G

G G gauss; giga-; glycine; gravida; guanidine or guanosine.

G G conductance; Gibbs free energy.

g g gram.

g g standard gravity.

γ γ (gamma, the third letter of the Greek alphabet) the heavy chain of IgG; the γ chain of fetal hemoglobin; formerly, microgram.

γ – γ – a prefix designating (1) the position of a substituting atom or group in a chemical compound; (2) a plasma protein migrating with the γ band in electrophoresis; (3) third in a series of three or more related entities or chemical compounds.

Ga Ga gallium.

GABA GABA γ-aminobutyric acid.

GABAergic GABAergique transmitting or secreting γ-aminobutyric acid.

gabapentin gabapentine an anticonvulsant related to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), used in the treatment of partial seizures.

GAD GAD generalized anxiety disorder.

gadolinium (Gd) gadolinium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 64. g. 153 g. 153 an artificial isotope of gadolinium with a half-life of 241.6 days, used in dual photon absorptiometry.

gadopentetate dimeglumine gadopentétate de diméglumine a paramagnetic agent used as a contrast medium in magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial, spinal, and associated lesions.

gadoversetamide gadoversétamide a paramagnetic agent used as a contrast medium in magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial, liver, and spine and associated lesions.

gag 1. ouvre-bouche a surgical device for holding the mouth open. 2. haut-le-cœur (avoir un) to retch, or to strive to vomit.

gain gagner to acquire, obtain, or increase. antigen g. gain antigénique the acquisition by cells of new antigenic determinants not normally present or not normally accessible in the parent tissue. primary g. bénéfice primaire the direct alleviation of anxiety by a defense mechanism; the relief from emotional conflict or tension provided by neurotic symptoms or illness. secondary g. bénéfice secondaire external and incidental advantage derived from an illness, such as rest, gifts, personal attention, release from responsibility, and disability benefits.

gait démarche the manner or style of walking. antalgic g. d. antalgique a limp adopted so as to avoid pain on weight-bearing structures, characterized by a very short stance phase. ataxic g. d. ataxique an unsteady, uncoordinated walk, employing a wide base and the feet thrown out. festinating g. d. festinante a gait in which the patient involuntarily moves with short, accelerating steps, often on tiptoe, as in parkinsonism. helicopod g. d. hélicopode a gait in which the feet describe half circles, as in some conversion disorders. hip extensor g. d. avec extension de la hanche a gait in which the heel strike is followed by throwing forward of the hip and throwing backward of the trunk and pelvis. myopathic g. d. myopatique exaggerated alternation of lateral trunk movements with an exaggerated elevation of the hip. paraplegic spastic g. d. spasmodique des paraplégiques spastic g. quadriceps g. marche en saluant a gait in which at each step on the affected leg the knee hyperextends and the trunk lurches forward. spastic g. d. spasmodique a gait in which the legs are held together and move in a stiff manner, the toes seeming to drag and catch. steppage g. steppage the gait in footdrop in which the advancing leg is lifted high so that the toes can clear the ground. stuttering g. d. hésitante one characterized by hesitancy that resembles stuttering. tabetic g. d. tabétique an ataxic gait that accompanies tabes dorsalis. waddling g. d. dandinante myopathic g.

galactacrasia galactacrasie abnormal condition of the breast milk.

galactagogue galactagogue promoting milk flow; an agent that so acts.

galactan galactan any polymer composed of galactose residues and occurring in plants.

galact(o)- galact(o)- word element [Gr.], milk.

galactocele galactocèle a milk-containing, cystic enlargement of the mammary gland.

galactocerebroside galactocérébroside any of the cerebrosides in which the head group is galactose; they are abundant in the cell membranes of nervous tissue.

galactography galactographie radiography of the mammary ducts after injection of a radiopaque medium into the duct system.

galactokinase galactokinase an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from a donor to d-galactose, the initial step of galactose utilization. Absence of enzyme activity results in galactokinase deficiency galactosemia.

galactophlysis galactophlyse a vesicular eruption containing milky fluid.

galactophore 1. galactophore galactophorous. 2. canal galactophore a milk duct.

galactophorous galactophore lactiferous.

galactopoietic galactopoïétique 1. pertaining to, marked by, or promoting milk production. 2. an agent that promotes milk flow.

galactorrhea galactorrhée excessive or spontaneous milk flow; persistent secretion of milk irrespective of nursing.

galactose galactose a six-carbon aldose epimeric with glucose but less sweet, occurring naturally in both d- and l- forms (the latter in plants). It is a component of lactose and other oligosaccharides, cerebrosides and gangliosides, and glycolipids and glycoproteins.

galactosemia galactosémie any of three recessive disorders of galactose metabolism causing accumulation of galactose in the blood: the classic form, due to deficiency of the enzyme galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase, is marked by cirrhosis, hepatomegaly, cataracts, and mental retardation in survivors. Galactokinase deficiency results in accumulation of galactitol in the lens, causing cataracts in infancy and childhood. Galactose epimerase deficiency results in benign accumulation of galactose 1-phosphate in the red blood cells.

galactosidase galactosidase an enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of terminal galactose residues from a variety of substrates; several such enzymes exist, each specific for α- or β-linked sugars and further specific for substrates, e.g., lactase.

galactoside galactoside a glycoside containing galactose.

galactosis galactose the formation of milk by the lacteal glands.

galactostasis galactostase 1. cessation of lactation. 2. abnormal collection of milk in the mammary glands.

galactosyltransferase galactosyltransférase any of a group of enzymes that transfer a galactose radical from a donor to an acceptor molecule.

galantamine galantamine a reversible competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase used as the hydrobromide salt in the treatment of Alzheimer disease.

galea galéa [L.] a helmet-shaped structure. g. aponeurotica g. aponévrotique the aponeurosis connecting the two bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle.

galenicals galéniques medicines prepared according to Galen’s formulas; now used to denote standard preparations containing one or several organic ingredients, as contrasted with pure chemical substances.

galenics galéniques galenicals.

galeophobia galéophobie ailurophobia.

gall bile bile.

gallamine triethiodide gallamine triéthiodide a quaternary ammonium compound used to induce skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery and other procedures, such as endoscopy or intubation.

gallbladder vésicule biliaire the reservoir for bile on the posteroinferior surface of the liver.

gallium (Ga) gallium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 31. The nitrate salt is an inhibitor of bone calcium resorption and is used to treat cancer-related hypercalcemia. g. Ga 67 citrate citrate de g. 67 a radiopharmaceutical imaging agent used to image neoplasms, particularly of soft tissues, and sites of inflammation and abscess.

gallon gallon a measure of liquid volume, 4 quarts. A standard gallon (United States) is 3.785 liters; an imperial gallon (Great Britain) is 4.546 liters.

gallop galop a disordered rhythm of the heart; see also under rhythm. atrial g. bruit de g. auriculaire S₄ g. diastolic g. bruit de g. diastolique S₃ g. presystolic g. bruit de g. présystolique S₄ g. S₃ g. g. B₃ an accentuated third heart sound in patients with cardiac disease characterized by pathological alterations in ventricular filling in early diastole. S₄ g. g. B₄ an accentuated, audible fourth heart sound usually associated with cardiac disease, often that with altered ventricular compliance. summation g. g. de sommation one in which the third and fourth sounds are superimposed, appearing as one loud sound; usually associated with cardiac disease. ventricular g. g. ventriculaire S₃ g.

gallstone calcul biliaire biliary calculus; a calculus formed in the gallbladder or bile duct.

GALT GALT gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

galvanism galvanisation 1. galvanic current. 2. the therapeutic use of this current, particularly for stimulation of nerves and muscle. Adj.: galvanic. dental g. galvanisme buccal production of galvanic current in the oral cavity due to the presence of two or more dissimilar metals in dental restorations that are bathed in saliva, or a single metal restoration and two electrolytes, saliva and pulp tissue fluid, thus producing an electrolytic cell and an electric current. When such restorations touch each other, the current may be high enough to irritate the dental pulp and cause sharp pain. The anodic restoration or areas of a restoration are subject to electrolytic corrosion.

galvanocontractility galvanocontractilité contractility in response to a galvanic stimulus.

galvanometer galvanomètre an instrument for measuring current by electromagnetic action.

galvanopalpation galvanopalpation testing of nerves of the skin by galvanic current.

gamete gamète 1. one of two haploid reproductive cells, male (spermatozoon) and female (oocyte), whose union is necessary in sexual reproduction to initiate the development of a new individual. 2. the malarial parasite in its sexual form in a mosquito’s stomach, either male (microgamete) or female (macrogamete); the latter is fertilized by the former to develop into an ookinete. Adj.: gametic.

gametocide gamétocide an agent that destroys gametes or gametocytes.

gametocyte gamétocyte 1. a cell capable of dividing to form gametes; an oocyte or spermatocyte. 2. the sexual form, male or female, of certain sporozoa, such as malarial plasmodia, found in the erythrocytes, which may produce gametes when ingested by the secondary host. See also macrogametocyte and microgametocyte.

gametogenesis gamétogenèse the development of the male and female sex cells, or gametes. Adj.: gametogenic.

gametogony gamétogonie 1. the development of merozoites of malarial plasmodia and other sporozoa into male and female gametes, which later fuse to form a zygote. 2. reproduction by means of gametes.

gamma gamma 1. third letter of the Greek alphabet, see also γ-. 2. obsolete equivalent for microgram.

gamma-aminobutyric acid acide gamma-aminobutyrique γ-aminobutyric acid.

gamma benzene hexachloride gamma hexachlorure de benzène lindane.

gamma globulin gammaglobuline see under globulin.

gammaglobulinopathy gammaglobulinopathie gammopathy.

Gammaherpesvirinae Gammaherpesvirinae the lymphocyte-associated viruses: a subfamily of the Herpesviridae, members of which are specific for either B or T lymphocytes; it includes the genus Lymphocryptovirus.

Gammaproteobacteria gammaprotéobactérie a class of bacteria of the Proteobacteria, including a large number of organisms of medical interest.

gammopathy gammopathie abnormal proliferation of the lymphoid cells producing immunoglobulins; the gammopathies include multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, and Hodgkin disease.

gamogenesis gamogenèse sexual reproduction. Adj.: gamogenetic.

ganciclovir ganciclovir a derivative of acyclovir used in the form of the base or the sodium salt in the treatment of retinitis due to cytomegalovirus.

ganglia ganglions plural of ganglion.

gangliated ganglionné ganglionated.

gangliform gangliforme having the form of a ganglion.

gangliitis ganglionite ganglionitis.

gangli(o)- gangli(o)- word element [Gr.], ganglion.

ganglioblast ganglioblaste an embryonic cell of the cerebrospinal ganglia.

gangliocytoma gangliocytome ganglioneuroma.

ganglioform ganglioforme gangliform.

ganglioglioma gangliogliome a ganglioneuroma in the central nervous system.

ganglioglioneuroma ganglioglioneurome ganglioneuroma.

ganglioma gangliome ganglioneuroma.

ganglion ganglion pl. ganglia, ganglions [Gr.] 1. a knot, or knotlike mass; in anatomy, a group of nerve cell bodies, located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g., basal ganglia. 2. a form of benign cystic tumor on an aponeurosis or a tendon. Adj.: ganglial, ganglionic. aberrant g. g. aberrant a small ganglion sometimes found on a dorsal cervical nerve root between the spinal ganglia and the spinal cord. Acrel g. g. d’Acrel a cystic tumor on an extensor tendon of the wrist. Andersch g. g. d’Andersch inferior g. (1). autonomic ganglia g. végétatifs aggregations of cell bodies of neurons of the autonomic nervous system, divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. basal ganglia noyaux gris centraux see under nucleus. Bidder ganglia g. de Bidder ganglia on the cardiac nerves, situated at the lower end of the atrial septum. Bochdalek g. g. de Bochdalek superior dental plexus. cardiac ganglia g. cardiaques ganglia of the cardiac plexus near the arterial ligament. carotid g. g. carotidien an occasional small enlargement in the internal carotid plexus. celiac ganglia g. cœliaques two irregularly shaped ganglia, one on each crus of the diaphragm within the celiac plexus. cerebrospinal ganglia g. cérébrospinaux those associated with the cranial and spinal nerves. cervical g. g. cervical 1. any of the three ganglia (inferior, middle, and superior) of the sympathetic trunk in the neck region. 2. one near the cervix uteri. cervicothoracic g. g. cervicothoracique one formed by fusion of the inferior cervical and the first thoracic ganglia. cervicouterine g. g. cervico-utérin cervical g. (2). ciliary g. g. ciliaire a parasympathetic ganglion in the posterior part of the orbit. Cloquet g. g. de Cloquet a swelling of the nasopalatine nerve in the anterior palatine canal. cochlear g. g. cochléaire spiral g. Corti g. g. de Corti spiral g. dorsal root g. g. spinal spinal g. Ehrenritter g. g. d’Ehrenritter superior g. (1). false g. faux g. an enlargement on a nerve that does not have a true ganglionic structure. gasserian g. g. de Gasser trigeminal g. geniculate g. g. géniculé the sensory ganglion of the facial nerve, on the geniculum of the facial nerve. g. impar g. impair the ganglion commonly found in front of the coccyx, where the sympathetic trunks of the two sides unite. inferior g. g. inférieur du nerf glossopharyngien 1. the lower of two ganglia on the glossopharyngeal nerve as it passes through the jugular foramen. 2. ganglion inférieur du nerf vague a ganglion of the vagus nerve, just below the jugular foramen. jugular g. g. jugulaire superior g. Lee g. g. de Lee cervical g. (2). Ludwig g. g. de Ludwig one near the right atrium of the heart, connected with the cardiac plexus. lumbar ganglia g. lombaires the ganglia on the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk, usually four or five on either side. Meckel g. g. de Meckel pterygopalatine g. Meissner g. cellule ganglionnaire du plexus de Meissner one of the small groups of nerve cells in the Meissner plexus. mesenteric g., inferior g. mésentérique inférieur a sympathetic ganglion near the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery. mesenteric g., superior g. mésentérique supérieur one or more sympathetic ganglia at the sides of, or just below, the superior mesenteric artery. otic g. g. otique a parasympathetic ganglion immediately below the foramen ovale; its postganglionic fibers supply the parotid gland. parasympathetic g. g. parasympathique one of the aggregations of cell bodies of cholinergic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system; they are located near to or within the wall of the organs being innervated. phrenic g. g. phrénique a sympathetic ganglion often found within the phrenic plexus at its junction with the cardiac plexus. pterygopalatine g. g. ptérygopalatin a parasympathetic ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa; its preganglionic fibers are derived from the facial nerve via the greater petrosal nerve and the nerve of the pterygopalatine canal and its postganglionic fibers supply the lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands. Remak g. g. de Remak 1. a sympathetic ganglion on the heart wall near the superior vena cava. 2. one of the sympathetic ganglia in the diaphragmatic opening for the inferior vena cava. 3. one of the ganglia in the gastric plexus. Ribes g. g. de Ribes a small ganglion sometimes seen in the termination of the internal carotid plexus around the anterior communicating artery of the brain. sacral ganglia g. sacrés those of the sacral part of the sympathetic trunk, usually three or four on either side. Scarpa g. g. de Scarpa vestibular g. semilunar g. g. semilunaire 1. trigeminal g. 2. (in the pl.) celiac ganglia. sensory g. g. sensitif 1. spinal g. 2. (in the pl.) the ganglia on the roots of the cranial nerves, containing the cell bodies of sensory neurons. 3. both of these considered together. simple g. g. simple a cystic tumor in a tendon sheath. sphenomaxillary g., sphenopalatine g. g. sphénopalatin pterygopalatine g. spinal g. g. spinal one on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve. spiral g. g. spiral the ganglion on the cochlear nerve, located within the modiolus, sending fibers peripherally to the organ of Corti and centrally to the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem. splanchnic g. g. splanchnique one on the greater splanchnic nerve near the twelfth thoracic vertebra. submandibular g. g. sous-maxillaire a parasympathetic ganglion located superior to the deep part of the submandibular gland, on the lateral surface of the hyoglossal muscle. superior g. 1. g. supérieur du nerf glossopharyngien the upper of two ganglia on the glossopharyngeal nerve as it passes through the jugular foramen. 2. g. supérieur du nerf vague a small ganglion on the vagus nerve just as it passes through the jugular foramen. sympathetic g. g. sympathique any of the aggregations of cell bodies of adrenergic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system; they are arranged in chainlike fashion on either side of the spinal cord. trigeminal g. g. trigéminé one on the sensory root of the fifth cranial nerve in a cleft in the dura mater on the anterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone, giving off the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves and part of the mandibular nerve. tympanic g. g. tympanique an enlargement on the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. vagal g. g. vagal 1. inferior g. (2). 2. superior g. (2). ventricular g. g. ventriculaire Bidder ganglia. vestibular g. g. vestibulaire the sensory ganglion of the vestibular part of the eighth cranial nerve, located in the upper part of the lateral end of the internal acoustic meatus. Wrisberg ganglia g. de Wrisberg cardiac ganglia. wrist g. g. du poignet cystic enlargement of a tendon sheath on the back of the wrist.

ganglionated ganglionnaire provided with ganglia.

ganglionectomy ganglionectomie excision of a ganglion.

ganglioneuroma ganglioneurome a benign neoplasm composed of nerve fibers and mature ganglion cells.

ganglionic ganglionnaire pertaining to a ganglion.

ganglionitis ganglionite inflammation of a ganglion.

ganglionostomy ganglionostomie surgical creation of an opening into a cystic tumor on a tendon sheath or aponeurosis.

ganglioplegic ganglioplégique 1. blocking transmission of impulses through the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. 2. an agent that so acts.

ganglioside ganglioside any of a group of glycosphingolipids found in the central nervous system tissues and having the basic composition ceramide-glucose-galactose-N-acetylneuraminic acid. The form GM₁ accumulates in tissues in GM₁ gangliosidoses and the form GM₂ in GM₂ gangliosidoses.

gangliosidosis gangliosidose pl. gangliosidoses any of a group of lysosomal storage diseases marked by accumulation of gangliosides GM₁ or GM₂ and related glycoconjugates due to deficiency of specific lysosomal hydrolases, and by progressive psychomotor deterioration, usually beginning in infancy or childhood and usually fatal. GM₁ g. g. GM₁ that due to deficiency of lysosomal β-galactosidase activity, with accumulation of ganglioside GM₁, glycoproteins, and keratan sulfate. GM₂ g. g. GM₂ that characterized by accumulation of ganglioside GM₂ and related glycoconjugates; due to deficiency of activity of specific hexosaminidase isozymes or of GM₂ activator protein necessary for activity. It occurs as three biochemically distinct variants, including Sandhoff disease and Tay-Sachs disease.

gangrene gangrène death of tissue, usually in considerable mass, generally with loss of vascular (nutritive) supply and followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction. Adj.: gangrenous. diabetic g. g. diabétique moist gangrene associated with diabetes. dry g. g. sèche that occurring without subsequent bacterial decomposition, the tissues becoming dry and shriveled. embolic g. g. embolique a condition following cutting off of blood supply by embolism. gas g. g. gazeuse an acute, severe, painful condition in which the muscles and subcutaneous tissues become filled with gas and a serosanguineous exudate; due to infection of wounds by anaerobic bacteria, among which are various species of Clostridium. moist g. g. humide that associated with proteolytic decomposition resulting from bacterial action. symmetric g. g. symétrique gangrene of corresponding digits on both sides, due to vasomotor disturbances.

gangrenosis gangrénose the development of gangrene.

ganirelix ganirélix a synthetic decapeptide derived from, and an antagonist to, gonadotropinreleasing hormone; used as the acetate salt in the treatment of female infertility.

ganoblast améloblaste ameloblast.

gap laps an unoccupied interval in time; an opening or hiatus. air-bone g. écart aérien osseux the lag between the audiographic curves for air- and bone-conducted stimuli, as an indication of loss of bone conduction of the ear. anion g. trou anionique the concentration of plasma anions not routinely measured by laboratory screening, accounting for the difference between the measured anions and cations. auscultatory g. trou auscultatoire a period in which sound is not heard in the auscultatory method of sphygmomanometry. interocclusal g. espace libre d’inocclusion see under distance.

Gardnerella Gardnerella a genus of small, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Bifidobacteriaceae. It comprises a single species, G. vaginalis, which is found in the normal female genital tract and is also a major cause of bacterial vaginitis.

gargle 1. gargarisme a solution for rinsing mouth and throat. 2. gargariser (se) to rinse the mouth and throat by holding a solution in the open mouth and agitating it by expulsion of air from the lungs.

gargoylism gargoylisme Hurler syndrome.

garlic ail the flowering plant Allium sativum, or its bulbous stem base, which contains the antibacterial allicin; preparations of the bulbs are used for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis; also used in folk medicine.

gas gaz any elastic aeriform fluid in which the molecules are separated from one another and so have free paths. Adj.: gaseous. alveolar g. g. alvéolaire the gas in the alveoli of the lungs, where gaseous exchange with the capillary blood takes place. blood g’s g. sanguins the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood; see under analysis. laughing g. g. hilarant nitrous oxide. tear g. g. lacrymogène one which produces severe lacrimation by irritating the conjunctivae.

gasometric gazométrique pertaining to the measurement of gases.

gaster estomac [Gr.] stomach.

Gasterophilus Gasterophilus a genus of botflies the larvae of which develop in the gastrointestinal tract of horses and may sometimes infect humans.

gastradenitis inflammation des glandes de l’estomac inflammation of the stomach glands.

gastralgia gastralgie pain in the stomach.

gastrectomy gastrectomie excision of the stomach (total g.) or of a portion of it (partial or subtotal g.).

gastric gastrique pertaining to, affecting, or originating in the stomach.

gastricsin gastricsine a proteolytic enzyme isolated from gastric juice; its precursor is pepsinogen but it differs from pepsin in molecular weight and in the amino acids at the N terminal.

gastrin gastrine a polypeptide hormone secreted by certain cells of the pyloric glands, which strongly stimulates secretion of gastric acid and pepsin and weakly stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder contraction.

gastrinoma gastrinome an islet cell tumor of non-beta cells that secretes gastrin; it is the usual cause of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

gastritis gastrite inflammation of the stomach. atrophic g. g. atrophique chronic gastritis with infiltration of the lamina propria, involving the entire mucosal thickness, by inflammatory cells. catarrhal g. g. catarrhale inflammation and hypertrophy of the gastric mucosa, with excessive secretion of mucus. eosinophilic g. g. éosinophile that in which there is considerable edema and infiltration of all coats of the wall of the pyloric antrum by eosinophils. erosive g., exfoliative g. g. érosive that in which the gastric surface epithelium is eroded. hypertrophic g. g. hypertrophique gastritis with infiltration and enlargement of the glands. polypous g. g. polypoïde hypertrophic gastritis with polypoid projections of the mucosa. pseudomembranous g. g. pseudomembraneuse that in which a false membrane occurs in patches within the stomach. superficial g. g. superficielle chronic inflammation of the lamina propria, limited to the outer third of the mucosa in the foveolar area. toxic g. g. toxique that due to action of a poison or corrosive agent.

gastr(o)- gastr(o)- word element [Gr.], stomach.

gastroanastomosis gastroanastomose gastrogastrostomy.

gastrocele gastrocèle hernial protrusion of the stomach or of a gastric pouch.

gastrocnemius muscles jumeaux de la jambe see under muscle.

gastrocoele gastrocèle archenteron.

gastrocolic gastrocolique pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and colon, as a fistula.

gastrocolitis gastrocolite inflammation of the stomach and colon.

gastrocutaneous gastrocutané pertaining to the stomach and skin, or communicating with the stomach and the cutaneous surface of the body, as a gastrocutaneous fistula.

gastrocystoplasty gastrocystoplastie augmentation cystoplasty using a portion of the stomach.

Gastrodiscoides Gastrodiscoides a genus of trematodes parasitic in the intestinal tract.

gastroduodenitis gastroduodénite inflammation of the stomach and duodenum.

gastroduodenostomy gastroduodénostomie gastroenterostomy between the stomach and duodenum.

gastrodynia gastrodynie gastralgia.

gastroenteritis gastroentérite inflammation of the stomach and intestine. bacterial g. g. bactérienne any type caused by a bacterial toxin or bacterial infection, the most common agents being Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. eosinophilic g. g. éosinophilique a type usually associated with intolerance to specific foods, with infiltration of the mucosa of the small intestine (and often the stomach) by eosinophils; there is edema but no vasculitis; symptoms depend on the site and extent of the disorder. Norwalk g., Norwalk virus g. g. provoquée par le virus de Norwalk a type caused by the Norwalk virus. viral g. g. virale any type caused by a virus; the most common agents being rotaviruses and Norwalk virus.

gastroenteroanastomosis gastroentéro anastomose anastomosis between the stomach and small intestine.

gastroenterology gastroentérologie the study of the stomach and intestine and their diseases.

gastroenteropathy gastroentéropathie any disease of the stomach and intestines. allergic g. g. allergique eosinophilic gastritis of children with food allergies, particularly to cows’ milk.

gastroenterostomy gastroentérostomie surgical creation of an anastomosis between the stomach and the small intestine; or the opening so created.

gastroenterotomy gastroentérotomie incision into the stomach and intestine.

gastroepiploic gastroépiploïque pertaining to the stomach and epiploon (omentum).

gastroesophageal gastro-œsophagien 1. pertaining to the stomach and esophagus. 2. proceeding from the stomach to the esophagus.

gastroesophagitis gastro-œsophagite inflammation of the stomach and esophagus.

gastrofiberscope gastrofibroscope fiberoptic gastroscope.

gastrogastrostomy gastrogastrostomie surgical anastomosis of two previously remote portions of the stomach.

gastrogavage gavage artificial feeding through a tube passed into the stomach.

gastrohepatic gastrohépatique pertaining to the stomach and liver.

gastrohepatitis gastrohépatite inflammation of the stomach and liver.

gastroileal gastro-iléal pertaining to the stomach and ileum.

gastroileitis gastro-iléite inflammation of the stomach and ileum.

gastroileostomy gastro-iléostomie gastroenterostomy between the stomach and ileum.

gastrointestinal gastro-intestinal pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and intestine.

gastrojejunocolic gastro-jéjuno-colique pertaining to the stomach, jejunum, and colon.

gastrojejunostomy gastro-jéjuno-stomie gastroenterostomy between the stomach and jejunum.

gastrolienal gastrosplénique gastrosplenic.

gastrolithiasis calculs gastriques the presence or formation of calculi in the stomach.

gastrolysis gastrolyse surgical division of perigastric adhesions to mobilize the stomach.

gastromalacia gastromalacie softening of the wall of the stomach.

gastromegaly gastromégalie enlargement of the stomach.

gastroparesis gastroparésie paralysis of the stomach, which slows or stops its motility.

gastropathy gastropathie any disease of the stomach.

gastropexy gastropexie surgical fixation of the stomach.

Gastrophilus Gastrophilus Gasterophilus.

gastrophrenic gastrophrénique pertaining to the stomach and diaphragm.

gastroplication gastroplicature treatment of gastric dilatation by stitching a fold in the stomach wall.

gastrorrhagia gastrorragie hemorrhage from the stomach.

gastrorrhea gastrorrhée excessive secretion by the glands of the stomach.

gastroschisis diastématogastrie congenital fissure of the anterior abdominal wall.

gastroscope gastroscope an endoscope for inspecting the interior of the stomach. Adj.: gastroscopic. fiberoptic g. g. à fibre optique one that uses fiberoptic technology.

gastroselective gastrosélectif having an affinity for receptors involved in regulation of gastric activities.

gastrospasm gastrospasme spasm of the stomach.

gastrosplenic gastrosplénique pertaining to the stomach and spleen.

gastrostaxis hémorragie de la muqueuse gastrique the oozing of blood from the stomach mucosa.

gastrostogavage gastrogavage feeding through a gastric fistula.

gastrostomy gastrostomie surgical creation of an artificial opening into the stomach, or the opening so established.

gastrotomy gastrotomie incision into the stomach.

gastrotropic gastrotropique having an affinity for or exerting a special effect on the stomach.

gastrotympanites tympanisme gastrique tympanitic distention of the stomach.

gastrula gastrula the embryo in the stage following the blastula or blastocyst; the simplest type consists of two layers of cells, the ectoderm and endoderm, which have invaginated to form the archenteron and an opening, the blastopore. In human embryos the gastrula stage occurs during the third week, as the embryonic disc becomes trilaminar, establishing the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

gastrulation gastrulation the process by which a blastula becomes a gastrula or, in forms without a true blastula, the process by which three germ cell layers are acquired. In humans, the conversion of a bilaminar to a trilaminar embryonic disc (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).

gatifloxacin gatifloxacine a fluoroquinolone antibacterial effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

gating mécanisme d’ouverture et de fermeture controlling access or passage through gates or channels.

gatophobia gatophobie ailurophobia.

gauss gauss a unit of magnetic flux density, equal to 10^{− 4}tesla.

gauze gaze a light, open-meshed fabric of muslin or similar material. absorbable g. g. absorbable gauze made from oxidized cellulose. absorbent g. g. absorbante white cotton cloth of various thread counts and weights, supplied in various lengths and widths and in different forms (rolls or folds). petrolatum g. g. minérale a sterile material produced by saturation of sterile absorbent gauze with sterile white petrolatum. zinc gelatin impregnated g. g. imprégnée de gélatine de zinc absorbent gauze impregnated with zinc gelatin.

gavage gavage [Fr.] 1. forced feeding, especially through a tube passed into the stomach. 2. superalimentation.

gaze 1. fixer to look steadily in one direction. 2. regard fixe the act of looking steadily at something. conjugate g. regard conjugué the normal movement of the two eyes simultaneously in the same direction to bring something into view.

GC gas chromatography.

G-CSF G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

Gd Gd gadolinium.

Ge Ge germanium.

gegenhalten contre-résistance [Ger.] an involuntary resistance to passive movement, as may occur in cerebral cortical disorders.

gel gel 1. a colloid in which the solid disperse phase forms a network in combination with the fluid continuous phase, resulting in a viscous semirigid sol. 2. to form such a compound or any similar semi-solid material. aluminum hydroxide g. g. d’hydroxyde d’aluminium a suspension of aluminum hydroxide and hydrated oxide used as a gastric antacid, especially in the treatment of peptic ulcer, and in the treatment of phosphate nephrolithiasis. aluminum phosphate g. g. de phosphate d’aluminium an aqueous suspension of aluminum phosphate, used as an antacid and to reduce excretion of phosphates in the feces. APF g. g. APF sodium fluoride and phosphoric acid g. basic aluminum carbonate g. g. d’hydroxyde d’aluminium an aluminum hydroxide-aluminum carbonate gel, used as an antacid, for treatment of hyperphosphatemia in renal insufficiency, and to prevent phosphate urinary calculi. dried aluminum hydroxide g. g. d’hydroxyde d’aluminium sec an amorphous form of aluminum hydroxide prepared by drying aluminum hydroxide gel at low temperature; used as an antacid. sodium fluoride and phosphoric acid g. g. de fluorure de sodium et d’acide phosphorique a gel containing sodium fluoride, hydrofluoric acid, and phosphoric acid; applied topically to the teeth as a dental caries prophylactic.

gelatin gélatine a substance obtained by partial hydrolysis of collagen derived from skin, white connective tissue, and bones of animals; used as a suspending agent, in manufacture of capsules and suppositories, sometimes as an adjuvant protein food, and suggested for use as a plasma substitute. zinc g. g. de zinc a preparation of zinc oxide, gelatin, glycerin, and purified water, used as a topical skin protectant.

gelatinous gélatineux like jelly or softened gelatin.

gelation gélation conversion of a sol into a gel. gemcitabine gemcitabine an antineoplastic agent used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma.

Gemella Gemella a genus of gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic cocci of the family Staphylococcaceae. Organisms, including G. haemolysans and G. morbillorum, are part of the normal oropharyngeal, gastrointestinal, and urogenital flora and are opportunistic pathogens, causing a variety of infectious illnesses, particularly in immunocompromised persons.

gemfibrozil gemfibrozil a hypolipidemic agent used for treatment of patients with very high serum triglyceride levels (type IV hyperlipoproteinemia) who do not respond to dietary management.

geminate géminé paired; occurring in twos.

gemmation gemmation budding; asexual reproduction in which a portion of the cell body is thrust out and then becomes separated, forming a new individual.

gemmule gemmule 1. a reproductive bud; the immediate product of gemmation. 2. one of the many little spinelike processes on the dendrites of a neuron.

gemtuzumab ozogamicin gemtuzumab ozogamicine a recombinant DNA-derived monoclonal antibody conjugated with a cytotoxic antitumor antibiotic, used as an antineoplastic.

-gen -gène word element [Gr.], an agent that produces.

genal jugal pertaining to the cheek; buccal.

gender genre sex; the category to which an individual is assigned on the basis of sex.

gene gène a segment of a DNA molecule (RNA in certain viruses) that contains all the information required for synthesis of a product (polypeptide chain or RNA molecule). It is the biologic unit of inheritance, self-reproducing, and transmitted from parent to progeny, and has a specific position (locus) in the genome. chimeric g. g. chimère an artificial gene constructed by juxtaposition of fragments of unrelated genes or other DNA segments, which may themselves have been altered. complementary g’s g. complémentaires two or more nonallelic genes that act together to produce a phenotype that is produced by neither individually. H g., histocompatibility g. g. H, g. d’histocompatibilité one that determines the specificity of tissue antigenicity (HLA antigens), and thus the compatibility of donor and recipient in tissue transplantation and blood transfusion. holandric g. g. holandrique one that is located on the Y chromosome and thus appears only in males. housekeeping g. g. domestique one that encodes a protein needed for basic cell function and so is expressed in all cells. immune response (Ir) g’s g. de réponse immunitaire genes of the major histocompatibility complex that govern the immune response to individual immunogens. immune suppressor (Is) g’s g. suppresseurs d’immunité genes governing the ability of suppressor T cells to respond to certain antigens. lethal g. g. létal one whose expression brings about the death of the organism. regulator g., regulatory g. g. régulateur a gene whose product controls the activity of other, distant genes. sex-linked g. g. lié au sexe one carried on a sex chromosome; it usually denotes an X-linked gene. split g. g. discontinu a gene containing multiple exons and at least one intron. structural g. g. structural 1. one that is transcribed into mRNA and thus encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain. 2. one that encodes an mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA product. X-linked g. g. lié au sexe one carried on the X chromosome. Y-linked g. gène lié au chromosome Y one carried on the Y chromosome.

genera genres plural of genus.

general général affecting many parts or all parts of the organism; not local.

generalize 1. généraliser (se) to spread throughout the body, as when local disease becomes systemic. 2. généraliser to form a general principle; to reason inductively.

generation génération 1. reproduction (1). 2. a class composed of all individuals removed by the same number of successive ancestors from a common predecessor, or occupying positions on the same level in a pedigree chart. alternate g. g. alternante reproduction by alternate asexual and sexual means in an animal or plant species. asexual g. reproduction asexuée production of a new organism not originating from union of gametes. filial g. g. filiale the offspring produced by the mating of the individuals of a given generation, with the offspring of the parental generation constituting the first filial g. (F₁), and their offspring the second filial g. (F₂), and so on. parental g. (P1) g. parentale the generation with which a particular genetic study is begun. sexual g. reproduction sexuée production of a new organism from the zygote formed by the union of gametes. spontaneous g. g. spontanée the discredited concept of continuous generation of living organisms from nonliving matter.

generator générateur 1. something that produces or causes to exist. 2. a machine that converts mechanical to electrical energy. pattern g. réseau neuronal g. de rythmes, g. pattern a network of neurons that produces a stereotyped form of complex movement, such as chewing or ambulation, that is almost invariable from one performance to the next. pulse g. g. d’impulsion the power source for a cardiac pacemaker system, usually powered by a lithium battery, supplying impulses to the implanted electrodes, either at a fixed rate or in some programmed pattern.

generic générique 1. pertaining to a genus. 2. nonproprietary; denoting a drug name not protected by a trademark, usually descriptive of the drug’s chemical structure.

genesis genèse [Gr.] creation; origination.

-genesis genèse word element [Gr.], formation; development.

genetic génétique 1. pertaining to or determined by genes. 2. pertaining to reproduction or to birth or origin.

genetics génétique the study of genes and their heredity. biochemical g. g. biochimique the branch of genetics concerned with the chemical and physical nature of genes and the mechanisms by which they function at the molecular level, specifically the roles of genes in controlling steps in metabolic pathways. clinical g. g. clinique the application of genetics to diagnosis of genetic disorders and patient care. developmental g. g. du développement the branch of genetics concerned with how development is controlled by specific genes. molecular g. g. moléculaire that branch of genetics concerned with the molecular structure and functioning of genes, from DNA replication to protein product. population g. g. des populations the study of the distribution of genes in populations and of how genes and genotype frequencies are maintained or changed. reproductive g. g. de la reproduction the use of a combination of clinical genetics, dysmorphology, maternal-fetal medicine, and assisted reproductive technologies for detection, understanding, and prevention of reproductive abnormalities.

genetotrophic génétotrophique pertaining to genetics and nutrition; relating to problems of nutrition that are hereditary in nature, or transmitted through the genes.

genial génien mental (2).

genic génique pertaining to or caused by genes.

-genic -genic word element [Gr.], giving rise to; causing.

genicular géniculaire pertaining to the knee.

geniculate genouillé bent, like a knee.

geniculum geniculum pl. genicula [L.] a little knee; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a sharp kneelike bend in a small structure or organ.

genital génital pertaining to reproduction or to the reproductive organs.

genitalia organes génitaux [L.] the reproductive organs, particularly those that are external. ambiguous g. o. g. externes ambigus genital organs with characteristics typical of both male and female, as seen in hermaphroditism and some types of pseudohermaphroditism. external g. o. g. externes the reproductive organs external to the body, including pudendum, clitoris, and urethra in the female, and scrotum, penis, and urethra in the male. indifferent g. o. g. indifférenciés the reproductive organs of the embryo prior to the establishment of definitive sex. internal g. o. g. internes the reproductive organs within the body, including ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female, and testes, epididymides, ductus deferentes, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate, and bulbourethral glands in the male.

genitals organes génitaux genitalia.

genit(o)- génit(o)- word element [L.], the organs of reproduction.

genitography génitographie radiography of the urogenital sinus and internal duct structures after injection of a contrast medium through the sinus opening.

genitourinary génito-urinaire pertaining to the genital and urinary systems.

genocopy génocopie a phenotype that appears identical to another but that is caused by a different genetic mechanism.

genodermatosis génodermatose a genetic disorder of the skin, usually generalized.

genome génome the entirety of the genetic information encoded by the nucleotides of an organism, cell, organelle, or virus. Adj.: genomic. mitochondrial g. g. mitochondrial a circular double-stranded DNA molecule, 16.6 kb in size and containing 37 genes in humans, present in 5 to 10 copies within each mitochondrion, and thus in thousands of copies per cell, with a slightly different genetic code and a higher mutation rate than those of the nuclear genome. It is transmitted by maternal inheritance.

genomics génomique the study of the structure and function of the genome.

genotoxic génotoxique damaging to DNA; said of agents such as radiation or chemical substances that do this and thereby cause mutations, sometimes resulting in cancer.

genotype génotype 1. the entire genetic constitution of an individual. 2. the alleles present at one or more specific loci. Adj.: genotypic.

-genous -gène word element [Gr.], arising or resulting from; produced by.

gentamicin gentamicine an aminoglycoside antibiotic complex isolated from bacteria of the genus Micromonospora, effective against many gram-negative bacteria as well as certain gram-positive species; used as the sulfate salt.

gentian gentiane the dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea; used as a bitter tonic. g. violet violet de g. an antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic dye, applied topically in the treatment of infections of the skin and mucous membranes associated with gram-positive bacteria and molds; also used to treat blood collected in areas endemic for Chagas disease.

gentianophilic gentianophile staining readily with gentian violet.

gentianophobic sans affinité pour le violet de gentiane not staining with gentian violet.

genu genu pl. genua [L.] 1. the knee. 2. any kneelike structure. g. extrorsum g. varum bowleg.

g. introrsum g. valgum knock-knee. g. recurvatum g. recurvatum hyperextensibility of the knee joint. g. valgum g. valgum knock-knee. g. varum g. varum bowleg.

genus genre pl. genera [L.] a taxonomic category subordinate to a tribe (or subtribe) and superior to a species (or subgenus).

ge(o)- gé(o)- word element [Gr.], the earth; the soil.

Geobacillus Geobacillus a genus of thermophilic, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. G. stearothermophilus, which produces very resistant spores and is capable of growth at 65 C, is used to test for autoclave quality control.

geode géode a dilated lymph space.

geographic géographique in pathology, of or referring to a pattern that is well demarcated, resembling outlines on a map.

geomedicine géomédecine the branch of medicine dealing with the influence of climatic and environmental conditions on health.

geophagia géophagie the habitual eating of earth or clay, a form of pica.

geotrichosis géotrichose a candidiasis-like infection due to Geotrichum candidum, which may attack the bronchi, lungs, mouth, or intestinal tract.

Geotrichum Geotrichum a genus of yeastlike fungi, including G. candidum, found in the feces and in dairy products.

geotropism géotropisme a tendency of growth or movement toward or away from the earth; the influence of gravity on growth.

geratic gériatrique pertaining to old age.

GERD RGO gastroesophageal reflux disease.

geriatric 1. gériatrique pertaining to elderly persons or to the aging process. 2. gériatrie pertaining to geriatrics.

geriatrics gériatrique the department of medicine dealing especially with the problems of aging and diseases of the elderly. dental g. g. dentaire gerodontics.

geriodontics gérodontie gerodontics.

germ germe 1. a pathogenic microorganism. 2. a living substance capable of developing into an organ, part, or organism as a whole; a primordium. dental g. g. dentaire collective tissues from which a tooth is formed. enamel g. g. d’émail the epithelial rudiment of the enamel organ. hair g. g. pileux an ectodermal concentration in the basal layer of the embryonic epidermis, the precursor of a hair follicle and related structures.

germanium (Ge) germanium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 32.

germicide germicide an agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms. Adj.: germicidal.

germinal germinal pertaining to or of the nature of a gamete (germ cell) or the primordial stage of development.

germination germination the sprouting of a seed, spore, or plant embryo. Adj.: germinative.

germinoma germinome a type of germ cell tumor with large round cells with vascular nuclei, usually found in the ovary, undescended testis, anterior mediastinum, or pineal gland; in males called seminoma and in females called dysgerminoma.

germline lignée germinale the sequence of cells in the line of direct descent from zygote to gamete, as opposed to somatic cells. Written also germ line.

ger(o)- gér(o)- word element [Gr.], old age; the aged.

geroderma géroderme dystrophy of the skin and genitals, giving the appearance of old age.

gerodontics gérodontologie dentistry dealing with the dental problems of older people. Adj.: gerodontic.

geromarasmus géromarasme the emaciation sometimes characteristic of old age.

geromorphism géromorphisme premature aging of a body part.

geront(o)- géront(o)- word element [Gr.], old age; the aged.

gerontology gérontologie the scientific study of aging in all its aspects.

geropsychiatry géropsychiatrie a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with mental illness in the elderly.

gestagen progestatif progestational agent.

gestalt gestalt [Ger.] form, shape; a whole perceptual configuration. See gestaltism.

gestaltism psychologie de la forme, psychologie gestaltiste a theory in psychology that objects of the mind, as immediately presented to direct experience, come as complete unanalyzable wholes or forms (Gestalten) that cannot be split up into parts.

gestation gestation pregnancy. See also gestation period, under period. Adj.: gestational.

gestosis gestose pl. gestoses any manifestation of preeclampsia in pregnancy.

GeV GeV gigaelectron volt; one billion (10⁹) electron volts.

GFAP GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein.

GFR TFG glomerular filtration rate.

GH GH growth hormone.

ghost fantôme a faint or shadowy figure lacking the customary substance of reality. red cell g. f. d’hématie an erythrocyte membrane that remains intact after hemolysis.

ghrelin ghréline a peptide hormone related to motilin, expressed primarily by the stomach, that stimulates the secretion of growth hormone, stimulates the sensation of hunger, and has regulatory functions in the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and immune systems and in weight maintenance.

GH-RH GH-RH growth hormone-releasing hormone.

GI GI gastrointestinal.

giantism gigantisme 1. gigantism. 2. excessive size, as of cells or nuclei.

Giardia Giardia a genus of flagellate protozoa parasitic in the intestinal tract of humans and other animals, which may cause giardiasis; G. lamblia (G. intestinalis) is the species found in humans.

giardiasis giardiase infection of the small intestine with the protozoan Giardia lamblia, spread via contaminated food or water or by direct person-to-person contact; symptoms are rare and range from nonspecific gastrointestinal discomfort to mild to profuse diarrhea, nausea, lassitude, anorexia, and weight loss.

gibbosity gibbosité the condition of being humped; kyphosis.

gibbus bosse hump.

GIFT GIFT gamete intrafallopian transfer.

giga- giga- word element [Gr.], huge; used in naming units of measurement to designate an amount one billion (10⁹) times the size of the unit to which it is joined; symbol G.

gigantiform gigantiforme very large.

gigantism gigantisme abnormal overgrowth; excessive size and stature. cerebral g. g. cérébral gigantism in the absence of increased levels of growth hormone, attributed to a cerebral defect; infants are large, and accelerated growth continues for the first 4 or 5 years, the rate being normal thereafter. The hands and feet are large, the head large and dolichocephalic, the eyes have an antimongoloid slant, with hypertelorism. The child is clumsy, and mental retardation of varying degree is usually present. pituitary g. g. hypophysaire that caused by oversecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.

gigantocellular gigantocellulaire pertaining to giant cells.

gigantomastia gigantomastie extreme macromastia.

ginger gingembre the leafy herb Zingiber officinale, or the dried rhizome, which is used as a flavoring agent, in the treatment of digestive disorders, and to prevent motion sickness.

gingiva gencive pl. gingivae [L.] the gum; the mucous membrane, with supporting fibrous tissue, covering the tooth-bearing border of the jaw. Adj.: gingival. alveolar g. g. alvéolaire the portion covering the alveolar process. areolar g. g. aréolaire the portion attached to the alveolar process by loose areolar connective tissue, lying beyond the keratinized mucosa over the alveolar process. attached g. g. adhérente the portion that is firm, resilient, and bound to the underlying cementum and alveolar bone. free g. g. libre the portion of the gingiva that surrounds the tooth and is not directly attached to the tooth surface. marginal g. g. marginale the portion of the free gingiva localized at the labial, buccal, lingual, and palatal aspects of the teeth; gingival margin.

gingivally gingivalement toward the gingiva.

gingivectomy gingivectomie surgical excision of all loose infected and diseased gingival tissue.

gingivitis gingivite inflammation of the gingiva. acute necrotizing ulcerative g., acute ulcerative g., acute, ulceromembranous g. (ANUG) g.ulcéronécrotique aiguë necrotizing ulcerative g. atrophic senile g. g. atrophique sénile inflammation, and sometimes atrophy, of the gingival and oral mucosa in menopausal and postmenopausal women, believed due to altered estrogen metabolism. fusospirochetal g. g. de Vincent necrotizing ulcerative g. herpetic g. g. herpétique infection of the gingivae by the herpes simplex virus. necrotizing ulcerative g. g. ulcéronécrotique trench mouth; a progressive painful infection, also seen in subacute and recurrent forms, marked by crateriform lesions of interdental papillae with pseudomembranous slough circumscribed by linear erythema; fetid breath; increased salivation; and spontaneous gingival hemorrhage; see also under gingivostomatitis. pregnancy g. g. de grossesse any of various gingival changes ranging from gingivitis to the so-called pregnancy tumor. Vincent g. g. de Vincent necrotizing ulcerative g.

gingiv(o)- gingiv(o)- word element [L.], gums.

gingivosis gingivose a chronic, diffuse inflammation of the gingivae, with desquamation of papillary epithelium and mucous membrane.

gingivostomatitis gingivostomatite inflammation of the gingivae and oral mucosa. herpetic g. g. herpétique that due to infection with herpes simplex virus, with redness of the oral tissues, formation of multiple vesicles and painful ulcers, and fever. necrotizing ulcerative g. g. ulcéronécrotique pseudomembranous angina; a type due to extension of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis to other areas of the oral mucosa.

ginglymoid ginglymoïde resembling a hinge; pertaining to a ginglymus.

ginglymus ginglymus a joint that allows movement in but one plane, forward and backward, as does a door hinge.

ginkgo ginkgo the dried leaves of the deciduous tree Ginkgo biloba, used for symptomatic relief of brain dysfunction, for intermittent claudication, and for tinnitus and vertigo of vascular origin; also used in traditional Chinese medicine and in homeopathy.

ginseng ginseng 1. any herb of the genus Panax, especially P. ginseng (Chinese g.) and P. quinquefolius (American g.). 2. the root of Chinese or American ginseng, used as a tonic and stimulant. 3. Siberian g. eleuthero g., Siberian g. g. éleuthero the shrub Eleutherococcus senticosus, or a preparation of its root, which is used to improve general well-being and for various indications in traditional Chinese medicine.

girdle ceinture cingulum; an encircling structure or part; anything encircling a body. pectoral g. c. pectorale shoulder g. pelvic g. c. pelvienne the encircling bony structure supporting the lower limbs. shoulder g., thoracic g. c. scapulaire the encircling bony structure supporting the upper limbs.

glabella glabelle the area on the frontal bone above the nasion and between the eyebrows.

glabrous glabre smooth and bare.

gladiolus corps du sternum body of sternum.

glairy glaireux resembling egg white.

gland glande an aggregation of cells specialized to secrete or excrete materials not related to their ordinary metabolic needs. accessory g. g. accessoire a minor mass of glandular tissue near or at some distance from a gland of similar structure. accessory adrenal g. g. surrénales accessoires adrenal glandular tissue, usually either cortical or medullary, found in the abdomen or pelvis. adrenal g. g. surrénale suprarenal gland; a flattened body above either kidney, consisting of a cortex and a medulla, the former elaborating steroid hormones, and the latter epinephrine and norepinephrine. aggregate g’s, aggregated g’s g. agrégées Peyer patches. apocrine g. g. apocrine one whose discharged secretion contains part of the secreting cells; particularly used to denote an apocrine sweat gland. apocrine sweat g. g. apocrine sudoripare a type of large, branched, specialized sweat gland, after puberty producing a viscous secretion that is acted on by bacteria to produce a characteristic acrid odor. axillary g’s g. axillaires lymph nodes situated in the axilla. Bartholin g. g. de Bartholin greater vestibular g. biliary g’s, g’s of biliary mucosa g. biliaires tubuloalveolar glands in the mucosa of the bile ducts and the neck of the gallbladder. Blandin g’s g. de Blandin anterior lingual g’s. bronchial g’s g. bronchiques seromucous glands in the mucosa and submucosa of bronchial walls. Bruch g’s g. de Bruch lymph follicles in the conjunctiva of lower lid. Brunner g’s g. de Brunner duodenal g’s. bulbocavernous g., bulbourethral g. g. bulbocaverneuse one of two glands embedded in the substance of the sphincter of the urethra, posterior to the membranous part of the urethra. cardiac g’s g. cardiales mucin-secreting glands of the cardiac part (cardia) of the stomach. celiac g’s g. cœliaques lymph nodes anterior to the abdominal aorta. ceruminous g’s g. cérumineuses cerumen-secreting glands in the skin of the external auditory canal. cervical g’s of uterus g. cervicales, g. du col de l’utérus compound clefts in the wall of the uterine cervix. ciliary g’s g. ciliaires sweat glands that have become arrested in their development, located at the edges of the eyelids. circumanal g’s g. circumanales specialized sweat and sebaceous glands around the anus. closed g’s g. fermées endocrine g’s. coccygeal g. g. coccygienne glomus coccygeum. compound g. g. composée one made up of a number of smaller units whose excretory ducts combine to form ducts of progressively higher order. Cowper g. g. de Cowper bulbourethral g. ductless g. g. à sécrétion interne one without a duct, of internal secretion; see endocrine g’s. duodenal g’s g. duodénales glands in the submucosa of the duodenum, opening into the glands of the small intestine. Ebner g’s g. d’Ebner serous glands at the back of the tongue near the taste buds. eccrine g., eccrine sweat g. g. eccrine one of the ordinary, or simple, sweat glands, which is of the merocrine type. endocrine g’s g. endocrines organs whose secretions (hormones) are released directly into the circulatory system; they include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, the pineal body, and the gonads. exocrine g. g. exocrine one whose secretion is discharged through a duct opening on an internal or external surface of the body. fundic g’s, fundus g’s g. fundiques tubular glands in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach, containing acid- and pepsin-secreting cells. Galeati g’s g. de Galeati duodenal g’s. gastric g’s g. gastriques the secreting glands of the stomach, including the fundic, cardiac, and pyloric glands. Gay g’s g. de Gay circumanal g’s. glossopalatine g’s g. glossopalatines mucous glands at the posterior end of the smaller sublingual glands. haversian g’s g. de Havers synovial villi. holocrine g. g. holocrine one whose discharged secretion contains the entire secreting cells. intestinal g’s g. intestinales straight tubular glands in the mucous membrane of the intestine, opening, in the small intestine, between the bases of the villi, and containing argentaffin cells. jugular g. g. jugulaires accessory lacrimal glands deep in the conjunctival connective tissue, mainly near the upper fornix. lacrimal g. g. lacrymale either of a pair of glands that secrete tears. g’s of Lieberkhün g. de Lieberkühn intestinal g’s. lingual g’s g. linguales the seromucous glands on the surface of the tongue. lingual g’s, anterior g. linguales antérieures the deeply placed seromucous glands near the apex of the tongue. Littre g’s g. de Littre 1. preputial g’s. 2. urethral g’s (male). lymph g. ganglion lymphatique see under node. mammary g. g. mammaire the specialized gland of the skin of female mammals, which secretes milk for nourishment of the young. meibomian g’s g. de Meibomius sebaceous follicles between the cartilage and conjunctiva of eyelids. merocrine g. g. mérocrine one in which the secretory cells maintain their integrity throughout the secretory cycle. mixed g’s g. mixtes 1. seromucous g’s. 2. glands that have both exocrine and endocrine portions. monoptychial g. g. monoptychiale one in which the tubules or alveoli are lined with a single layer of secreting cells. Morgagni g’s g. de Morgagni urethral g’s (male). mucous g. g. muqueuse a gland that secretes mucus. Nuhn g’s g. de Nuhn anterior lingual g’s. olfactory g’s g. olfactives small mucous glands in the olfactory mucosa. parathyroid g’s g. parathyroïdes small bodies in the region of the thyroid gland, developed from the endoderm of the branchial clefts, occurring in a variable number of pairs, commonly two; they secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned chiefly with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. paraurethral g’s g. paraurétrales a group of urethral glands of the female urethra that are drained by the paraurethral ducts. parotid g. g. parotide the largest of the three paired salivary glands, located in front of the ear. Peyer g’s g. de Peyer see under patch. pharyngeal g’s g. pharyngiennes mucous glands beneath the tunica mucosa of the pharynx. pineal g. g. pinéale see under body. pituitary g. hypophyse hypophysis; the epithelial body of dual origin at the base of the brain in the sella turcica, attached by a stalk to the hypothalamus. It consists of two main lobes, the anterior lobe or adenohypophysis, secreting most of the hormones, and the posterior lobe or neurohypophysis, which stores and releases neurohormones received from the hypothalamus. preputial g’s g. préputiales small sebaceous glands of the corona of the penis and the inner surface of the prepuce, which secrete smegma. proper gastric g’s g. gastriques fundic g’s. prostate g. g. de la prostate prostate. pyloric g’s g. pyloriques the mucin-secreting glands of the pyloric part of the stomach. racemose g’s g. racémeuses glands composed of acini arranged like grapes on a stem. saccular g. g. sacculaire one consisting of a sac or sacs, lined with glandular epithelium. salivary g’s g. salivaires glands of the oral cavity whose combined secretion constitutes the saliva, including the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands and numerous small glands in the tongue, lips, cheeks, and palate. sebaceous g. g. sébacée one of the holocrine glands in the dermis that secrete sebum. seromucous g. g. séromuqueuse one containing both serous and mucous secreting cells. serous g. g. séreuse a gland that secretes a watery albuminous material, commonly but not always containing enzymes. sex g. g. sexuelle gonad. simple g. g. simple one with a nonbranching duct. Skene g’s g. de Skene paraurethral g’s. solitary g’s g. solitaires see under follicle. submandibular g., submaxillary g. g. sous-maxillaire a salivary gland on the inner side of each ramus of the lower jaw. suprarenal g. g. surrénale adrenal g. Suzanne g. g. de Suzanne a mucous gland of the mouth, beneath the alveolingual groove. sweat g. g. sudoripare a gland that secretes sweat, found in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, opening by a duct on the body surface. The ordinary or eccrine sweat glands are distributed over most of the body surface and promote cooling by evaporation of the secretion; the apocrine sweat glands empty into the upper portion of a hair follicle instead of directly onto the skin and are found only in certain body areas, as around the anus and in the axilla. target g. g. cible one specifically affected by a pituitary hormone. tarsal g’s, tarsoconjunctival g’s g. tarsiennes meibomian g’s. thymus g. g. du thymus see thymus. thyroid g. g. thyroïde an endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on each side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus, producing hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine), which require iodine for their elaboration and which are concerned in regulating metabolic rate; it also secretes calcitonin. Tyson g’s g. de Tyson preputial g’s. unicellular g. g. unicellulaire a single cell that functions as a gland, e.g., a goblet cell. urethral g’s g. urétrales mucous glands in the wall of the urethra. uterine g’s g. utérines simple tubular glands found throughout the endometrium. vesical g’s g. vésicales mucous glands sometimes found in the wall of the urinary bladder, especially in the area of the trigone. vestibular g., greater g. vestibulaire majeure Bartholin gland: either of two small reddish yellow bodies in the vestibular bulbs, one on each side of the vaginal orifice. vestibular g’s, lesser g. vestibulaires mineures small mucous glands opening upon the vestibular mucous membrane between the urethral and the vaginal orifice. Virchow g. g. de Virchow sentinel node. vulvovaginal g. g. vulvovaginale Bartholin g. Waldeyer g’s g. de Waldeyer glands in the attached edge of the eyelid. Weber g’s g. de Weber the tubular mucous glands of the tongue. g’s of Zeis g. de Zeis modified rudimentary sebaceous glands attached directly to the eyelash follicles.

glanders morve a contagious disease of horses, communicable to humans, due to Pseudomonas mallei, and marked by purulent inflammation of the mucous membranes and cutaneous eruption of nodules that coalesce and break down, forming deep ulcers, which may end in necrosis of cartilage and bone; the more chronic and constitutional form is known as farcy.

glandilemma capsule glandulaire the capsule or outer envelope of a gland.

glandula glandula pl. glandulae [L.] a gland.

glandular glandulaire 1. pertaining to or of the nature of a gland. 2. glanular.

glandule glandule a small gland.

glans gland pl. glandes [L.] a small, rounded mass or glandlike body. g. clitoridis, g. of clitoris g. du clitoris erectile tissue on the free end of the clitoris. g. penis g. du pénis the cap-shaped expansion of the corpus spongiosum at the end of the penis.

glanular glanulaire pertaining to the glans penis or glans clitoridis.

glanuloplasty glanuloplastie plastic surgery on a glans.

glare éblouissement discomfort in the eye and depression of central vision produced when a bright light enters the field of vision, particularly when the eye is adapted to dark. It is direct g. when the image of the light falls on the fovea and indirect g. when it falls outside the fovea.

glass verre 1. a hard, brittle, often transparent material, usually consisting of the fused amorphous silicates of potassium or sodium, and of calcium, with silica in excess. 2. a container, usually cylindrical, made from glass. cupping g. ventouse a small vessel from which the air has been or can be exhausted; used in cupping.

glasses lunettes spectacles; lenses arranged in a frame holding them in the proper position before the eyes, as an aid to vision. bifocal g. verres à double foyer, lunettes bifocales those with bifocal lenses. trifocal g. lunettes trifocales those with trifocal lenses.

glatiramer glatiramère an immunomodulator used as the acetate ester to reduce relapses in multiple sclerosis.

glaucoma glaucome a group of eye diseases characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure, causing pathological changes in the optic disk and typical visual field defects. Adj.: glaucomatous. congenital g. g. congénital that due to defective development of the structures in and around the anterior chamber of the eye and resulting in impairment of aqueous humor; seen first at birth or up to age three. Donders g. g. de Donders advanced open-angle g. infantile g. g. infantile congenital g. narrow-angle g. g. à angle fermé a form of primary glaucoma in an eye characterized by a shallow anterior chamber and a narrow angle, in which filtration is compromised as a result of the iris blocking the angle. open-angle g. g. à angle ouvert a form of primary glaucoma in an eye in which the angle of the anterior chamber remains open, but filtration is gradually diminished because of the tissues of the angle. primary g. g. primaire increased intraocular pressure occurring in an eye without previous disease.

glaze glaçure in dentistry, a ceramic veneer added to a porcelain restoration, to simulate enamel.

GLC CGL gas-liquid chromatography.

glenohumeral glénohuméral pertaining to the glenoid cavity and the humerus.

glenoid glénoïde resembling a pit or socket.

glia névroglie neuroglia.

gliacyte gliocyte a cell of the neuroglia.

gliadin gliadine a protein present in wheat; it contains the toxic factor associated with celiac disease.

glial glial, névroglique of or pertaining to the neuroglia.

glimepiride glimépiride a sulfonylurea compound used as a hypoglycemic in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

glioblastoma glioblastome any malignant astrocytoma. g. multiforme g. multiforme the most malignant type of astrocytoma, composed of spongioblasts, astroblasts, and astrocytes; it usually occurs in the brain but may occur in the brain stem or spinal cord.

glioma gliome a tumor composed of neuroglia in any of its states of development; sometimes extended to include all intrinsic neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord, as astrocytomas, ependymomas, etc. Adj.: gliomatous. g. retinae g. de la rétine retinoblastoma.

gliomatosis gliomatose diffuse formation of gliomas.

gliosis gliose an excess of astroglia in damaged areas of the central nervous system.

glipizide glipizide a sulfonylurea used as a hypoglycemic in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

glissade glissade [Fr.] a gliding involuntary movement of the eye in changing the point of fixation; it is a slower, smoother movement than is a saccade. Adj.: glissadic.

glissonitis glissonite inflammation of the Glisson capsule.

globin globine 1. the protein constituent of hemoglobin. 2. any of a group of proteins similar to the typical globin.

globoid globoïde globe-shaped; spheroid.

globoside globoside a glycosphingolipid containing acetylated amino sugars and simple hexoses that accumulates in tissues in Sandhoff disease but not in Tay-Sachs disease.

globule globule 1. a small spherical mass or body. 2. a small spherical drop of fluid or semifluid substance. 3. capsule a little globe or pellet, as of medicine. Adj.: globular.

globulin globuline any of class of proteins, most insoluble in water but soluble in saline solutions (euglobulins), but some soluble in water (pseudoglobulins) with their other physical properties resembling euglobulins. α-g’s g.-α serum globulins with the most rapid electrophoretic mobility, further subdivided into faster α₁– and slower α₂-globulins. AC g., accelerator g. g. AC, g. accélératrice coagulation factor V. alpha g’s alphaglobulines α-g’s. antihemophilic g. (AHG) g. antihémophilique (GAH) coagulation factor VIII. antilymphocyte g. (ALG) g. antilymphocytaire (GAL) the gamma globulin fraction of antilymphocyte serum (q.v.), used as an immunosuppressant in organ transplantation. antithymocyte g. (ATG) g. antithymocytaire (GAT) the gamma globulin fraction of antiserum derived from animals (e.g., rabbits) that have been immunized against human thymocytes; it causes specific destruction of T lymphocytes, used in treatment of allograft rejection. β-g’s g.-β globulins in plasma which, in neutral or alkaline solutions, have an electrophoretic mobility between those of the alpha and gamma globulins. bacterial polysaccharide immune g. (BPIG) immunoglobuline des polysaccharides bactériens a human immune globulin derived from the blood plasma of adult human donors immunized with Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcal, and meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines; used for the passive immunization of infants under 18 months of age. beta g’s bêta-g. β-g’s. cytomegalovirus immune g. immunoglobuline anticytomégalovirus a purified immunoglobulin derived from pooled adult human plasma selected for high titers of antibody against cytomegalovirus (CMV); used for the treatment and prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients. γ-g’s, gamma g’s g.-γ, gammaglobulines serum globulins having the least rapid electrophoretic mobility; the fraction is composed almost entirely of immunoglobulins. hepatitis B immune g. immunoglobuline antihépatite B a specific immune globulin derived from blood plasma of human donors with high titers of antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen; used as a passive immunizing agent. hyperimmune g. g. hyperimmune any of various immunoglobulin preparations especially high in antibodies against certain specific diseases. immune g. immunoglobuline 1. immunoglobulin. 2. a concentrated preparation of gamma globulins, predominantly IgG, from a large pool of human donors; used for passive immunization against measles, hepatitis A, and varicella and for replacement therapy in patients with immunoglobulin deficiencies. immune human serum g. immunoglobuline sérique humaine immune g. (2). immune g. intravenous (human) immunoglobuline intraveineuse (humaine) a preparation of immune globulin suitable for intravenous administration; used in the treatment of primary and secondary immunodeficiency states, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and Kawasaki disease. immune serum g. immunoglobuline sérique immune g. (2). pertussis immune g. immunoglobuline contre la coqueluche a specific immune globulin derived from the blood plasma of human donors immunized with pertussis vaccine; used for the prophylaxis and treatment of pertussis. rabies immune g. immunoglobuline contre la rage a specific immune globulin derived from blood plasma or serum of human donors who have been immunized with rabies vaccine and have high titers of rabies antibody; used as a passive immunizing agent. respiratory syncytial virus immune g. intravenous immunoglobuline intraveineuse contre le virus respiratoire syncytial a preparation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from pooled adult human plasma selected for high titers of antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus; used for passive immunization of infants and young children. Rh₀(D) immune g. immuno-globuline Rh₀(D) a specific immune globulin derived from human blood plasma containing antibody to the erythrocyte factor Rh₀(D); used to prevent Rh-sensitization of Rh-negative females and thus prevent erythroblastosis fetalis in subsequent pregnancies; administered within 72 hours after exposure to Rh-positive blood resulting from delivery of an Rh-positive child, abortion or miscarriage of an Rh-positive fetus, or transfusion of Rh-positive blood; also used to stimulate the platelet count in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. serum g’s sérum-g. all plasma proteins except albumin, which is not a globulin, and fibrinogen, which is not in the serum; they are subdivided into α-, β-, and γ-globulins. sex hormone-binding g. (SHBG) protéine porteuse des stéroïdes sexuels (PPSS) a β-globulin in plasma that binds to and transports testosterone, and to a lesser degree estrogens. specific immune g. immunoglobuline spécifique a preparation of immune globulin derived from a donor pool preselected for a high antibody titer against a specific antigen. tetanus immune g. immunoglobuline tétanique a specific immune globulin derived from the blood plasma of human donors who have been immunized with tetanus toxoid; used in the prophylaxis and treatment of tetanus. varicellazoster immune g. (VZIG) g. antivaricelle-zona a specific immune globulin derived from plasma of human donors with high titers of varicellazoster antibodies; used as a passive immunizing agent.

globus pl. globi [L.] 1. globus sphere. 2. globe a spherical structure. 3. globe eyeball. 4. globe one of the encapsulated globular masses containing bacilli, seen in smears of lepromatous leprosy lesions. g. hystericus boule hystérique subjective sensation of a lump in the throat. g. pallidus globus pallidus the smaller and more medial part of the lentiform nucleus.

glomangioma tumeur glomique glomus tumor (1).

glomera glomera plural of glomus.

glomerular glomérulaire pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus.

glomerulonephritis glomérulonéphrite nephritis with inflammation of the capillary loops in the renal glomeruli. acute g. g. aiguë an acute form characterized by proteinuria, edema, hematuria, renal failure, and hypertension, sometimes preceded by tonsillitis or febrile pharyngitis. chronic g. g. chronique a slowly progressive glomerulonephritis generally leading to irreversible renal failure. diffuse g. g. diffuse a severe form with proliferative changes in more than half the glomeruli, often with epithelial crescent formation and necrosis; often seen in advanced systemic lupus erythematosus. IgA g. néphropathie à dépôts mésangiaux d’IgA, maladie de Berger IgA nephropathy; a chronic form marked by a hematuria and proteinuria and by deposits of immunoglobulin A in the mesangial areas of the renal glomeruli, with subsequent reactive hyperplasia of mesangial cells. lobular g., membranoproliferative g. g. lobulaire a chronic, slowly progressive glomerulonephritis in which the glomeruli are enlarged as a result of proliferation of mesangial cells and irregular thickening of the capillary walls, which narrows the capillary lumina. membranous g. g. extramembraneuse a form characterized histologically by proteinaceous deposits on the glomerular capillary basement membrane or by thickening of the membrane; clinically resembling chronic glomerulonephritis, occasionally with transient nephrotic syndrome. mesangiocapillary g. g. lobulaire membranoproliferative g.

glomerulopathy glomérulopathie any disease of the renal glomeruli. diabetic g. g. diabétique intercapillary glomerulosclerosis.

glomerulosclerosis glomérulosclérose fibrosis and scarring resulting in senescence of the renal glomeruli. diabetic g. g. diabétique intercapillary g. focal segmental g. hyalinose segmentaire et focale avec syndrome néphrotique a syndrome of focal sclerosing lesions of the renal glomeruli with proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, and nephrosis, with variable progression to end-stage renal disease. intercapillary g. g. intercapillaire a degenerative complication of diabetes, manifested as albuminuria, nephrotic edema, hypertension, renal insufficiency, and retinopathy.

glomerulus glomérule pl. glomeruli [L.] a small tuft or cluster, as of blood vessels or nerve fibers; often used alone to designate one of the renal glomeruli. olfactory g. g. olfactif one of the small globular masses of dense neuropil in the olfactory bulb, containing the first synapse in the olfactory pathway. renal g. g. rénal globular tufts of capillaries, one projecting into the expanded end or capsule of each of the uriniferous tubules, which together with the glomerular capsule constitute the renal corpuscle.

glomus glomus pl. glomera [L.] 1. a small histologically recognizable body composed of fine arterioles connecting directly with veins, and having a rich nerve supply. 2. glomus body. glomera aortica g. aortiques aortic bodies. g. caroticum g. carotidien carotid body. choroid g., g. choroideum g. choroïde an enlargement of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. coccygeal g., g. coccygeum g. coccygien a collection of arteriovenous anastomoses near the tip of the coccyx, formed by the middle sacral artery. jugular g., g. jugulare g. jugulaire tympanic body.

glossal lingual lingual.

glossectomy glossectomie excision of all or a portion of the tongue.

Glossina Glossina the tsetse flies, a genus of African biting flies that are vectors of trypanosomiasis in humans and other animals.

glossitis glossite inflammation of the tongue. g. areata exfoliativa, benign migratory g. g. exfoliative an inflammatory disease of the tongue characterized by multiple annular areas of desquamation of the filiform papillae, presenting as reddish lesions outlined in yellow that shift from area to area every few days. median rhomboid g. g. losangique médiane a congenital anomaly of the tongue, with a reddish patch or plaque on the midline of the dorsal surface.

gloss(o)- gloss(o)- word element [Gr.], tongue.

glossocele glossocèle swelling and protrusion of the tongue.

glossograph glossographe an apparatus for registering tongue movements in speech.

glossolalia glossolalie gibberish that simulates coherent speech.

glossology glossologie the sum of knowledge regarding the tongue.

glossopalatine glossopalatin palatoglossal.

glossopharyngeal glossopharyngien pertaining to the tongue and pharynx.

glossoplasty glossoplastie plastic surgery of the tongue.

glossorrhaphy glossorrhaphie suture of the tongue.

glossotrichia glossotrichie hairy tongue.

glottis glotte pl. glottides [Gr.] the vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords and the opening between them. Adj.: glottal.

glottography glottographie the recording of the movements of the vocal cords during respiration and phonation.

GLP GLP glucagon-like peptide.

Glu Glu glutamic acid.

glucagon glucagon a polypeptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in response to hypoglycemia or to stimulation by growth hormone, which stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver; used as the hydrochloride salt as an antihypoglycemic and as an adjunct in gastrointestinal radiography.

glucagonoma glucagonome an islet cell tumor of the alpha cells that secretes glucagon.

glucan glucane any polysaccharide composed only of recurring units of glucose; a homopolymer of glucose.

gluceptate gluceptate USAN contraction for glucoheptonate, a 7-carbon carbohydrate derivative.

glucitol glucitol sorbitol.

glucoamylase glucoamylase acid maltase.

glucocerebrosidase glucocérébrosidase glucosylceramidase.

glucocerebroside glucocérébroside a cerebroside with a glucose sugar.

glucocorticoid glucocorticoïde 1. any of the group of corticosteroids predominantly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, and also in fat and protein metabolism and many other activities (e.g., alteration of connective tissue response to injury and inhibition of inflammatory and allergic reactions); some also exhibit varying degrees of mineralocorticoid activity. In humans, the most important glucocorticoids are cortisol (hydrocortisone) and cortisone. 2. of, pertaining to, or resembling a glucocorticoid.

glucofuranose glucofuranose glucose in the cyclic furanose configuration, a minor constituent of glucose solutions.

glucokinase glucokinase 1. an enzyme of invertebrates and microorganisms that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. 2. the liver isozyme of hexokinase.

glucokinetic glucocinétique activating sugar so as to maintain the sugar level of the body.

gluconate gluconate a salt, ester, or anionic form of gluconic acid.

gluconeogenesis néoglucogenèse the synthesis of glucose from molecules that are not carbohydrates, such as amino and fatty acids.

gluconic acid acide gluconique the hexonic acid derived from glucose by oxidation of the C-1 aldehyde to a carboxyl group.

glucophore glucophore the group of atoms in a molecule which gives the compound a sweet taste.

glucopyranose glucopyranose glucose in the cyclic pyranose configuration, the predominant form.

glucoregulation glucorégulation regulation of glucose metabolism.

glucosamine glucosamine an amino derivative of glucose, occurring in glycosaminoglycans and a variety of complex polysaccharides such as blood group substances. The sulfate salt is used as a nutritional supplement and as a popular remedy for osteoarthritis.

glucosan glucosane glucan.

glucose glucose 1. a six-carbon aldose occurring as the d- form and found as a free monosaccharide in fruits and other plants or combined in glucosides and di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides. It is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism, and is the chief source of energy for living organisms, its utilization being controlled by insulin. Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles for use as needed and, beyond that, is converted to fat and stored as adipose tissue. Glucose appears in the urine in diabetes mellitus. In pharmaceuticals, called dextrose. 2. liquid g. liquid g. g. liquide a thick, sweet, syrupy liquid obtained by incomplete hydrolysis of starch and consisting chiefly of dextrose, with dextrins, maltose, and water; used as a pharmaceutic aid. g. 1-phosphate g. 1-phosphate an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. g. 6-phosphate g. 6-phosphate an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism.

glucose-6-phosphatase glucose-6-phosphatase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic dephosphorylation of glucose 6-phosphate, the principal route for hepatic gluconeogenesis; deficiency causes glycogen storage disease, type I.

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) glucose-6-phosphate déshydrogénase an enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway which, with NADP⁺ as coenzyme, catalyzes the oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate to a lactone. Deficiency of the enzyme causes severe hemolytic anemia.

glucosidase glucosidase any of a group of enzymes of the hydrolase class that hydrolyze glucose residues from glucosides; they are specific for α– or β– configurations as well as for particular substrate configurations, e.g., maltase.

glucoside glucoside a glycoside in which the sugar constituent is glucose.

glucosylceramidase glucosylcéramidase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of glucose from glucocerebrosides to form ceramides in the lysosomal degradation of sphingolipids. Deficiency of enzyme activity, an autosomal recessive trait, results in Gaucher disease.

glucuronic acid acide glucuronique the uronic acid derived from glucose; it is a constituent of several glycosaminoglycans and also forms conjugates (glucuronides) with drugs and toxins in their biotransformation.

β-glucuronidase glucuronidase-β an enzyme that attacks terminal glycosidic linkages in natural and synthetic glucuronides and that has been implicated in estrogen metabolism and cell division; it occurs in the spleen, liver, and endocrine glands; deficiency results in Sly syndrome.

glucuronide glucuronide any glycosidic compound of glucuronic acid; they are common soluble conjugates formed as a step in the metabolism and excretion of many toxins and drugs, such as phenols and alcohols.

glutamate glutamate a salt of glutamic acid; in biochemistry, the term is often used interchangeably with glutamic acid.

glutamate formiminotransferase glutamate formiminotransférase a transferase catalyzing a step in the degradation of histidine; decreased enzyme activity has been associated with urinary excretion of formiminoglutamate and mental retardation.

glutamic acid acide glutamique a dibasic, nonessential amino acid widely distributed in proteins, a neurotransmitter that inhibits neural excitation in the central nervous system; its hydrochloride salt is used as a gastric acidifier. Symbols Glu and E.

glutaminase glutaminase an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of glutamine to form glutamate and an ammonium ion; most of the latter are converted to urea via the urea cycle.

glutamine glutamine the monoamide of glutamic acid, a nonessential amino acid occurring in proteins; it is an important carrier of urinary ammonia and is broken down in the kidney by the enzyme glutaminase. Symbols Gln and Q.

glutaral glutaral glutaraldehyde.

glutaraldehyde glutaraldéhyde a disinfectant used in aqueous solution for sterilization of non-heat-resistant equipment; also used as a tissue fixative for light and electron microscopy.

glutaric acid acide glutarique a dicarboxylic acid intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan and lysine.

glutaricacidemia glutaricacidémie 1. glutaricaciduria (1). 2. an excess of glutaric acid in the blood.

glutaricaciduria glutaricacidurie 1. an aminoacidopathy characterized by accumulation and excretion of glutaric acid; there are two types (I and II) due to different enzyme deficiencies, with a spectrum of manifestations. 2. excretion of glutaric acid in the urine.

glutathione glutathione a tripeptide of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine, existing in reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms and functioning in various redox reactions: in the destruction of peroxides and free radicals, as a cofactor for enzymes, and in the detoxification of harmful compounds. It is also involved in the formation and maintenance of disulfide bonds in proteins and in transport of amino acids across cell membranes.

glutathione synthetase glutathione synthétase a ligase catalyzing the formation of glutathione; deficient activity causes decreased levels of glutathione and increased levels of 5-oxoproline and cysteine. If confined to erythrocytes, the deficiency results in wellcompensated hemolytic anemia; if generalized, metabolic acidosis and neurologic dysfunction may also occur.

gluteal fessier pertaining to the buttocks.

gluten gluten the protein of wheat and other grains that gives to the dough its tough, elastic character.

glutinous glutineux adhesive; sticky.

glyburide glyburide a sulfonylurea used as a hypoglycemic in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Gly Gly glycine.

glycan glycane polysaccharide.

glycemia glycémie the presence of glucose in the blood.

glyceraldehyde glycéraldéhyde aldéhyde glycérique an aldose, the aldehyde form of the three-carbon sugar derived from the oxidation of glycerol; isomeric with dihydroxyacetone. The 3-phosphate derivative is an intermediate in the metabolism of glucose, in both the Embden-Meyerhof and pentose phosphate pathways.

glyceric acid acide glycérique CH₂OH CHOH·COOH, an intermediate product in the transformation in the body of carbohydrate to lactic acid, formed by oxidation of glycerol.

glyceride glycéride acylglycerol; an organic acid ester of glycerol, designated, according to the number of ester linkages, as mono-, di-, or triglyceride.

glycerin glycérine a clear, colorless, syrupy liquid used as a laxative, an osmotic diuretic to reduce intraocular pressure, a demulcent in cough preparations, and a humectant and solvent for drugs. Cf. glycerol.

glycerol glycérol a trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is the backbone of many lipids and an important intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Pharmaceutical preparations are called glycerin.

glycerolize glycéroliser to treat with or preserve in glycerol, as in the exposure of red blood cells to glycerol solution so that glycerol diffuses into the cells before they are frozen for preservation.

glyceryl glycéryle the mono-, di-, or trivalent radical formed by the removal of hydrogen from one, two, or three of the hydroxy groups of glycerol. g. monostearate monostéarine an emulsifying agent. g. trinitrate trinitrate de g. nitroglycerin.

glycine (G, Gly) glycine a nonessential amino acid occurring as a constituent of proteins and functioning as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system; used as a gastric antacid and dietary supplement and as a bladder irrigation in transurethral prostatectomy.

glycocalyx glycocalyx the glycoprotein polysaccharide covering that surrounds many cells.

glycocholate glycocholate a salt of glycocholic acid.

glycocholic acid acide glycocholique cholylglycine.

glycoconjugate glucuroconjugué any of the complex molecules containing glycosidic linkages, such as glycolipids, glycopeptides, oligosaccharides, or glycosaminoglycans.

glycogen glycogène a highly branched polysaccharide of glucose chains, the chief carbohydrate storage material in animals, stored primarily in liver and muscle; it is synthesized and degraded for energy as demanded. Adj.: glycogenic.

glycogenesis glycogenèse the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver. Adj.: glycogenetic.

glycogenolysis glycogénolyse the splitting up of glycogen in the liver, yielding glucose. Adj.: glycogenolytic.

glycogenosis glycogénose glycogen storage disease.

glycogen phosphorylase glycogène phosphorylase see phosphorylase.

glycogeusia glycogeusie a sweet taste in the mouth.

glycol glycol any of a group of aliphatic dihydric alcohols, having marked hygroscopic properties and useful as solvents and plasticizers. polyethylene g. g. polyéthylénique see under P.

glycolic acid acide glycolique an intermediate in the conversion of serine to glycine; it is accumulated and excreted in primary hyperoxaluria (type I).

glycolipid glycolipide a lipid containing carbohydrate groups, usually galactose but also glucose, inositol, or others; while it can describe those lipids derived from either glycerol or sphingosine, with or without phosphates, the term is usually used to denote the sphingosine derivatives lacking phosphate groups (glycosphingolipids).

glycolysis glycolyse the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of glucose to the simpler compounds lactate or pyruvate, resulting in energy stored in the form of ATP, as occurs in muscle. Adj.: glycolytic.

glyconeogenesis néoglucogenèse gluconeogenesis.

glycopenia glycopénie a deficiency of sugar in the tissues.

glycopeptide glycopeptide any of a class of peptides that contain carbohydrates, including those that contain amino sugars.

glycophilia glycophilie a condition in which a small amount of glucose produces hyperglycemia.

glycophorin glycophorine 1. any of several related proteins that can project through the thickness of the cell membrane of erythrocytes; they attach to oligosaccharides at the outer cell membrane surface and to contractile proteins (spectrin and actin) at the cytoplasmic surface. 2. any of a group of transmembrane glycoproteins of erythrocytes that help anchor the network of spectrin and actin to the plasma membrane; some carry blood group antigens.

glycoprotein glycoprotéine a conjugated protein covalently linked to one or more carbohydrate groups; technically those with less than 4 per cent carbohydrate but often expanded to include the mucoproteins and proteoglycans.

glycopyrrolate glycopyrrolate a synthetic anticholinergic used as a gastrointestinal antispasmodic, a preanesthetic antisialagogue, and an antiarrhythmic for anesthesia- or surgery- associated arrhythmias.

glycorrhea glycorrhée any sugary discharge from the body.

glycosaminoglycan glycosaminoglycane any of a group of high molecular weight linear polysaccharides with various disaccharide repeating units and usually occurring in proteoglycans, including the chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfates, heparan sulfate and heparin, keratan sulfates, and hyaluronan. Abbreviated GAG.

glycosecretory glycosécrétoire concerned in secretion of glycogen.

glycosemia glycosémie glycemia.

glycosialia glycosialie sugar in the saliva.

glycosialorrhea glycosialorrhée excessive flow of saliva containing glucose.

glycosidase glucosidase any of a group of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of hemiacetal bonds of glycosides. β-g. 1. a glycosidase specifically cleaving β-linked sugar residues from glycosides. 2. see under complex.

glycoside glucoside, hétéroside any compound containing a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into a sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. cardiac g. g. cardiotonique any of a group of glycosides occurring in certain plants (e.g., Digitalis, Strophanthus, Urginea), acting on the contractile force of cardiac muscle; some are used as cardiotonics and antiarrhythmics. digitalis g. digitalique any of a number of cardiotonic and antiarrhythmic glycosides derived from Digitalis purpurea and D. lanata, or any drug chemically and pharmacologically related to these glycosides.

glycosphingolipid glycosphingolipide any sphingolipid in which the head group is a mono- or oligosaccharide; included are the cerebrosides, sulfatides, and gangliosides.

glycostatic glycostatique tending to maintain a constant sugar level.

glycosuria glycosurie the presence of glucose in the urine. renal g. g. rénale that due to inherited inability of the renal tubules to reabsorb glucose completely.

glycosyl glycosyl a radical derived from a carbohydrate by removal of the anomeric hydroxyl group.

glycosylation glycosylation the formation of linkages with glycosyl groups.

glycosylceramidase glycosylcéramidase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of β-linked sugar residues from β-glycosides with large hydrophobic aglycons; such activity occurs as part of the β-glycosidase complex, along with lactase, in the intestinal brush border membrane.

glycotropic glucotrope having an affinity for sugar; antagonizing the effects of insulin; causing hyperglycemia.

glycyrrhiza glycyrrhiza licorice.

glyoxylate glyoxylate a salt, anion, or ester of glyoxylic acid.

glyoxylic acid acide glyoxylique a keto acid formed in the conversion of glycolic acid to glycine; it is the primary precursor of oxalic acid.

gm g. gram.

GM-CSF GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

GMP GMP guanosine monophosphate. 3’, 5’-GMP, cyclic GMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate.

gnat moucheron a small dipterous insect. In Great Britain the term is applied to mosquitoes; in America to insects smaller than mosquitoes.

gnathion gnathion the most outward and everted point on the profile curvature of the chin.

gnathitis gnathite inflammation of the jaw.

gnath(o)- gnath(o)- word element [Gr.], jaw.

gnathodynamometer gnathodynamomètre an instrument for measuring the force exerted in closing the jaws.

gnathology gnathologie a science dealing with the masticatory apparatus as a whole, including morphology, anatomy, histology, physiology, pathology, and therapeutics. Adj.: gnathologic.

gnathoschisis gnathoschisis cleft jaw.

Gnathostoma Gnathostoma a genus of nematodes parasitic in cats, swine, cattle, and sometimes humans.

gnathostomiasis gnathostomiase infection with the nematode Gnathostoma spinigerum, acquired from eating undercooked fish infected with the larvae.

gnosia gnosie the faculty of perceiving and recognizing. Adj.: gnostic.

gnotobiology gnotobiologie gnotobiotics.

gnotobiota gnotobiota the specifically and entirely known microfauna and microflora of a specially reared laboratory animal.

gnotobiote gnotobiote a specially reared laboratory animal whose microflora and microfauna are specifically known in their entirety. Adj.: gnotobiotic.

Gn-RH Gn-RH gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

goiter goitre enlargement of the thyroid gland, causing a swelling in the front part of the neck. Adj.: goitrous. aberrant g. g. aberrant goiter of a supernumerary thyroid gland. adenomatous g. g. adénomateux that caused by adenoma or multiple colloid nodules of the thyroid gland. Basedow g. g. exophtalmique a colloid goiter which has become hyperfunctioning after administration of iodine. colloid g. g. colloïde a large, soft goiter with distended spaces filled with colloid. diffuse toxic g. g. toxique diffus Graves disease. diving g. g. plongeant one that is movable, sometimes above and sometimes below the sternal notch. exophthalmic g. g. exophtalmique one accompanied by exophthalmos. fibrous g. g. fibreux one in which the thyroid capsule and stroma are hyperplastic. follicular g. g. folliculaire parenchymatous g. intrathoracic g. g. plongeant one in which a portion is in the thoracic cavity. iodide g. g. à l’iode that occurring in reaction to iodides at high concentrations, due to inhibition of iodide organification. lingual g. g. lingual enlargement of the upper end of the thyroglossal duct, forming a tumor at the posterior part of the dorsum of the tongue. lymphadenoid g. g. lymphomateux Hashimoto disease. multinodular g. g. multinodulaire goiter with circumscribed nodules within the gland. nontoxic g. g. non toxique that occurring sporadically and not associated with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. parenchymatous g. g. parenchymateux one marked by increase in follicles and proliferation of epithelium. simple g. g. simple simple hyperplasia of the thyroid gland. suffocative g. g. suffocant one which causes dyspnea by pressure. wandering g. g. aberrant diving g.

goitrin goitrine a goitrogenic substance isolated from rutabagas and turnips.

gold (Au) or chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 79; gold compounds (all of which are poisonous) are used in medicine, chiefly in treating arthritis. g. 198 o. 198 a radioisotope of gold with a half-life of 2.69 days; it has been used as an intracavitary and interstitial antineoplastic and as a scintiscanning agent. cohesive g. o. cohésif chemically pure gold that forms a solid mass when properly condensed into a tooth cavity. g. sodium thiomalate o. sodium thiomalate a monovalent gold salt used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

goldenseal sceau d’or, hydraste du Canada the North American herb Hydrastis canadensis, or its dried rhizome, a preparation of which is used in folk medicine and in homeopathy.

gomitoli gomitoli a network of capillaries in the upper infundibular stem (of the hypothalamus) that surround terminal arterioles of the superior hypophyseal arteries and that lead into portal veins to the adenohypophysis.

gomphosis gomphose 1. a type of fibrous joint in which a conical process is inserted into a socketlike portion. 2. specifically, one of the fibrous joints by which a tooth is held in its socket.

gonad gonade a gamete-producing gland; an ovary or testis. Adj.: gonadal, gonadial. indifferent g. g. indifférenciée the sexually undifferentiated gonad of the early embryo. streak g’s bandelettes fibreuses undeveloped gonadal structures in the broad ligament below the fallopian tube, composed of whorled connectivetissue stroma without germinal or secretory cells; seen most often in Turner syndrome.

gonadarche gonadarche the onset of gonadal functioning.

gonadectomy gonadectomie surgical removal of an ovary or testis.

gonadorelin gonadoréline synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone; used as the acetate or hydrochloride salt in the evaluation of hypogonadism and as the acetate salt in the treatment of delayed puberty, infertility, and amenorrhea.

gonadotoxic gonadotoxique having a deleterious effect on the gonads, such as radiation or a chemotherapeutic agent.

gonadotrope gonadotrope gonadotroph.

gonadotroph 1. gonadotrophe a basophilic cell of the anterior pituitary specialized to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. 2. gonadotrope a substance that stimulates the gonads.

gonadotrophic gonadotrope gonadotropic.

gonadotropic gonadotrope stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the anterior pituitary.

gonadotropin gonadotrophine any hormone that stimulates the gonads, especially folliclestimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. chorionic g., human chorionic g. (HCG, hCG) g. chorionique a glycopeptide hormone produced by the fetal placenta syncytiotrophoblasts that maintains the function of the corpus luteum during the first few weeks of pregnancy; the basis for most commonly used pregnancy tests. It is used pharmaceutically to treat certain cases of cryptorchidism and male infertility, to induce ovulation and pregnancy in certain infertile, anovulatory women, and to stimulate oocyte development and maturation in patients using assisted reproductive technologies. See also choriogonadotropin alfa. human menopausal g. (hMG) g. humaine ménopausique menotropins.

gonagra goutte du genou gout in the knee.

gonalgia gonalgie pain in the knee.

gonarthritis gonarthrite inflammation of the knee joint.

goniometer goniomètre 1. an instrument for measuring angles. 2. a plank that can be tilted at one end to any height, used in testing for labyrinthine disease. finger g. g. digital one for measuring the limits of flexion and extension of the interphalangeal joints of the fingers.

goniometry goniométrie the measurement of angles, particularly those of range of motion of a joint.

gonion gonion pl. gonia [Gr.] the most inferior, posterior, and lateral point on the external angle of the mandible. Adj.: gonial.

goniopuncture goniopuncture insertion of a knife blade through the clear cornea, just within the limbus, across the anterior chamber of the eye and through the opposite corneoscleral wall, in treatment of glaucoma.

gonioscope gonioscope an optical instrument for examining the anterior chamber of the eye and for demonstrating ocular motility and rotation.

goniotomy goniotomie an operation for glaucoma; it consists in opening the venous sinus of the sclera under direct vision.

gon(o)- gon(o)- word element [Gr.], seed; semen.

gonococcemia gonococcémie the presence of gonococci in the blood.

gonococcus gonococoque pl. gonococci an individual of the species Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the etiologic agent of gonorrhea. Adj.: gonococcal, gonococcic.

gonocyte gonocyte primordial germ cell.

gonorrhea gonorrhée infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, most often transmitted venereally, marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge; commonly asymptomatic in females, but may extend to produce salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteremia may occur in both sexes, causing skin lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Adj.: gonorrheal.

Gonyaulax Gonyaulax a genus of dinoflagellates found in fresh, salt, or brackish waters, having yellow to brown chromatophores; it includes G. catanella, a poisonous species, which helps to form the destructive red tide in the ocean; see also under poison.

gonycampsis incurvation anormale du genou abnormal curvature of the knee.

gonyoncus gonocèle tumor of the knee.

Gordonia Gordonia a genus of actinomycetes of the family Nocardiaceae, occurring widely in soil and water; some species, chiefly G. bronchialis, have been associated with human infections in immunocompromised patients.

goserelin goséréline a synthetic gonadotropinreleasing hormone; on prolonged administration it suppresses release of gonadotropins and is used as the acetate salt to treat breast and prostate carcinomas and endometriosis and to thin the endometrium prior to endometrial ablation.

gossypol gossypol a toxin found in cottonseed and detoxified by heating; it has male antifertility properties, apparently having its effects in the seminiferous tubules.

GOT GOT aspartate transaminase (glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase).

gotu kola gotu kola the creeping, umbelliferous plant Centella asiaticus or preparations of its leaves and stems, which are used to promote wound healing and to treat the lesions of leprosy; also widely used in ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, and Asian folk medicine.

gouge gouge a hollow chisel for cutting and removing bone.

goundou goundou a sequel of yaws and endemic syphilis, marked by headache, purulent nasal discharge, and formation of bony exostoses at the side of the nose.

gout goutte a group of disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism, characterized by typhi causing recurrent paroxysmal attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis usually affecting a single peripheral joint, usually responsive to colchicine, and usually followed by complete remission; hyperuricemia and uric acid urolithiasis are also present in fully developed cases. Adj.: gouty. latent g., masked g. g. latente lithemia without the typical features of gout.

GP GP general paresis; general practitioner.

G6PD G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

GPT GPT glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; see alanine transaminase.

gracile gracile slender or delicate.

gradient gradient rate of increase or decrease of a variable value, or its graphic representation. electrochemical g. g. électrochimique a difference in ion concentration between two points so that ions tend to move passively along it.

graduated gradué marked by a succession of lines, steps, or degrees.

graft 1. greffon any tissue or organ for implantation or transplantation. 2. greffer to implant or transplant such tissues. See also implant. accordion g. greffe grillagée a full-thickness graft in which slits have been made so that it may be stretched to cover a larger area. arteriovenous g. greffon artérioveineux an arteriovenous fistula consisting of a venous autograft or xenograft or a synthetic tube grafted onto the artery and vein. avascular g. greffe sans rétablissement vasculaire a graft of tissue in which not even transient vascularization is achieved. Blair-Brown g. greffon de Blair-Brown a splitskin graft of intermediate thickness. bone g. greffon osseux a piece of bone used to take the place of a removed bone or bony defect. cable g. greffe en câble a nerve graft made up of several sections of nerve in the manner of a cable. coronary artery bypass g. (CABG) pontage aorto-coronaire see under bypass. delayed g. greffe retardée a skin graft sutured back into its bed and subsequently shifted to a new recipient site. dermal g. greffon dermique skin from which epidermis and subcutaneous fat have been removed; used instead of fascia in various plastic procedures. fascia g. greffon aponévrotique one taken from the fascia lata or the lumbar fascia. fascicular g. greffe fasciculaire a nerve graft in which bundles of nerve fibers are approximated and sutured separately. free g. greffon libre a graft of tissue completely freed from its bed, in contrast to a flap. full-thickness g. greffe de peau totale a skin graft consisting of the full thickness of the skin, with little or none of the subcutaneous tissue. heterodermic g. greffe hétérodermique a skin graft taken from a donor of another species. heterologous g., heteroplastic g. greffe hétérologue, hétérogreffe xenograft. homologous g., homoplastic g. g. homologue, homogreffe allograft. isogeneic g., isologous g., isoplastic g. g. isogénique syngraft. Krause-Wolfe g. g. de Krause-Wolfe full-thickness g. lamellar g. greffe lamellaire replacement of the superficial layers of an opaque cornea by a thin layer of clear cornea from a donor eye. nerve g. greffe nerveuse replacement of an area of defective nerve with a segment from a sound one. omental g’s greffe épiploïque free or attached segments of omentum used to cover suture lines following gastrointestinal or colonic surgery. pedicle g. greffon pédiculé see under flap. penetrating g. kératoplastie perforante a full-thickness corneal transplant. periosteal g. greffon périosté a piece of periosteum to cover a denuded bone. pinch g. greffe de Davis a free skin graft 2–4 mm in diameter, obtained by elevating the skin with a needle and slicing it off with a knife. sieve g. greffon de Douglas a skin graft from which tiny circular islands of skin are removed so that a larger denuded area can be covered, the sievelike portion being placed over one area, and the individual islands over surrounding or other denuded areas. split-skin g. greffe de peau partielle a skin graft consisting of only a portion of the skin thickness. thick-split g. greffe épaisse a skin graft cut in pieces, often including about two thirds of the full thickness of the skin. white g. greffe blanche avascular g.

gram (g) gramme a unit of mass in the SI system; one thousandth of a kilogram.

-gram -gramme word element [Gr.], written; recorded.

gramicidin gramicidine an antibacterial polypeptide produced by Bacillus brevis; it is applied topically in infections due to susceptible gram-positive organisms.

gram-negative Gram négatif (à) losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in the Gram method of staining, characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall surface more complex in chemical composition than the gram-positive bacteria.

gram-positive Gram positif (à) retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in the Gram method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid.

gram-variable Gram variable (à) appearing to be a mixture of gram-positive and gramnegative organisms, said of gram-positive bacteria that lose the stain easily, so that some bacteria in a sample are decolorized and others retain the stain.

grana grana dense green, chlorophyll-containing bodies in chloroplasts of plant cells.

grandiose grandiose in psychiatry, pertaining to exaggerated beliefs or claims of one’s importance or identity, often manifested by delusions of great wealth, power, or fame.

grand mal épilepsie tonicoclonique, grand mal [Fr.] see under epilepsy.

granisetron granisétron an antiemetic used in conjunction with cancer chemotherapy or radiotherapy, administered as the hydrochloride salt.

granulatio granulatio pl. granulationes [L.] a granule or granular mass.

granulation granulation 1. the division of a hard substance into small particles. 2. the formation in wounds of small, rounded masses of tissue during healing; also the mass so formed. arachnoidal g’s, cerebral g’s g. arachnoïdiennes enlarged arachnoid villi projecting into the venous sinuses and creating slight depressions on the surface of the cranium. exuberant g’s bourgeons charnus exubérants excessive proliferation of granulation tissue in healing wounds.

granule 1. granule a small particle or grain. 2. granulé a small pill made from sucrose. acidophil g’s g. acidophiles granules staining with acid dyes. acrosomal g. g. acrosomique a large globule contained within a membrane-bounded acrosomal vesicle, which enlarges further to become the core of the acrosome of a spermatozoon. alpha g’s g. alpha 1. oval granules found in blood platelets; they are lysosomes containing acid phosphatase. 2. large granules in the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans; they secrete glucagon. 3. granules found in the acidophils of the adenohypophysis. azurophil g. g. azurophile one staining easily with azure dyes; they are coarse reddish granules seen in many lymphocytes. basal g. blépharoplaste see under body. basophil g. granulocyte basophile 1. any granule staining with basic dyes. 2. one of the coarse bluish-black granules found in basophils (2). 3. (in the pl.)beta g’s (2). beta g’s g. bêta 1. granules in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, which contain insulin. 2. granules found in the basophils of the adenohypophysis. Birbeck g’s g. de Birbeck membrane-bound rod- or tennis racquet-shaped structures with a central linear density, found in the cytoplasm of Langerhans cells. chromaffin g’s g. chromaffines organelles in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, where epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized, stored, and released. elementary g’s g. élémentaires hemoconia. eosinophil g. g. éosinophile one of the coarse round granules that stain with eosin and are found in eosinophils. iodophil g’s granulations iodophiles granules staining brown with iodine, seen in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in various acute infectious diseases. keratohyalin g’s g. kératohyalins irregularly shaped granules, representing deposits of keratohyalin on tonofibrils in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis. lamellar g. g. lamellaire see under body. Langerhans g’s g. de Langerhans Birbeck g’s. metachromatic g. g. métachromatique a granular cell inclusion present in many bacterial cells, having an avidity for basic dyes and causing irregular staining of the cell. Nissl g’s g. chromophiles see under body. oxyphil g’s g. oxyphiles acidophil g’s. pigment g’s g’s pigmentaires small masses of coloring matter in pigment cells. proacrosomal g. g. proacrosomique one of the small, dense bodies found inside one of the vacuoles of the Golgi body, which fuse to form an acrosomal granule. seminal g’s g. séminaux the small granular bodies in the spermatic fluid. specific atrial g’s g. auriculaires spécifiques membrane-bound spherical granules with a dense homogeneous interior that are concentrated in the core of sarcoplasm of the atrial cardiac muscle, extending in either direction from the poles of the nucleus, usually near the Golgi complex; they are the storage site of atrial natriuretic peptide.

granular granulaire made up of or marked by presence of granules or grains.

granuloadipose granuloadipeux showing fatty degeneration containing granules of fat.

granuloblast granuloblaste old name for myeloblast.

granulocyte granulocyte granular leukocyte. Adj.: granulocytic. band-form g. polynucléaire neutrophile non segmenté à noyau incurvé band cell.

granulocytopenia granulocytopénie reduction in the number of granular leukocytes in the blood.

granulocytopoiesis granulocytopoïèse granulopoiesis. Adj.: granulocytopoietic.

granulocytosis granulocytose an excess of granulocytes in the blood.

granuloma granulome pl. granulomas, granulomata an imprecise term for (1) any small nodular delimited aggregation of mononuclear inflammatory cells, or (2) such a collection of modified macrophages resembling epithelial cells, usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes. actinic g. g. actinique a round lesion with a raised border seen on skin chronically exposed to sunlight. g. annulare g. annulaire a benign, self-limited disease consisting of round granulomas of the dermis in groups, with papules or nodules, mainly seen in young girls. apical g. g. apical periapical g. coccidioidal g. g. coccidioïdien secondary coccidioidomycosis. eosinophilic g. granulome éosinophile 1. Langerhans cell histiocytosis. 2. a disorder similar to eosinophilic gastroenteritis, with nodular or pedunculated lesions of the submucosa and muscle walls, especially in the pyloric region, caused by infiltration of eosinophils, but without peripheral eosinophilia or allergic symptoms. 3. anisakiasis. g. fissuratum botryomycome a firm, red, fissured, fibrotic granuloma of the gum and buccal mucosa of an edentulous alveolar ridge between the ridge and cheek; caused by an ill-fitting denture. infectious g. g. infectieux one due to a specific microorganism, as tubercle bacilli. g. inguinale g. inguinal a granulomatous disease seen in the tropics and subtropics, spread by uncleanliness and sometimes sexually transmitted, marked by ulceration of the external genitals, caused by Klebsiella granulomatis. lethal midline g. g. malin centrofacial a rare lethal necrotizing granuloma that destroys the midface; it is nearly always preceded by longstanding nonspecific inflammation of the nose or nasal sinuses, with purulent, often bloody discharge. lipoid g. g. lipoïde xanthoma. lipophagic g. g. lipophagique granuloma with loss of subcutaneous fat. midline g. g. malin centrofacial lethal midline g. periapical g. g. périapical modified granulation tissue adjacent to the root apex of a tooth, containing elements of chronic inflammation with infected, necrotic pulp. peripheral giant cell reparative g. g. réparateur à cellules géantes giant cell epulis. pyogenic g. g. pyogénique a solitary polypoid type of capillary hemangioma, usually found on the skin or oral mucous membranes; it often represents a vasoproliferative inflammatory response to trauma or irritation.reticulohistiocytic g. g. réticulohistiocytaire a solitary reticulohistiocytoma that is not associated with systemic involvement. sarcoid g. g. sarcoïde the granuloma seen with sarcoidosis. swimming pool g. g. des piscines one that complicates injuries sustained in swimming pools, attributed to Mycobacterium balnei, often healing spontaneously over time. trichophytic g. g. de Majocchi tinea corporis, usually on the lower legs, due to Trichophyton infecting hairs at the site, with raised, circumscribed, boggy granulomas, scattered or in chains; lesions are slowly absorbed, or undergo necrosis, leaving scars.

granulomatosis granulomatose any condition with formation of granulomas. eosinophilic g. g. éosinophilique Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Langerhans cell g. g. des cellules de Langerhans see under histiocytosis. lymphomatoid g. g. lymphomatoïde a multisystem disease involving predominantly the lungs, skin, central nervous system, and kidneys, caused by invasion and destruction of vessels by atypical lymphoreticular cells; many patients develop frank lymphoma. g. siderotica granulomatosis siderotica a condition in which brownish nodules are seen in the enlarged spleen. Wegener g. g. de Wegener a progressive disease, with granulomatous lesions of the respiratory tract, focal necrotizing arteriolitis and, finally, widespread inflammation of all organs of the body.

granulomatous granulomateux containing granulomas.

granulomere granulomère the center portion of a platelet in a dry, stained blood smear, apparently filled with fine, red granules.

granulopenia granulopénie granulocytopenia.

granuloplastic granuloplastique forming granules.

granulopoiesis granulopoïèse the formation of granulocytes. Adj.: granulopoietic.

granulosa membrane granuleuse pertaining to cells of the cumulus oophorus.

grapeseed pépin de raisin see under seed.

graph graphique a diagram or curve representing varying relationships between sets of data.

-graph -graphe word element [Gr.], a writing or recording instrument; the record made by such an instrument.

-graphy -graphie word element [Gr.], writing or recording; a method of recording. Adj.: -graphic.

grattage grattage [Fr.] removal of granulations by scraping.

gravel gravier calculi occurring in small particles.

gravid gravide pregnant.

gravida gravida a pregnant woman; called g. I (primigravida) during the first pregnancy, g. II (secundigravida) during the second, and so on. Symbol G. Cf. para.

gravidocardiac gravidocardiaque pertaining to heart disease in pregnancy.

gravimetric gravimétrique pertaining to measurement by weight; performed by weight, as a gravimetric method of drug assay.

gravity gravité 1. the phenomenon by which two bodies having mass are attracted to each other. 2. the gravitational attraction near a large body having mass, particularly near or on the surface of a planet or star. specific g. g. spécifique the ratio of the density of a substance to that of a reference substance at a specified temperature. standard g. (g) g. standard the acceleration due to gravity at mean sea level on earth, 9.80616 meters per second squared.

gray 1. gris of a hue between white and black. 2. gray a unit of absorbed radiation dose equal to 100 rads. Abbreviated Gy.

green vert 1. a color between yellow and blue, produced by energy with wavelengths between 490 and 570 nm. 2. a dye or stain with this color. indocyanine g. v. d’indocyanine a dye used intravenously in determination of blood volume and flow, cardiac output, and hepatic function.

GRH GRH growth hormone-releasing hormone.

grid 1. grille a grating; in radiology, a device consisting of a series of narrow lead strips closely spaced on their edges and separated by spacers of low density material; used to reduce the amount of scattered radiation reaching the x-ray film. 2. tableau a chart with horizontal and perpendicular lines for plotting curves. baby g. courbe de poids du nourrisson a direct-reading chart on infant growth. Potter-Bucky g. g. antidiffusante mobile a grid used in radiography; it prevents scattered radiation from reaching the film, thereby securing better contrast and definition, and moves during exposure so that no lines appear in the radiograph. Wetzel g. g. de Wetzel a direct-reading chart for evaluating physical fitness in terms of body build, developmental level, and basal metabolism.

grief chagrin the normal emotional response to an external and consciously recognized loss.

grip 1. grippe grippe. 2. prise a grasping or seizing.

grippe grippe [Fr.] influenza.

griseofulvin griséofulvine an antibiotic produced by Penicillium griseofulvum; used as an antifungal in dermatophytoses.

groin aine inguen.

groove gouttière a narrow, linear hollow or depression. branchial g. fente branchiale pharyngeal g. Harrison g. coup de hache sousmammaire a horizontal groove along the lower border of the thorax corresponding to the costal insertion of the diaphragm; seen in advanced rickets in children. medullary g., neural g. g. médullaire that formed by beginning invagination of the neural plate of the embryo to form the neural tube. pharyngeal g. fente pharyngienne the embryonic ectodermal cleft between successive pharyngeal arches. primitive g. g. primitive a lengthwise median furrow in the primitive streak of the embryo.

gross 1. grossier coarse or large. 2. macroscopique visible to the naked eye without the use of magnification.

group groupe 1. an assemblage of objects having certain things in common. 2. a number of atoms forming a recognizable and usually transferable portion of a molecule. azo g. g. azo a bivalent chemical group composed of two nitrogen atoms, —N:N—. blood g. g. sanguin see under B. Diagnosis-Related G’s g. homogènes de malades groupings of diagnostic categories used as a basis for hospital payment schedules by Medicare and other third party payment plans. dorsal respiratory g. g. respiratoire dorsal a part of the medullary respiratory center that controls the basic rhythm of respiration. encounter g. g. de rencontre a sensitivity group in which the members strive to gain emotional rather than intellectual insight, with emphasis on the expression of interpersonal feelings in the group situation. prosthetic g. groupement prosthétique a lowmolecular-weight, nonprotein compound that binds with a protein component (apoprotein, specifically apoenzyme) to form a protein (e.g., holoenzyme) with biological activity. sensitivity training g., T-g., training g. g. de formation à la sensibilité a nonclinical group, not intended for persons with severe emotional problems, which focuses on self-awareness and understanding and on interpersonal interactions in an effort to develop the assets of leadership, management, counseling, or other roles. ventral respiratory g. g. respiratoire ventral a part of the medullary respiratory center whose neurons function during strong respiration, moving voluntary muscles to control inhalation and exhalation or modify behavior of other respiratory motoneurons.

group-transfer transfert de groupe (de) denoting a chemical reaction (excluding oxidation and reduction) in which molecules exchange functional groups, a process catalyzed by enzymes called transferases.

growth croissance 1. a normal process of increase in size of an organism as a result of accretion of tissue similar to that originally present. 2. excroissance an abnormal formation, such as a tumor. 3. the proliferation of cells, as in a bacterial culture. appositional g. c. appositionnelle growth by addition at the periphery of a particular part. interstitial g. c. interstitielle that occurring in the interior of structures already formed.

grumous grumeleux lumpy or clotted.

gryposis grypose [Gr.] abnormal curvature, as of the nails.

GSC CGS gas-solid chromatography.

GSH GSH reduced glutathione.

GSSG GSSG oxidized glutathione.

gt. gt. [L.] gutta (drop).

GTN GTN gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

GTP GTP guanosine triphosphate.

gtt. gtt. [L.] guttae (drops).

GU GU genitourinary.

guaiac résine de gaïac a resin from the wood of trees of the genus Guajacum, used as a reagent and formerly in treatment of rheumatism.

guaifenesin guaiphénésine an expectorant believed to act by reducing sputum viscosity.

guanabenz guanabenz an α₂-adrenergic agonist used in the form of the base or the acetate ester as an antihypertensive.

guanadrel guanadrel an adrenergic neuron blocking agent, used in the treatment of hypertension; used as the sulfate salt.

guanethidine guanéthidine an adrenergic blocking agent, used as the monosulfate salt as an antihypertensive.

guanfacine guanfacine an α₂-adrenergic agonist used in the form of the hydrochloride salt as an antihypertensive.

guanidine guanidine the compound NH≠C (NH₂)₂, a strong base found in the urine as a result of protein metabolism and used in the laboratory as a protein denaturant. The hydrochloride salt is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis.

guanidinoacetic acid acide guanidinoacétique an intermediate product formed enzymatically in the liver, pancreas, and kidney in the synthesis of creatine.

guanine guanine a purine base, in animal and plant cells usually occurring condensed with ribose or deoxyribose to form guanosine and deoxyguanosine, constituents of nucleic acids. Symbol G.

guanosine guanosine a purine nucleoside, guanine linked to ribose; it is a component of RNA and its nucleotides are important in metabolism. Symbol G. cyclic g. monophosphate g. monophosphate cyclique 3′,5′-GMP, cGMP, cyclic GMP; a cyclic nucleotide that acts as a second messenger similar in action to cyclic adenosine monophosphate but generally producing opposite effects on cell function. g. monophosphate (GMP) g. monophosphate a nucleotide important in metabolism and RNA synthesis. g. triphosphate (GTP) g. triphosphate an energy-rich compound involved in several metabolic reactions and an activated precursor in the synthesis of RNA.

guarana guarana [Tupi-Guarani] Tupi-Guaranithe Brazilian woody vine Paullinia cupana, or a dried paste prepared from its seeds which is used as a stimulant and tonic in folk medicine and for the treatment of headache in homeopathy.

gubernaculum gubernaculum pl. gubernacula [L.] a guiding structure. Adj.: gubernacular. g. testis g. testis the fetal ligament attached at one end to the lower end of the epididymis and testis and at its other end to the bottom of the scrotum; it is present during the descent of the testis into the scrotum and then atrophies.

guide guide a device by which another object is led in its proper course.

guidewire filament, guide souple a thin, usually flexible wire that can be inserted into a confined or tortuous space to act as a guide for subsequent insertion of a stiffer or bulkier instrument.

guillotine guillotine [Fr.] an instrument with a sliding blade for excising a tonsil or the uvula.

gullet œsophage the esophagus.

gum 1. gencive gingiva. 2. gomme a mucilaginous excretion of various plants. Adj.: gummy. guar g. g. de guar a gum obtained from the ground endosperms of the leguminous tree Cyamopsis tetragonolobus; used in pharmaceutical preparations and as a source of soluble dietary fiber. karaya g., sterculia g. g. karaya de sterculia the dried gummy exudation from Sterculia species, which becomes gelatinous when moisture is added; used as a bulk laxative. It is also adhesive and is used in dental adhesives and skin adhesives and protective barriers around stomas.

gumboil abcès alvéolaire parulis.

gumma pl. gummas, gummata 1. gomme a soft, gummy tumor, such as that occurring in tertiary syphilis. Adj.: gummatous, gummy. 2. gomme syphilitique late benign syphilis.

guna guna [Sanskrit] Sanskrita according to ayurveda, any of the three attributes of the universe and self that compose mind and body: sattva (equilibrium), rajas (activity), and tamas (inertia).

gurney chariot-brancard a wheeled cot used in hospitals.

gustation gustation taste. Adj.: gustatory.

gustin gustine a polypeptide present in saliva and containing two zinc atoms; it is necessary for normal development of the taste buds.

gut intestin 1. intestine. 2. the primordial digestive tube, consisting of the fore-, mid-, and hindgut. 3. catgut surgical g. blind g. caecum cecum. chromic g., chromicized g. catgut chromé surgical gut treated with a chromic salt to increase its resistance to absorption in tissues. postanal g. i. postanal a temporary extension of the embryonic gut caudal to the cloaca. preoral g. poche de Seessel Seessel pouch. primordial g. i. primordial archenteron. surgical g. catgut chirurgical catgut; an absorbable sterile strand made from collagen of a mammal; used in absorbable sutures. tail g. i. postanal postanal g.

gutta goutte pl. guttae [L.] drop.

gutta-percha gutta-percha the coagulated latex of a number of trees of the family Sapotaceae; used as a dental cement and in splints.

Guttat. Guttat. [L.] guttatim (drop by drop).

guttatim Guttatim [L.] drop by drop.

guttural guttural faucial; pertaining to the throat.

Gy Gy gray (2).

gymnastics gymnastique systematic muscular exercise. Swedish g. g. suédoise a system following a rigid pattern of movement, utilizing little equipment and stressing correct body posture.

Gymnodinium Gymnodinium a genus of dinoflagellates, most species of which have many colored chromatophores, found in water; when present in great numbers, they help to form the destructive red tide in the ocean.

gynaec(o)- gynéc(o)- for words beginning thus, see those beginning gyneco-.

gynandrism gynandrie 1. hermaphroditism. 2. female pseudohermaphroditism. 3. masculinization (2).

gynandroblastoma gynandroblastome an ovarian tumor containing elements of both arrhenoblastoma and granulosa cell tumor.

gyne- gyné- see gynec(o)-.

gynec(o)- gynéc(o)- word element [Gr.], woman.

gynecogenic gynécogénique producing female characteristics.

gynecoid gynécoïde womanlike.

gynoid gynoïde [gyn- + − oid] gynecoid.

gynecologic gynécologique pertaining to the female reproductive tract or to gynecology.

gynecological gynécologique gynecologic.

gynecologist gynécologue a person skilled in gynecology.

gynecology gynécologie the branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the genital tract in women.

gynecomastia gynécomastie excessive development of the male mammary glands, even to the functional state.

gynephobia gynéphobie irrational fear of or aversion to women.

gyn(o)- gyn(o)- see gynec(o)-.

gynoplasty gynoplastie plastic or reconstructive surgery of the female reproductive organs.

gypsum gypsum native calcium sulfate dihydrate; when calcined, it becomes plaster of Paris.

gyration giration revolution about a fixed center.

gyrectomy gyrectomie excision or resection of a cerebral gyrus, or a portion of the cerebral cortex.

Gyrencephala Gyrencephala a group of higher mammals, including humans, having cerebral hemispheres marked by convolutions.

gyri gyri plural of gyrus.

gyrose circonvoluté marked by curved lines or circles.

gyrospasm gyrospasme rotatory spasm of the head.

gyrous convoluté gyrose.

gyrus circonvolution, gyrus pl. gyri [L.] cerebral g. angular g. gyrus angulaire one arching over the superior temporal sulcus, continuous with the middle temporal gyrus. gyri breves insulae gyrus courts de l’insula the short, rostrally placed gyri on the surface of the insula.

Broca g. c. centrale inférieure de l’hémisphère gauche see under convolution. central g., anterior c. frontale ascendante precentral g. central g., posterior c. pariétale ascendante postcentral g. cerebral g. c. cérébrale any of the tortuous convolutions on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, caused by infolding of the cortex and separated by fissures or sulci. cingulate g. c. cingulaire an archshaped convolution just above the corpus callosum. g. descendens c. descendante the raised area posterior to the superior and inferior occipital gyri and anterior to the lunate gyrus fusiforme one on the inferior surface of the hemisphere between the inferior temporal and parahippocampal gyri, consisting of a lateral (lateral occipitotemporal g.) and a medial (medial occipitotemporal g.) part. g. geniculi gyrus geniculi a vestigial gyrus at the anterior end of the corpus callosum. hippocampal g. cinquième c. temporale parahippocampal g. infracalcarine g. cinquième gyrus occipital lingual g. interlocking gyri c. entrelacées small gyri in the opposing walls of the central sulcus that interlock with each other like gears. lingual g. gyrus lingual one on the occipital lobe, forming the inferior lip of the calcarine sulcus and, with the cuneus, the visual cortex. g. longus insulae gyrus long de l’insula the long, occipitally directed gyrus on the surface of the insula. occipital g. gyrus occipital either of the two (superior and inferior) gyri of the occipital lobe. occipitotemporal g., lateral c. occipito-temporale latérale the lateral portion of the fusiform gyrus. occipitotemporal g., medial c. occipito-temporale médiale the medial portion of the fusiform gyrus. orbital gyri gyrus orbitaux irregular gyri on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe. parahippocampal g. gyrus parahippocampal, cinquième c. temporale a convolution on the inferior surface of each cerebral hemisphere, lying between the hippocampal and collateral sulci. paraterminal g. gyrus sous-calleux a thin sheet of gray substance in front of and ventral to the genu of the corpus callosum. postcentral g. gyrus postcentral the convolution of the frontal lobe between the postcentral and central sulci; the primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex. precentral g. gyrus précentral the convolution of the frontal lobe between the precentral and central sulci; the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex. g. rectus gyrus droit one on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe. supramarginal g. gyrus supramarginal that part of the inferior parietal convolution that curves around the upper end of the sylvian fissure. temporal g. gyrus temporal transverse any of the gyri of the temporal lobe, including the inferior, middle, superior, and transverse temporal gyri; the more prominent of the latter (anterior transverse temporal g.), when two exist, represents the cortical center for hearing. gyri transitivi cerebri gyri transitivi cerebri various small folds on the cerebral surface that are too inconstant to bear individual names.

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