sphingolipid sphingolipide a lipid in which the backbone is sphingosine or a related base, the basic unit being a ceramide attached to a polar head group; it includes sphingomyelins, cerebrosides, and gangliosides.
sphingolipidosis sphingolipidose any of various lysosomal storage diseases characterized by abnormal storage of sphingolipids.
Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonadaceae a family of gram-negative bacteria of the order Sphingomonadales.
Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadales an order of, gram-negative, mainly aerobic non– spore-forming bacteria of the class Alphaproteobacteria.
Sphingomonas Sphingomonas a genus of free-living, gram-negative, aerobic, non-sporeforming bacteria of the family Sphingomonadaceae; S. paucimobilis is widely distributed in soil and water and causes opportunistic infections.
sphingomyelin sphingomyéline any of the sphingolipids in which the head group is phosphorylated choline; they occur in membranes, primarily in nervous tissue, and accumulate abnormally in Niemann-Pick disease.
sphingosine sphingosine a long-chain, monounsaturated, aliphatic amino alcohol found in sphingolipids.
sphygmic sphygmique pertaining to the pulse.
sphygm(o)- sphygm(o)- word element [Gr.], the pulse.
sphygmodynamometer sphygmodynamomètre an instrument for measuring the force of the pulse.
sphygmogram sphygmogramme a record or tracing made by a sphygmograph.
sphygmograph sphygmographe apparatus for registering the movements, form, and force of the arterial pulse. Adj.: sphygmographic.
sphygmoid sphygmoïde resembling the pulse.
sphygmomanometer sphygmomanomètre an instrument for measuring arterial blood pressure.
sphygmometer sphygmomètre an instrument for measuring the pulse.
sphygmoscope sphygmoscope a device for rendering the pulse beat visible.
sphygmotonometer sphygmotonomètre an instrument for measuring elasticity of arterial walls.
spica spica [L.] a figure-of-8 bandage, with turns crossing each other.
spicule spicule a sharp, needle-like body.
spiculum spiculum pl. spicula [L.] spicule.
spider 1. araignée an arthropod of the class Arachnida. 2. angiome arachnéen spider angioma. black widow s. lactrodecte a spider, Latrodectus mactans, whose bite causes severe poisoning. vascular s. étoile vasculaire spider angioma.
spike pic a sharp upward deflection in a curve or tracing, as on the encephalogram.
spina spina pl. spinae [L.] spine. s. bifida s. bifida a developmental anomaly marked by defective closure of the vertebral arch, through which the meninges may (s. bifida cystica) or may not (s. bifida occulta) protrude. s. ventosa s. ventosa dactylitis, usually in infants and young children, with enlargement of digits, caseation, sequestration, and sinus formation.
spinal spinal 1. pertaining to a spine or to the vertebral column. 2. pertaining to the spinal cord’s functioning independently from the brain.
spinate épineux having thorns; thorn-shaped.
spindle 1. pivot a pin tapered at both ends. 2. fuseau the fusiform figure occurring during metaphase of cell division, composed of microtubules radiating from the centrioles and connecting to the chromosomes at their centromeres. 3. fuseau a type of brain wave occurring on the electroencephalogram in groups at a frequency of about 14 per second, usually while the patient is falling asleep. 4. fuseau muscle s. Krukenberg s. f. de Krukenberg a spindle-shaped, brownish-red opacity of the cornea. mitotic s. f. mitotique spindle (2). muscle s. f. musculaire a fusiform end organ arranged in parallel between the fibers of skeletal muscle and acting as a mechanoreceptor, being the receptor of impulses responsible for the stretch reflex. nuclear s. f. nucléaire spindle (2). tendon s. f. tendineux Golgi tendon organ.
spine épine 1. a slender, thornlike process or projection. 2. vertebral column. alar s., angular s. é. alaire s. of sphenoid bone. bamboo s. tige de bambou the rigid spine produced by ankylosing spondylitis, so called from its radiographic appearance. cervical s. é. cervicale that portion of the spine comprising the cervical vertebrae. cleft s. spina bifida spina bifida. ischial s. é. sciatique, é. ischiatique a bony process projecting backward and medialward from the posterior border of the ischium. lumbar s. é. lombaire that portion of the spine comprising the lumbar vertebrae. mental s., inferior é. mentonnière, inférieure the lower part of a small bony projection on the internal surface of the mandible, near the lower end of the midline, serving for attachment of the geniohyoid muscle. mental s., superior é. mentonnière, supérieure the upper part of a small bony projection on the internal surface of the mandible, near the lower end of the midline, serving for attachment of the genioglossus muscle. nasal s., anterior é. nasale, antérieure the sharp anterosuperior projection at the anterior extremity of the nasal crest of the maxilla. nasal s., posterior é. nasale, postérieure a sharp, backward-projecting bony spine forming the medial posterior angle of the horizontal part of the palatine bone. neural s. apophyse épineuse the spinous process of a vertebra. palatine s’s é. palatines laterally placed ridges on the lower surface of the maxillary part of the hard palate, separating the palatine sulci. poker s., rigid s. ankylose par spondylarthrite de la colonne vertébrale the ankylosed spine produced by rheumatoid spondylitis. s. of scapula é. scapulaire a triangular bony plate attached by one end to the back of the scapula. sciatic s. é. sciatique ischial s. s. of sphenoid bone é. de l’os sphénoïde the posterior and downward projection from the lower aspect of the great wing of the sphenoid bone. thoracic s. é. thoracique that part of the spine comprising the thoracic vertebrae. s. of tibia é. du tibia a longitudinally elongated, raised and roughened area on the anterior crest of the tibia. trochlear s. é. trochléaire a bony spicule on the anteromedial part of the orbital surface of the frontal bone for attachment of the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle.
spinipetal médullopète conducting or moving toward the spinal cord.
spinnbarkeit filance de la glaire cervicale [Ger.] the formation of an elastic thread by mucus of the uterine cervix when it is drawn out; the time of maximum elasticity usually precedes or coincides with ovulation.
spin(o)- spin(o)- word element [L.], spine; spinal or spinal column. See also words beginning spondyl(o)- and vertebr(o)-.
spinobulbar spinobulbaire pertaining to the spinal cord and medulla oblongata.
spinocerebellar spinocérébelleux pertaining to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
spinocerebellum spinocervelet the portion of the cerebellum serving as the primary site of termination of the major spinocerebellar afferents, roughly corresponding to the vermis; therefore, the term is sometimes equated with paleocerebellum.
spinothalamic spinothalamique pertaining to or extending between the spinal cord and the thalamus.
spinous spiniforme pertaining to or like a spine.
spiradenoma spiradénome a benign adnexal tumor of the sweat glands, particularly of the coil portion.
spiral 1. spiral helical; winding like the thread of a screw. 2. spirale helix; a winding structure. Curschmann s’s spirales de Curschmann coiled mucinous fibrils sometimes found in the sputum in bronchial asthma.
spirilla spirilla [L.] plural of spirillum.
Spirillaceae Spirillaceae a family of gram-negative, spiral bacteria of the order Nitrosomonadales occurring in stagnant fresh water.
spirillosis spirillose a disease caused by presence of spirilla.
Spirillum Spirillum a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Spirillaceae. S. minus is pathogenic for guinea pigs, rats, mice, and monkeys and causes the spirallary form of ratbite fever (sodoku) in humans.
spirillum spirillum minus pl. spirilla [L.] an organism of the genus Spirillum.
spirit 1. alcool any volatile or distilled liquid. 2. alcoolat an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution of a volatile material. 3. esprit in traditional Chinese medicine, shen (q.v.). aromatic ammonia s. liqueur aromatique ammoniaquée an ammonia-containing preparation used as a respiratory stimulant in syncope, weakness, or threatened faint. camphor s. a. camphré a solution of camphor and alcohol, used topically as a local counterirritant.
spir(o)- spir(o)- word element [Gr.], coil; spiral.
spir(o)- spir(o)- word element [L.], breath; breathing.
Spirochaetaceae Spirochaetaceae a family of slender, coiled, undulating, motile bacteria of the order Spirochaetales; it includes the pathogenic genera Borrelia and Treponema.
Spirochaetales Spirochaetales the spirochetes, an order of free-living, commensal, or parasitic bacteria of the class Spirochaetes.
Spirochaetes Spirochaetes a phylum of gramnegative, motile, highly flexible, helical bacteria. Members are free-living or associated with animal hosts, and some are pathogenic. the sole class of the order Spirochaetes.
spirochete spirochète any microorganism of the order Spirochaetales. Adj.: spirochetal.
spirochetosis spirochétose infection with spirochetes.
spirogram spirogramme a tracing or graph of respiratory movements.
spirograph spirographe an instrument for registering respiratory movements.
spirography spirographie pneumography; the graphic measurement of breathing, including breathing movements and breathing capacity.
spiroid spiroïde resembling a spiral.
spirolactone spirolactone any of a group of compounds capable of opposing the action of sodium-retaining steroids on renal transport of sodium and potassium.
spirometer spiromètre an instrument for measuring the air taken into and exhaled by the lungs.
Spirometra Spirometra a genus of tapeworms parasitic in fish-eating cats, dogs, and birds; larval infection (sparganosis) in humans is caused by ingestion of inadequately cooked fish.
spirometry spiromètre the measurement of the breathing capacity of the lungs, such as in pulmonary function tests. See also spirography. Adj.: spirometric.
spironolactone spironolactone one of the spirolactones, an aldosterone inhibitor that blocks the aldosterone-dependent exchange of sodium and potassium in the distal tubule, thus increasing excretion of sodium and water and decreasing excretion of potassium; used in the treatment of edema, hypokalemia, primary aldosteronism, and hypertension.
spissated épaissi inspissated.
splanchnic splanchnique pertaining to the viscera.
splanchnicectomy splanchnicectomie resection of one or more of the splanchnic nerves for the treatment of hypertension or intractable pain.
splanchnicotomy splanchnicotomie splanchnicectomy.
splanchn(o)- splanchn(o)- word element [Gr.], viscus (viscera); splanchnic nerve.
splanchnocoele splanchnocèle that portion of the coelom from which the visceral cavities are formed.
splanchnology splanchnologie the scientific study of the viscera of the body; applied also to the body of knowledge relating thereto.
splanchnopleure splanchnopleure the layer formed by union of the splanchnic mesoderm with endoderm; from it are developed the muscles and the connective tissue of the digestive tube. Adj.: splanchnopleural.
splayfoot pied plat valgus flatfoot.
spleen rate a large, glandlike organ situated in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity, lateral to the cardiac end of the stomach. Among its functions are the disintegration of erythrocytes and the setting free of hemoglobin, which the liver converts into bilirubin; the genesis of new erythrocytes during fetal life and in the newborn; serving as a blood reservoir; and production of lymphocytes and plasma cells. accessory s. r. accessoire a connected or detached outlying portion, or exclave, of the spleen. diffuse waxy s. r. amyloïde amyloid degeneration of the spleen involving especially the coats of the venous sinuses and the reticulum of the organ. floating s., movable s. r. flottante one displaced and abnormally movable. sago s. r. sagou one with amyloid infiltration, the malpighian corpuscles looking like grains of sand. wandering s. r. flottante floating s. waxy s. r. lardacée a spleen affected with amyloid degeneration.
splen rate [Gr.] spleen.
splenalgia splénalgie pain in the spleen.
splenectomy splénectomie excision of the spleen.
splenectopia splénectopie displacement of the spleen; floating spleen.
splenic splénique pertaining to the spleen.
splenitis splénite inflammation of the spleen.
splenium splénium [L.] 1. a bandlike structure. 2. a bandage or compress. 3. splenium corporis callosi. s. corporis callosi s. des corps calleux the posterior, rounded end of the corpus callosum.
splen(o)- splén(o)- word element [Gr.], spleen.
splenocele splénocèle hernia of the spleen.
splenocolic splénocolique pertaining to the spleen and colon.
splenocyte splénocyte the monocyte characteristic of splenic tissue.
splenography splénographie 1. radiography of the spleen. 2. a description of the spleen.
splenohepatomegaly splénohépatomégalie hepatosplenomegaly.
splenoid splénoïde resembling the spleen.
splenolysis splénolyse destruction of splenic tissue.
splenoma splénome pl. splenomas, splenomata a splenic tumor.
splenomalacia splénomalacie abnormal softness of the spleen.
splenomedullary splénomédullaire of or pertaining to the spleen and bone marrow.
splenomegaly splénomégalie enlargement of the spleen. congestive s. s. congestive Banti disease: splenomegaly secondary to portal hypertension. hemolytic s. s. hémolytique that associated with any disorder causing increased erythrocyte degradation.
splenomyelogenous splénomyélogène formed in the spleen and bone marrow.
splenopancreatic splénopancréatique pertaining to the spleen and pancreas.
splenopathy splénopathie any disease of the spleen.
splenopexy splénopexie surgical fixation of the spleen.
splenoptosis splénoptose downward displacement of the spleen.
splenorenal splénorénal pertaining to the spleen and kidney, or to splenic and renal veins.
splenorrhagia splénorragie hemorrhage from the spleen.
splenorrhaphy splénorraphie surgical repair of the spleen.
splenotomy splénotomie incision of the spleen.
splenotoxin splénotoxine a toxin produced by or acting on the spleen.
splicing épissage the joining together of two nucleic acid segments so as to form a new genetic combination, as DNA to DNA in immunoglobulin gene rearrangement or in recombinant DNA technology, or RNA to RNA in processing of primary transcripts to form mature RNA. alternative s. é. alternatif the splicing of RNA at variable positions on the primary transcript under different conditions, removing varying introns to yield distinct mRNA’s.
splint 1. gouttière, attelle a rigid or flexible appliance for fixation of displaced or movable parts. 2. pose d’attelle the act of fastening or confining with such an appliance. airplane s. palette one which holds the splinted limb suspended in the air. anchor s. attelle d’ancrage one for fracture of the jaw, with metal loops fitting over the teeth and held together by a rod. Angle s. appareil de contention d’ Angle one for fracture of the mandible. coaptation s’s attelles de coaptation small splints adjusted about a fractured limb for the purpose of producing coaptation of fragments. Denis Browne s. attelle de Denis Browne a splint consisting of a pair of metal foot splints joined by a cross bar; used in talipes equinovarus. dynamic s., functional s. orthèse dynamique see under orthosis. shin s’s périostite tibiale strain of the flexor digitorum longus muscle occurring in athletes, marked by pain along the shin bone. Thomas s. attelle de Thomas a leg splint consisting of two rigid rods attached to an ovoid ring that fits around the thigh; it can be combined with other apparatus to provide traction.
splinter 1. esquille a small slender fragment. 2. fragmenter to break into small fragments.
splinting contention 1. application of a splint, or treatment by use of a splint. 2. in dentistry, the application of a fixed restoration to join two or more teeth into a single rigid unit. 3. contracture douloureuse réflexe rigidity of muscles occurring as a means of avoiding pain caused by movement of the part.
splitting dissociation 1. the division of a single object into two or more objects or parts. 2. in psychoanalytic theory, a primitive defense mechanism, in which “objects” (persons) are perceived as “all good” or “all bad” rather than as an intermediate or mixture. s. of heart sounds dédoublement des bruits du cœur the presence of two components in the first or second heart sound complexes; particularly denoting separation of the elements of the second sound into two, representing aortic valve closure and pulmonic valve closure.
spondylalgia spondylalgie spondylodynia.
spondylarthritis spondylarthrite arthritis of the spine.
spondylitic spondylitique pertaining to or marked by spondylitis.
spondylitis spondylite inflammation of vertebrae. s. ankylopoietica, ankylosing s. s. ankylopoïétique, s. ankylosante rheumatoid arthritis of the spine, affecting young persons predominantly, with pain and stiffness as a result of inflammation of the sacroiliac, intervertebral, and costovertebral joints; it may progress to cause complete spinal and thoracic rigidity. Marie- Strümpell s. maladie de Marie-Strümpell ankylosing s. s. tuberculosa mal de Pott tuberculosis of the spine. s. typhosa spondylitis typhosa that following typhoid fever.
spondylizema spondylizème downward displacement of a vertebra because of destruction or softening of the one below it.
spondyl(o)- spondyl(o)- word element [Gr.], vertebra; vertebral column.
spondylocace spondylocace tuberculosis of the vertebrae.
spondylodynia spondylodynie pain in a vertebra.
spondylolisthesis spondylolisthésis forward displacement of a vertebra over a lower segment, usually of the fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra due to a developmental defect in the pars interarticularis. Adj.: spondylolisthetic.
spondylolysis spondylolyse the breaking down of a vertebra.
spondylopathy spondylopathie any disease of the vertebrae.
spondylopyosis inflammation suppurative vertébrale suppuration of a vertebra.
spondyloschisis spondyloschisis rachischisis.
spondylosis spondylose 1. ankylosis of a vertebral joint. 2. degenerative spinal changes due to osteoarthritis. rhizomelic s. s. rhizomélique ankylosing spondylitis.
spondylosyndesis spondylodèse spinal fusion.
spondylotic spondylotique pertaining to or due to spondylosis.
sponge éponge 1. a porous, absorbent mass, as a pad of gauze or cotton surrounded by gauze. 2. the elastic fibrous skeleton of certain species of marine animals. absorbable gelatin s. é. gélatineuse résorbable a sterile, absorbable, waterinsoluble, gelatin-base material, used as a local hemostatic.
spongiform spongiforme resembling a sponge.
spongi(o)- spongi(o)- word element [Gr.], sponge; spongelike.
spongioblast spongioblaste 1. any of the embryonic epithelial cells that develop near the neural tube and later become transformed, some into neuroglial and some into ependymal cells. 2. amacrine cell.
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