C

C C canine (tooth); carbon; large calorie; cathode; Celsius (scale); clonus; complement; compliance; contraction; coulomb; cytosine or cytidine; cylindrical lens; color sense; cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7).

C C capacitance; clearance (subscripts denote the substance, e.g., C_I or C_In, inulin clearance); heat capacity.

^°C ^°C degree Celsius; see Celsius scale, under scale.

c c small calorie; centi-.

c c molar concentration; the velocity of light in a vacuum.

χ² χ²(chi, the twenty-second letter of the Greek alphabet) chi-squared; see chi-square test, under test, and chi-square distribution, under distribution.

CA AC cardiac arrest; coronary artery.

CA 125 CA 125 cancer antigen 125.

Ca Ca calcium.

Ca²⁺− ATPase Ca²⁺− ATPase a membrane-bound enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to provide energy to drive the cellular calcium pump.

cabergoline cabergoline a dopamine receptor agonist used in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia.

CABG PAC, CABG coronary artery bypass graft.

CACCN CACCN Canadian Association of Critical Care Nurses.

cachectic cachectique pertaining to or characterized by cachexia.

cachectin cachectine former name for tumor necrosis factor α.

cachet cachet a disk-shaped wafer or capsule enclosing a dose of medicine.

cachexia cachexie a profound and marked state of constitutional disorder. Adj.: cachectic. cancer c. c. cancéreuse anorexia-cachexia syndrome in cancer patients. c. hypophysiopriva c. hypophysaire the train of symptoms resulting from total deprivation of pituitary function, including loss of sexual function, bradycardia, hypothermia, and coma. malarial c. c. paludéenne the physical signs resulting from antecedent attacks of severe malaria, including anemia, sallow skin, yellow sclera, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and, in children, retardation of growth and puberty. pituitary c. c. hypophysaire see panhypopituitarism.

cachinnation cachinnation excessive, hysterical laughter.

cac(o)- cac(o)- word element [Gr.], bad; ill.

cacodylic acid acide cacodylique dimethyl arsinic acid, a highly toxic herbicide.

cacogeusia cacogueusie a parageusia consisting of a bad taste not related to ingestion of specific substances, or associated with gustatory stimuli usually considered to be pleasant.

cacomelia cacomélie dysmelia.

CAD CAD coronary artery disease; chronic actinic dermatitis.

cadaver cadavre a dead body; generally applied to a human body preserved for anatomical study. Adj.: cadaveric, cadaverous.

cadaverine cadavérine a foul-smelling nitrogenous base, pentamethylenediamine, produced by decarboxylation of lysine. it is produced in decaying protein material by the action of bacteria, particularly species of Vibrio.

cadherin cadhérine any of a family of over 80 calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules, having in common a structure called the CAD domain.

cadmium (Cd) cadmium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 48. Cadmium and its salts are poisonous; inhalation of cadmium fumes or dust causes pneumoconiosis, and ingestion of foods contaminated by cadmium-plated containers causes violent gastrointestinal symptoms.

caduceus caducée d’Hermès [L.] the wand of Hermes or Mercury; used as a symbol of the medical profession and as the emblem of the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army. See also staff of Aesculapius.

cae- cae- for words beginning thus, see those beginning ce-.

caffeine caféine a xanthine found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and colas; it is a central nervous system stimulant, diuretic, striated muscle stimulant, and acts on the cardiovascular system. As the base or the citrate salt, it is used as a central nervous system stimulant and as an adjunct in treating neonatal apnea; as the base it is also used in the treatment of vascular headaches and as an adjunct to analgesics.

caffeinism caféinisme a morbid condition resulting from ingestion of excessive amounts of caffeine; characteristics include insomnia, restlessness, excitement, tachycardia, tremors, and diuresis.

cage cage a box or enclosure. rib c., thoracic c. c. thoracique the bony structure enclosing the thorax, consisting of the ribs, vertebral column, and sternum.

CAH HSC congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

cajeput cajeput the tree Melaleuca. leucadendron, whose fresh leaves and twigs yield cajeput oil.

cal cal calorie.

calamine calamine a preparation of zinc oxide and the coloring agent ferric oxide; used topically as a protectant.

calamus calamus a reed or reedlike structure. c. scriptorius c. scriptorius the lowest portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle, situated between the restiform bodies.

calcaneal calcanéen pertaining to the calcaneus.

calcaneoapophysitis calcanéo-apophysite inflammation of the posterior part of the calcaneus, marked by pain and swelling.

calcaneoastragaloid calcanéo-astragaloïde pertaining to the calcaneus and astragalus.

calcaneodynia calcanéodynie pain in the heel.

calcaneus calcanéum pl. calcanei [L.] heel bone; the irregular quadrangular bone at the back of the tarsus. See Plate 1. Adj.: calcaneal, calcanean.

calcar ergot 1. spur. 2. a spur-shaped structure. c. avis e. de Morand, petit hippocampe the lower of the two medial elevations in the posterior horn of the lateral cerebral ventricle, produced by the lateral extension of the calcarine sulcus.

calcareous calcaire pertaining to or containing lime; chalky.

calcarine 1. calcarin spur-shaped. 2. calcarin pertaining to a calcar.

calcemia calcémie hypercalcemia.

calcibilia calcibile presence of calcium in the bile.

calcifediol calcifédiol see 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.

calciferol 1. calciférol a compound having vitamin D activity, e.g., cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol. 2. ergocalciferol.

calcific calcifiant forming lime.

calcification calcification the deposit of calcium salts in a tissue. dystrophic c. c. dystrophique the deposition of calcium in abnormal tissue, such as scar tissue or atherosclerotic plaques, without abnormalities of blood calcium. eggshell c. c. de la coquille deposition of a thin layer of calcium around a thoracic lymph node, often seen in silicosis. Monckeberg c. c. de Monckeberg see under arteriosclerosis.

calcinosis calcinose a condition marked by dystrophic calcifications. c. circumscripta c. circonscrite localized dystrophic calcifications in subcutaneous tissues or muscle. c. universalis calcinosis universalis widespread dystrophic calcifications in the dermis, panniculus, and muscles.

calcipexis calcipexis calcipexy.

calcipexy calcipexie fixation of calcium in the tissues. Adj.: calcipectic, calcipexic.

calciphylaxis calciphylaxie a condition of induced hypersensitivity characterized by formation of calcified tissue in response to administration of a challenging agent.

calcipotriene calcipotriene a synthetic derivative of vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol), applied topically in the treatment of psoriasis.

calciprivia carence en calcium deprivation or loss of calcium. Adj.: calciprivic.

calcitonin calcitonine a polypeptide hormone secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland, and sometimes of the thymus and parathyroids, which lowers calcium and phosphate concentration in plasma and inhibits bone resorption. Preparations (c.-human, c.-salmon) are used in the treatment of osteitis deformans, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and hypercalcemia.

calcitriol calcitriol 1. see dihydroxycholecalciferol. 2. a preparation of this compound, used in the treatment of hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, rickets, and osteodystrophy associated with a variety of disorders.

calcium (Ca) calcium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 20. Calcium phosphate salts form the dense hard material of teeth and bones. The calcium 2⁺ ion is involved in many physiologic processes. A normal blood calcium level is essential for normal function of the heart, nerves, and muscles. It is involved in blood coagulation (in which connection it is called coagulation factor IV). Various calcium salts, including the acetate, carbonate, chloride, glubionate, gluceptate, gluconate, lactate, lactobionate, and phosphate salts, are used as calcium replenishers and supplements. c. carbonate carbonate de calcium an insoluble salt, CaCO₃, occurring naturally in shells, limestone, and chalk and also used in more purified forms; used as an antacid and calcium replenisher and in the treatment of osteoporosis. c. chloride chlorure de calcium a salt, CaCl₂2H₂O, used in the treatment of hypocalcemia, electrolyte depletion, and hyperkalemia, and as a treatment adjunct in cardiac arrest and in magnesium poisoning. c. citrate citrate de calcium a calcium replenisher also used in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in renal osteodystrophy. c. glubionate glubionate de calcium a calcium replenisher, used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypocalcemia. c. gluceptate gluceptate de calcium a calcium salt used in the treatment and prophylaxis of hypocalcemia and as an electrolyte replenisher. c. gluconate gluconate de calcium a calcium salt used to treat or prevent hypercalcemia, nutritional deficiency, and hyperkalemia; also used as a treatment adjunct in cardiac arrest. c. hydroxide hydroxyde de calcium a salt, Ca(OH)₂, used in solution as a topical astringent. c. oxalate oxalate de calcium a salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi. c. oxide oxyde de calcium lime (1). c. phosphate phospate de calcium a salt containing calcium and the phosphate radical: dibasic and tribasic c. phosphate are used as sources of calcium. c. polycarbophil polycarbophile de calcium a calcium salt of a hydrophilic resin of the polycarboxylic type; a bulk laxative. c. pyrophosphate pyrophosphate de calcium the pyrophosphate salt of calcium, used as a polishing agent in dentifrices. Crystals of the dihydrate form occur in the joints in calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. c. sulfate sulfate de c. the sulfate salt of calcium, CaSO₄, occurring in the anhydrous form and in a hydrated form (gypsum, q.v.), which upon being calcined forms plaster of Paris.

calcospherite calcosphérite one of the tiny round bodies formed during calcification by chemical union of calcium particles and albuminous matter of cells.

calculosis calculose lithiasis.

calculus calcul pl. calculi [L.] an abnormal concretion, usually composed of mineral salts, occurring within the animal body. Adj.: calculous. biliary c. c. biliaire gallstone. dental c. c. dentaire calcium phosphate and carbonate, with organic matter, deposited on tooth surfaces. lung c. c. pulmonaire one formed in the bronchi by accretion about an inorganic nucleus, or from calcified portions of lung tissue or adjacent lymph nodes. oxalate c. c. d’oxalate a urinary calculus made of calcium oxalate; some have tiny sharp spines and others are smooth. renal c. c. rénal one in the kidney. salivary c. c. salivaire 1. sialolith. 2. supragingival c. struvite c. c. de struvite a urinary calculus of crystals of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate). supragingival c. tartre sus-gingival that covering the coronal surface of the tooth to the crest of the gingival margin. urinary c. c. urinaire one in any part of the urinary tract. uterine c. c. utérin uterolith; a concretion in the uterus. vesical c. c. vésical one in the urinary bladder.

calefacient chauffant causing a sensation of warmth; an agent that so acts.

calf mollet sura; the fleshy back part of the leg below the knee.

Calendula Calendula [L.] a genus of composite-flowered plants. The dried florets of C. officinalis, the pot marigold, have antimicrobial and antiinflammatory properties; they are used topically for inflammatory lesions and to promote healing and are used in homeopathy and folk medicine.

calfactant calfactant a pulmonary surfactant from calf lung, used in the prophylaxis and treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

caliber calibre the diameter of the opening of a canal or tube.

calibration calibrage determination of the accuracy of an instrument, usually by measurement of its variation from a standard, to ascertain necessary correction factors.

calicectasis calicectasie caliectasis.

Caliciviridae Caliciviridae the caliciviruses: a family of RNA viruses having a positivesense, single-stranded RNA genome, and transmitted via infested food, by contact, or by airborne particles. The single genus is Calicivirus.

Calicivirus Calicivirus a former genus of the family Caliciviridae; see Norovirus and Sapovirus.

calicivirus calicivirus a member of the family Caliciviridae.

caliculus calicule pl. caliculi [L.] a bud-shaped or cup-shaped structure.

caliectasis ectasie calicielle dilatation of a renal calyx.

californium (Cf) californium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 98.

calipers compas an instrument with two bent or curved legs used for measuring thickness or diameter of a solid.

calix cupule pl. cálices [L.] calyx.

Calliphora Calliphora a genus of flies, including the blowflies and bluebottle flies, which deposit their eggs in decaying matter, on wounds, or in body openings; the maggots are a cause of myiasis.

callosity callosité a callus (1).

callosum corpus callosum corpus callosum. Adj.: callosal.

callous calleux 1. hardened. 2. pertaining to or characterized by callus.

callus [L.] 1. durillon localized hyperplasia of the stratum corneum of the epidermis due to pressure or friction. 2. cal an unorganized network of woven bone formed about the ends of a broken bone, which is absorbed as repair is completed (provisional c.), and ultimately replaced by true bone (definitive c.).

calmodulin calmoduline a calcium-binding protein, present in all nucleated cells, that mediates a wide variety of calcium-dependent cellular processes.

calor chaleur [L.] heat; one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.

caloric calorique pertaining to heat or to calories.

calorie calorie any of several units of heat defined as the amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water 1 C at a specified temperature; the calorie used in chemistry and biochemistry is equal to 4.184 joules. Abbreviated cal. large c. kilocalorie the calorie now used only in metabolic studies; also used to express the fuel or energy value of food. It is equivalent to the kilocalorie. Symbol C. small c. c. gramme calorie, when the term large calorie had broader meaning.

calorigenic calorigène producing or increasing production of heat or energy; increasing oxygen consumption.

calorimeter calorimètre an instrument for measuring the amount of heat produced in any system or organism.

calreticulin calréticuline a calcium-binding protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and in the endoplasmic reticulum of nonmuscle cells; its roles include calcium homeostasis, control of viral RNA replication, lymphocyte activation, and cytotoxicity.

calsequestrin calséquestrine a calcium-binding protein rich in carboxylate side chains, occurring on the inner membrane surface of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

calvaria calvaria [L.] the domelike superior portion of the cranium, comprising the superior portions of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones.

calx calx 1. lime or chalk. 2. heel.

calyx calice pl. calyces, calices [Gr.] a cup-shaped organ or cavity, e.g., one of the recesses of the pelvis of the kidney which enclose the pyramids. Adj.: caliceal.

CAM MCA complementary and alternative medicine.

camera pl. camerae, cameras [L.] 1. chambre chamber; an enclosed space or ventricle. 2. caméra a device for converting light or other energy from an object into a visible image. Anger c. c. d’Anger the original, and by far the most commonly used, form of scintillation (or gamma) camera, so that the terms are often used interchangeably. camerae bulbi oculi c. du bulbe oculaire the anterior, posterior, and vitreous chambers of the eye; see entries under chamber. gamma c. gamma caméra scintillation c. scintillation c. c. à scintillation an electronic instrument that produces photographs or cathode-ray tube images of the gamma ray emissions from organs containing tracer compounds; the term is often equated with Anger camera, the original and most used version.

cAMP AMPc cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

camphor camphre a ketone derived from the Asian tree Cinnamomum camphora or produced synthetically; used topically as an antipruritic and antiinfective and inhaled as a nasal decongestant; also used in folk medicine and in Indian medicine.

campimeter campimètre an apparatus for mapping the central portion of the visual field on a flat surface.

campotomy campotomie the stereotaxic surgical technique of producing a lesion in the Forel fields, beneath the thalamus, for correction of tremor in Parkinson disease.

camptocormia camptocormie a static deformity consisting of forward flexion of the trunk.

camptodactyly camptodactylie permanent flexion of one or more fingers.

camptomelia camptomélie bending of the limbs, producing permanent bowing or curving of the affected part. Adj.: camptomelic.

Campylobacter Campylobacter a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Campylobacteraceae, made up of motile, spirally curved rods. C. coli, C. jejuni, and certain subspecies of C. fetus can cause gastroenteritis; C. rectus is associated with periodontal disease.

Campylobacteraceae Campylobacteraceae a family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria of the order Campylobacterales that move with a characteristic corkscrew motion.

Campylobacterales Campylobacterales a metabolically and ecologically diverse order of bacteria of the class Epsilonproteobacteria; many are human and animal pathogens.

camsylate camsylate USAN contraction for camphorsulfonate.

canal canal a relatively narrow tubular passage or channel. adductor c. c. des adducteurs de Hunter a fascial tunnel in the middle third of the medial part of the thigh, containing the femoral vessels and saphenous nerve. Alcock c. c. d’Alcock pudendal c. alimentary c. appareil digestif the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus. anal c. c. anal the terminal portion of the alimentary canal, from the rectum to the anus. Arnold c. c. d’Arnold a channel in the petrous portion of the temporal bone for passage of the vagus nerve. atrioventricular c. c. auriculo-ventriculaire the common canal connecting the primordial atrium and ventricle; it sometimes persists as a congenital anomaly. birth c. filière pelvigénitale the canal through which the fetus passes in birth. caroticotympanic c’s canaux carotico-tympaniques tiny passages in the temporal bone connecting the carotid canal and the tympanic cavity, carrying communicating twigs between the internal carotid and tympanic plexuses. carotid c. c. carotidien a tunnel in the petrous portion of the temporal bone that transmits the internal carotid artery to the cranial cavity. cochlear c. cochlée membraneuse see under duct. condylar c., condyloid c. c. condylaire an occasional opening in the condylar fossa for transmission of the transverse sinus. c. of Cuvier c. de Cuvier ductus venosus. Dorello c. c. de Dorello an occasional opening in the temporal bone through which the abducens nerve and inferior petrosal sinus enter the cavernous sinus. facial c. a. de Fallope a canal for the facial nerve in the petrous portion of the temporal bone. femoral c. c. fémoral the medial part of the femoral sheath lateral to the base of the lacunar ligament. Gartner c. c. de Gartner a closed rudimentary duct, lying parallel to the uterine tube, into which the transverse ducts of the epophoron open; it is the remains of the part of the mesonephros that participates in formation of the reproductive organs. genital c. c. pelvigénital any canal for the passage of ova or for copulatory use. haversian c. c. de Havers any of the anastomosing channels of the haversian system in compact bone, containing blood and lymph vessels and nerves. Huguier c. c. de Huguier a small canal opening into the facial canal just before its termination, transmitting the chorda tympani nerve. Huschke c. c. de Huschke a canal formed by the tubercles of the tympanic ring, usually disappearing during childhood. hyaloid c. c. hyaloïdien a passage running from in front of the optic disk to the lens of the eye; in the fetus, it transmits the hyaloid artery. hypoglossal c. c. hypoglosse an opening in the occipital bone, transmitting the hypoglossal nerve and a branch of the posterior meningeal artery. incisive c’s c. palatins antérieurs the small canals opening into the incisive fossa of the hard palate, transmitting the nasopalatine nerves. infraorbital c. c. sous-orbitaire a small canal running obliquely through the floor of the orbit, transmitting the infraorbital vessels and nerve. inguinal c. c. inguinal the oblique passage in the lower anterior abdominal wall, through which passes the round ligament of the uterus in the female, and the spermatic cord in the male. interdental c’s canaux de Hirschfeld channels in the alveolar process of the mandible between the roots of the central and lateral incisors, for passage of anastomosing blood vessels between the sublingual and inferior dental arteries. medullary c. c. médullaire 1. vertebral c. 2. see under cavity. nasal c., nasolacrimal c. c. nasal a canal formed by the maxilla laterally and the lacrimal bone and inferior nasal concha medially, transmitting the nasolacrimal duct. neurenteric c. c. neurentérique a temporary communication in the embryo between the posterior part of the neural tube and the archenteron. c. of Nuck c. de Nuck a pouch of peritoneum extending into the inguinal canal, accompanying the round ligament, in the female; usually obliterated after birth. nutrient c. c. nourricier haversian c. optic c. c. optique one of the paired openings in the sphenoid bone that transmits an optic nerve and its associated ophthalmic artery. Petit c. c. de Petit zonular spaces. perivascular c. c. périvasculaire a lymph space about a blood vessel. portal c. espace de Kiernan a space within the capsule of Glisson and liver substance, containing branches of the portal vein, of the hepatic artery, and of the hepatic duct. pterygoid c. c. vidien a canal in the sphenoid bone transmitting the pterygoid vessels and nerves. pterygopalatine c. c. ptérygopalatin a passage in the sphenoid and palatine bones for the greater palatine vessels and nerve. pudendal c. c. pudendal a tunnel formed by a splitting of the obturator fascia, which encloses the pudendal vessels and nerve. pyloric c. c. pylorique the short narrow part of the stomach extending from the gastroduodenal junction to the pyloric antrum. root c. c. radiculaire that part of the pulp cavity extending from the pulp chamber to the apical foramen. sacculocochlear c. c. de Hensen the canal connecting the saccule and cochlea. sacral c. c. sacré the continuation of the vertebral canal through the sacrum. semicircular c’s c. semicirculaires three long canals (anterior, lateral, and posterior) of the bony labyrinth, important in the sense of equilibrium. spermatic c. c. spermatique the inguinal canal in the male. spiral c. of cochlea lame spirale osseuse de la cochlée cochlear duct. spiral c. of modiolus c. spiral du modiolus a canal following the course of the bony spiral lamina of the cochlea and containing the spiral ganglion. tarsal c. c. tarsien see under sinus. tympanic c. of cochlea c. tympanique, rampe tympanique scala tympani. uterine c. c. utérin the cavity of the uterus. vertebral c. c. vertébral the canal formed by the series of vertebral foramina together, enclosing the spinal cord and meninges. Volkmann c’s canaux de Volkmann canals communicating with the haversian canals, for passage of blood vessels through bone. c. of Wirsung c. de Wirsung pancreatic duct. zygomaticotemporal c. c. temporomalaire, c. zygomaticotemporal see under foramen.

canaliculus canalicule pl. canaliculi [L.] an extremely narrow tubular passage or channel. Adj.: canalicular. apical c. c. apical one of the numerous tubular invaginations arising from the clefts between the microvilli of the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney and extending downward into the apical cytoplasm. bone canaliculi c. osseux branching tubular passages radiating like wheel spokes from each bone lacuna to connect with the canaliculi of adjacent lacunae, and with the haversian canal. cochlear c. c. cochléaire a small canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone that interconnects the scala tympani with the subarachnoid space; it houses the perilymphatic duct and a small vein. dental canaliculi c. dentaires minute channels in dentin, extending from the pulp cavity to the overlying cement and enamel. intercellular c. c. intercellulaire one located between adjacent cells, such as one of the secretory capillaries, or canaliculi, of the gastric parietal cells. intracellular canaliculi of parietal cells c. intracellulaires des cellules pariétales a system of canaliculi that seem to be intracellular but are formed by deep invaginations of the surface of the gastric parietal cells rather than extending into the cytoplasm of the cell. lacrimal c. c. lacrymal the short passage in the eyelid, beginning at the lacrimal point and draining tears from the lacrimal lake to the lacrimal sac. mastoid c. c. mastoïdien a small channel in the temporal bone transmitting the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. tympanic c. c. tympanique a small opening on the inferior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, transmitting the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve and a small artery.

canalis canalis pl. canales [L.] canal.

canalization canalisation 1. formation of canals, natural or pathologic. 2. surgical creation of canals for drainage. 3. recanalization. 4. in psychology, formation in the central nervous system of new pathways by repeated passage of nerve impulses.

cancellous spongieux of a reticular, spongy, or lattice-like structure.

cancellus réseau pl. cancelli [L.] the lattice-like structure in bone; any structure arranged like a lattice.

cancer cancer a neoplastic disease the natural course of which is fatal. Cancer cells, unlike benign tumor cells, exhibit the properties of invasion and metastasis and are highly anaplastic. The term includes the two broad categories of carcinoma and sarcoma, but is often used synonymously with the former. Adj.: cancerous. epithelial c. c. epithelial carcinoma. hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal c. (HNPCC) c. colorectal héréditaire sans polypose a group of autosomal dominant cancers characterized by adenomas of the colon and rectum without polyposis; caused by mutations in genes involved in repair of mismatch errors introduced during DNA replication.

canceremia carcinémie the presence of cancer cells in the blood.

cancerigenic cancérigène giving rise to a malignant tumor.

cancerphobia cancérophobie irrational fear of cancer.

cancroid cancroïde resembling cancer.

cancrum aphte [L.] canker. c. oris cancrum oris see noma. c. pudendi cancrum pudendi see noma.

candela (cd) candela the base SI unit of luminous intensity.

candesartan candésartan an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, used in the treatment of hypertension; administered orally as c. cilexetil.

Candida Candida a genus of yeastlike fungi that are commonly part of the normal flora of the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections (see candidiasis). C. albicans is the usual pathogen.

candidal candidal pertaining to or caused by Candida.

candidiasis candidose infection by fungi of the genus Candida, generally C. albicans, most commonly involving the skin, oral mucosa (thrush), respiratory tract, or vagina; rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. acute pseudomembranous c. c. pseudomembraneuse aiguë thrush. atrophic c. c. atrophique a type of oral candidiasis marked by erythematous pebbled patches on the hard or soft palate, buccal mucosa, and dorsal surface of the tongue. bronchopulmonary c. c. bronchopulmonaire bronchocandidiasis; that found in the respiratory tract. chronic mucocutaneous c. c. mucocutanée chronique any of various forms characterized by chronic candidiasis of oral and vaginal mucosa, skin, and nails, resistant to treatment, and sometimes familial. oral c. c. buccale thrush. vaginal c., vulvovaginal c. c. vaginale candidal infection of the vagina, and usually also the vulva, commonly characterized by pruritus, creamy white discharge, vulvar erythema and swelling, and dyspareunia.

candidid candidide an id reaction showing hypersensitivity to infection with Candida elsewhere on the body.

candidin candidine a skin test antigen derived from Candida albicans, used in testing for the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to the microorganism.

canine canine 1. of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a dog. 2. cuspid tooth.

canities canitie grayness or whiteness of the scalp hair.

canker aphte an ulceration, especially of the oral mucosa.

cannabinoid cannabinoïde any of the principles of Cannabis, including tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol.

cannabis cannabis, chanvre indien the dried flowering tops of hemp plants (Cannabis sativa), which have euphoric principles (tetrahydrocannabinols); classified as a hallucinogen and prepared as bhang, ganja, hashish, and marihuana.

cannula canule a tube for insertion into a vessel, duct, or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar.

canthitis canthite inflammation of the canthus.

canthoplasty canthoplastie plastic surgery of a canthus.

canthotomy canthotomie incision of a canthus.

canthus canthus pl. canthi [L.] the angle at either end of the fissure between the eyelids, lateral or medial.

cantilever cantilever a projecting structure supported on only one end and carrying a load at the other end or along its length.

CAP CAP College of American Pathologists.

cap calotte, coiffe a protective covering for the head or for a similar structure; a structure resembling such a covering. acrosomal c. capuchon acrosomial acrosome. cradle c. casque séborrhéique crusta lactea. duodenal c. bulbe duodénal the part of the duodenum adjacent to the pylorus, forming the superior flexure. enamel c. capuchon adamantin the enamel organ after it covers the top of the growing tooth papilla. head c. capuchon céphalique the doubled-layered caplike structure over the upper two-thirds of the acrosome of a spermatozoon, consisting of the collapsed acrosomal vesicle. knee c. rotule patella.

capacitance (C) 1. capacitance the property of being able to store an electric charge. 2. capacité the ratio of the charge stored by a capacitor to the voltage across the capacitor.

capacitation capacitation the process by which spermatozoa in the ampullary portion of a uterine tube become capable of going through the acrosome reaction and fertilizing an oocyte.

capacity capacité the power to hold, retain, or contain, or the ability to absorb; usually expressed numerically as the measure of such ability. forced vital c. (FVC) c. vitale forcée vital capacity measured when the patient is exhaling with maximal speed and effort. functional residual c. c. résiduelle fonctionnelle the amount of air remaining at the end of normal quiet respiration. heat c. enthalpie the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a specific quantity of a substance by one degree Celsius. Symbol C. inspiratory c. c. inspiratoire the volume of gas that can be taken into the lungs in a full inhalation, starting from the resting inspiratory position; equal to the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume. maximal breathing c. c. respiratoire maximale maximum voluntary ventilation. thermal c. c. thermique heat c. total lung c. c. pulmonaire totale the amount of gas contained in the lung at the end of a maximal inhalation. virus neutralizing c. c. de neutralisation virale the ability of a serum to inhibit the infectivity of a virus. vital c. c. vitale VC; the volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs from a position of full inspiration, with no limit to duration of inspiration; equal to inspiratory capacity plus expiratory reserve volume.

capecitabine capécitabine an antineoplastic used in the treatment of metastatic breast or colorectal carcinoma.

capillarectasia capillarectasie dilatation of capillaries.

Capillaria Capillaria a genus of parasitic nematodes, including C. hepatica, found in the liver of rats and other mammals, including humans; and C. philippinensis, found in the human intestine in the Philippines, causing severe diarrhea, malabsorption, and high mortality.

capillariasis capillarise infection with nematodes of the genus Capillaria, especially C. philippinensis.

capillarity capillarité the action by which the surface of a liquid in contact with a solid, as in a capillary tube, is elevated or depressed.

capillary capillaire 1. pertaining to or resembling a hair. 2. one of the minute vessels connecting the arterioles and venules, the walls of which act as a semipermeable membrane for interchange of various substances between the blood and tissue fluid; see Plate 22. arterial c. c. artériel precapillary; a type of minute vessel lacking a continuous muscular coat, intermediate in structure and location between an arteriole and a capillary. continuous c’s c. continus one of the two major types of capillaries, found in muscle, skin, lung, central nervous system, and other tissues, characterized by the presence of an uninterrupted endothelium and a continuous basal lamina, and by fine filaments and numerous pinocytotic vesicles. fenestrated c’s c. fenêtrés one of the two major types of capillaries, found in the intestinal mucosa, renal glomeruli, pancreas, endocrine glands, and other tissues, and characterized by the presence of circular fenestrae or pores that penetrate the endothelium; these pores may be closed by a very thin diaphragm. lymph c., lymphatic c. c. lymphatique one of the minute vessels of the lymphatic system; see Plate 22. secretory c. c. sécréteur any of the extremely fine intercellular canaliculi situated between adjacent gland cells, being formed by the apposition of grooves in the parietal cells and opening into the gland’s lumen. venous c. c. veineux postcapillary venule; a type of minute vessel lacking a muscular coat, intermediate in structure and location between a venule and a capillary.

capillus capillus pl. capilli [L.] a hair of the scalp; in the plural, denoting the aggregate of scalp hair.

capitate capite head-shaped.

capitation dotation par patient the annual fee paid to a physician or group of physicians by each participant in a health plan.

capitatum capitatum [L.] capitate bone.

capitellum capitellum capitulum.

capitonnage capitonnage [Fr.] closure of a cyst by applying sutures to approximate the opposing surfaces of the cavity.

capitulum condyle pl. capitula [L.] a small eminence on a bone, as on the distal end of the humerus, by which it articulates with another bone. Adj.: capitular.

Capnocytophaga Capnocytophaga a genus of anaerobic, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Flavobacteriaceae; it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and is associated with systemic disease in debilitated persons. C. canimorsus C. canimorsus a species that is part of the normal oral flora of dogs and cats; following a bite it may cause serious local or systemic infection or death.

capnogram capnigramme a real-time waveform record of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the respiratory gases.

capnograph capnigraphe a system for monitoring the concentration of exhaled carbon dioxide.

capnography capnigraphie monitoring of the concentration of exhaled carbon dioxide in order to assess physiologic status or determine the adequacy of ventilation during anesthesia.

capnometer capnimetre a device for monitoring the end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

capnometry capnimetrie the determination of the end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

capping surfaçage 1. the provision of a protective or obstructive covering. 2. capping, redistribution polaire the formation of a polar cap on the surface of a cell concerned with immunologic responses, occurring as a result of movement of components on the cell surface into clusters or patches that coalesce to form the cap. The process is produced by reaction of antibody with the cell membrane and appears to involve cross-linking of antigenic determinants. pulp c. coiffage pulpaire the covering of an exposed or nearly exposed dental pulp with some material to provide protection against external influences and to encourage healing.

capreomycin capreomycine a polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces capreolus, which is active against human strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; used as the disulfate salt.

capric acid acide caprique a saturated ten-carbon fatty acid, occurring as a minor constituent in many fats and oils.

caproate caproate 1. any salt or ester of caproic acid (hexanoic acid). 2. USAN contraction for hexanoate.

caproic acid acide caproïque a saturated sixcarbon fatty acid occurring in butterfat and coconut and palm oils.

caprylate caprylate any salt, ester, or anionic form of caprylic acid.

caprylic acid acide caprylique an eight-carbon saturated fatty acid occurring in butterfat and palm and coconut oils.

capsaicin capsaïcine an alkaloid irritating to the skin and mucous membranes, the active ingredient of capsicum; used as a topical counterirritant and analgesic.

capsicum capsicum a plant of the genus Capsicum, the hot peppers, or the dried fruit derived from certain of its species (cayenne or red pepper), containing the active principle capsaicin; used as a counterirritant and analgesic and also in pepper spray.

capsid capside the shell of protein that protects the nucleic acid of a virus; it is composed of structural units, or capsomers.

capsomer capsomère the morphological unit of the capsid of a virus.

capsula capsula pl. capsulae [L.] capsule.

capsule capsule 1. an enclosing structure, as a soluble container enclosing a dose of medicine. 2. a cartilaginous, fatty, fibrous, membranous structure enveloping another structure, organ, or part. Adj.: capsular. adipose c. of kidney c. adipeuse du rein the investment of fat surrounding the fibrous capsule of the kidney, continuous at the hilum with the fat in the renal sinus. articular c. c. articulaire joint capsule; the saclike envelope enclosing the cavity of a synovial joint. auditory c. c. auditive the cartilaginous capsule of the embryo that develops into the bony labyrinth of the inner ear. bacterial c. c. bactérienne an envelope of gel surrounding a bacterial cell, usually polysaccharide but sometimes polypeptide in nature; it is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. cartilage c. c. cartilagineuse a basophilic zone of cartilage matrix bordering on a lacuna and its enclosed cartilage cells. external c. c. externe the layer of white fibers between the putamen and claustrum. fibrous c. of kidney c. fibreuse du rein the connective tissue investment of the kidney, continuous through the hilum to line the renal sinus. Glisson c. c. de Glisson the connective tissue sheath accompanying the hepatic ducts and vessels through the hepatic portal. glomerular c., c. of glomerulus c. glomérulaire the globular dilatation forming the beginning of a uriniferous tubule within the kidney and surrounding the glomerulus. internal c. c. interne a fanlike mass of white fibers separating the lentiform nucleus laterally from the head of the caudate nucleus, the dorsal thalamus, and the tail of the caudate nucleus medially. joint c. c. articulaire articular c. lens c., c. of lens c. du cristallin the elastic envelope covering the lens of the eye. optic c. c. optique the embryonic structure from which the sclera develops. otic c. c. otique the skeletal element enclosing the inner ear mechanism. In the human embryo, it develops as cartilage at various ossification centers and becomes completely bony and unified at about the 23 rd week of fetal life. renal c’s capsules rénales the investing tissue around the kidney, divided into the fibrous renal capsule and the adipose renal capsule. Tenon c. c. de Tenon the connective tissue enveloping the posterior eyeball.

capsulectomy capsulectomie excision of a capsule, especially a joint capsule or lens capsule.

capsulitis capsulite inflammation of a capsule, such as the lens capsule. adhesive c. c. adhérente adhesive inflammation between the joint capsule and the peripheral articular cartilage of the shoulder, with obliteration of the subdeltoid bursa, characterized by increasing pain, stiffness, and limitation of motion.

capsuloplasty capsuloplastie plastic repair of a joint capsule.

capsulorrhexis capsulorrhexie the making of a continuous circular tear in the anterior capsule during cataract surgery in order to allow expression or phacoemulsification of the nucleus of the lens.

capsulotomy capsulotomie incision of a capsule, as that of the lens, the kidney, or a joint.

captopril captopril an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and post-myocardial infarction left ventricular dysfunction.

capture capture 1. to seize or catch. 2. the coalescence of an atomic nucleus and a subatomic particle, usually resulting in an unstable mass. atrial c. c. auriculaire depolarization of the atria in response to a stimulus either originating elsewhere in the heart or pacemaker-induced. ventricular c. c. ventriculaire depolarization of the ventricles in response to an impulse originating either in the supraventricular region or in an artificial pacemaker.

caput caput pl. capita [L.] 1. head. 2. the expanded or chief extremity of an organ or part. c. medusae téte de méduse dilated cutaneous veins around the umbilicus, seen mainly in the newborn and in patients with cirrhosis. c. succedaneum c. succedaneum edema occurring in and under the fetal scalp during labor.

CAR CAR Canadian Association of Radiologists.

carbacephem carbacepheme any of a class of antibiotics closely related to the cephalosporins in structure and use, but chemically more stable.

carbachol carbachol a cholinergic agonist used as a miotic and to lower intraocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma and following cataract surgery.

carbamate carbamate any ester of carbamic acid.

carbamazepine carbamazepine an anticonvulsant and analgesic used in the treatment of pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia and in epilepsy manifested by certain types of seizures.

carbamic acid acide carbamique NH₂COOH, a compound existing only in the form of salts or esters (carbamates), amides (carbamides), and other derivatives.

carbamide carbamide urea. c. peroxide peroxyde de c. a compound of urea and hydrogen peroxide used as a cerumen-softening agent, dental cleanser, bleaching agent, and antiinflammatory.

carbaminohemoglobin carbhemoglobine a combination of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, CO₂HHb, being one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood.

carbamoyl carbamoyle the radical NH₂CO—; see carbamoyltransferase.

carbamoyltransferase carbamoyltransferase an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a carbamoyl group, as from carbamoylphosphate to L-ornithine to form orthophosphate and citrulline in the synthesis of urea.

carbenicillin carbenicilline a semisynthetic penicillin, with activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and some other gram-negative bacteria; used as the disodium salt. It is also used as c. indanyl sodium in the treatment of urinary tract infections and prostatitis.

carbidopa carbidopa an inhibitor of decarboxylation of levodopa in extracerebral tissues, used in combination with levodopa as an antiparkinsonian agent.

carbinol carbinol 1. methyl alcohol. 2. any aromatic or fatty alcohol formed by substituting one, two, or three hydrocarbon groups for hydrogen in methanol.

carbinoxamine carbinoxamine an antihistamine with anticholinergic and sedative effects, used as the maleate salt.

carbohydrate glucide any of a class of aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols, so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion of water, C_n(H₂O); the most important comprise the starches, sugars, glycogens, celluloses, and gums.

carbolfuchsin fuchsine phéniquée a solution containg basic fuchsin and dilute phenol; used in various stains for demonstrating acid-fast bacteria.

carbolic acid acide carbolique phenol (1).

carbolism carbolisme phenol poisoning; see phenol (1).

carbon (C) carbone chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 6. c. dioxide dioxyde de carbone an odorless, colorless gas, CO₂, resulting from oxidation of carbon, and formed in the tissues and eliminated by the lungs; used in some pump oxygenators to maintain blood carbon dioxide tension. In solid form it is carbon dioxide snow (see under snow). c. monoxide monoxyde de carbone an odorless gas, CO, formed by burning carbon or organic fuels with a scanty supply of oxygen; inhalation causes central nervous system damage and asphyxiation by combining irreversibly with blood hemoglobin. c. tetrachloride tétrachlorure de carbone a clear, colorless, volatile liquid; inhalation of its vapors can depress central nervous system activity and cause degeneration of the liver and kidneys.

carbonate carbonate a salt of carbonic acid.

carbonic acid acide carbonique an aqueous solution of carbon dioxide, H₂CO₃.

carbonic anhydrase anhydrase carbonique an enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water, facilitating the transfer of carbon dioxide from tissues to blood and from blood to alveolar air.

carbonyl carbonyle the bivalent organic radical, C:O, characteristic of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid, and esters.

carboplatin carboplatine an antineoplastic used in the treatment of carcinomas of the ovary and numerous other organs.

carboprost carboprost a synthetic analogue of dinoprost, a prostaglandin of the F type; used as the tromethamine salt as an oxytocic for termination of pregnancy and missed abortion.

γ-carboxyglutamic acid acide gamma -carboxyglutamique an amino acid occurring in biologically active prothrombin, and formed in the liver in the presence of vitamin K by carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin precursor molecules.

carboxyhemoglobin carboxyhémoglobine hemoglobin combined with carbon monoxide, which occupies the sites on the hemoglobin molecule that normally bind with oxygen and which is not readily displaced from the molecule.

carboxyl carboxyle the monovalent radical —COOH, occurring in those organic acids termed carboxylic acids.

carboxylase carboxylase an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of carbon dioxide from the carboxyl group of alpha amino keto acids.

carboxylation carboxylation the addition of carbon dioxide or bicarbonate to form a carboxyl group, as to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate.

carboxylesterase carboxylestérase an enzyme of wide specificity that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the ester bond in a carboxylic ester to form an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, including acting on esters of vitamin A.

carboxyltransferase carboxyltransférase any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a carboxyl group from a donor to an acceptor compound.

carboxy-lyase carboxy-lyase any of a group of lyases that catalyze the removal of a carboxyl group; it includes the carboxylases and decarboxylases.

carboxymethylcellulose carboxyméthylcellulose a substituted cellulose polymer of variable size, used as the sodium or calcium salt as a pharmaceutical suspending agent, tablet excipient, and viscosity-increasing agent; the former is also used as a laxative.

carboxymyoglobin carboxymyoglobine a compound formed from myoglobin on exposure to carbon monoxide.

carboxypeptidase carboxypolypeptidase any exopeptidase that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal or penultimate bond at the end of a peptide or polypeptide where the free carboxyl group occurs.

carbuncle anthrax a necrotizing infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues composed of a cluster of furuncles, usually due to Staphylococcus aureus, with multiple drainage sinuses. Adj.: carbuncular. malignant c. a. malin anthrax.

carcinoembryonic carcinoembryonnaire occurring both in carcinoma and in embryonic tissue; see under antigen.

carcinogen carcinogène, cancérigène, cancérogène any substance which causes cancer. Adj.: carcinogenic. epigenetic c. carcinogène épigénétique one that does not itself damage DNA but causes alterations that predispose to cancer. genotoxic c. carcinogène génotoxique one that reacts directly with DNA or with macromolecules that then react with DNA.

carcinogenesis carcinogenèse [carcino– + –genesis] the production of carcinoma.

carcinogenicity carcinogénicité the ability or tendency to produce cancer.

carcinoid carcinoïde a yellow circumscribed tumor arising from enterochromaffin cells, usually in the gastrointestinal tract; the term is sometimes used to refer specifically to the gastrointestinal tumor (argentaffinoma).

carcinolysis carcinolyse destruction of cancer cells. Adj.: carcinolytic.

carcinoma carcinome pl. carcinomas, carcinomata a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate surrounding tissues and to give rise to metastases. acinar c., acinic cell c., acinous c. c. acineux a slow-growing malignant tumor with acinic cells in small glandlike structures, usually in the pancreas or salivary glands. adenocystic c., adenoid cystic c. c. adénoïde cystique cylindroma; carcinoma marked by cylinders or bands of hyaline or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells, occurring particularly in the salivary glands. adenosquamous c. c. adénosquameux 1. adenoacanthoma. 2. a diverse category of bronchogenic carcinoma, with areas of glandular, squamous, and large-cell differentiation. adnexal c’s c. annexiels a large group of carcinomas arising from, or forming structures resembling, the skin appendages, particularly the sweat or sebaceous glands. adrenocortical c. c. corticosurrénal a malignant adrenal cortical tumor that can cause endocrine disorders such as Cushing syndrome or adrenogenital syndrome. alveolar c. c. alvéolaire bronchioloalveolar c. ameloblastic c. c. améloblastique a type of ameloblastoma in which there has been malignant epithelial transformation, with metastases usually resembling squamous cell carcinoma. apocrine c. c. apocrine 1. adnexal carcinoma in an apocrine gland. 2. a rare breast malignancy with a ductal or acinar growth pattern and apocrine secretions. basal cell c. c. basocellulaire an epithelial tumor of the skin that seldom metastasizes but has the potential for local invasion and destruction; the most common type is the nodular type, characterized by small pearly nodules with central depressions on the sun-exposed skin of fair-skinned older adults. basosquamous cell c. c. basospinocellulaire a type of carcinoma of the skin that has elements of both basal cell and squamous cell types. bronchioloalveolar c. c. bronchioloalvéolaire a variant type of adenocarcinoma of the lung, with columnar to cuboidal cells lining the alveolar septa and projecting into alveolar spaces. bronchogenic c. c. bronchopulmonaire any of a group of carcinomas of the lung, so called because it arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree. cholangiocellular c. c. cholangiocellulaire a rare primary carcinoma of the liver originating in bile duct cells. chorionic c. c. chorionique choriocarcinoma. clear cell c. a. à cellules claires 1. see under adenocarcinoma. 2. renal cell c. colloid c. c. colloïde mucinous c. cribriform c. c. cribriforme 1. adenoid cystic c. 2. an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lactiferous ducts, one of the subtypes of ductal carcinoma in situ. cylindrical cell c. c. à cellules cylindriques carcinoma in which the cells are cylindrical or nearly so. ductal c. in situ (DCIS) c. canalaire in situ any of a large group of in situ carcinomas of the lactiferous ducts. eccrine c. c. eccrine an adnexal carcinoma that originate in eccrine sweat glands. embryonal c. c. embryonnaire a highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad. c. en cuirasse c. en cuirasse carcinoma of the skin manifest as areas of thickening and induration over large areas of the thorax, frequently as a result of metastasis from a primary breast lesion. endometrioid c. c. endométrioïde that characterized by glandular patterns resembling those of the endometrium, occurring in the uterine fundus and ovaries. epidermoid c. c. épidermoïde squamous cell c. (2). c. ex mixed tumor, c. ex pleomorphic adenoma c. ex tumeur mixte a type of malignant pleomorphic adenoma usually occurring in the salivary glands of older adults; an epithelial malignancy arises in a preexisting mixed tumor. follicular c. of thyroid gland c. folliculaire de la thyroïde a type of thyroid gland carcinoma with many follicles. giant cell c. c. à cellules géantes a poorly differentiated, highly malignant, epithelial neoplasm containing many giant cells, such as occurs in the lungs or thyroid gland. hepatocellular c. c. hépatocellulaire primary carcinoma of the liver cells; it has been associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, some types of cirrhosis, and hepatitis C virus infection. Hürthle cell c. c. à cellules de Hürthle a malignant Hürthle cell tumor. inflammatory c. of breast c. inflammatoire du sein a highly malignant carcinoma of the breast, with pink to red skin discoloration, tenderness, edema, and rapid enlargement. c. in situ c. in situ a type whose tumor cells are still confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane; the likelihood of subsequent invasive growth is presumed to be high. intraductal c. c. intracanalaire 1. any carcinoma of the epithelium of a duct. 2. ductal c. in situ. invasive lobular c. c. lobulaire invasif an invasive type of carcinoma of the breast characterized by linear growth into desmoplastic stroma around the terminal part of the lobules of the mammary glands; usually developing from lobular carcinoma in situ. large cell c. c. à grandes cellules a bronchogenic tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. lobular c. c. lobulaire 1. terminal duct c. 2. see lobular c. in situ. lobular c. in situ (LCIS) c. lobulaire in situ a type of precancerous neoplasia found in the lobules of mammary glands, progressing slowly, sometimes to invasive lobular carcinoma after many years. medullary c. c. médullaire that composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma; commonly occurring in the breast and thyroid gland. meningeal c. méningite cancéreuse primary or secondary carcinomatous infiltration of the meninges, particularly the pia and arachnoid. Merkel cell c. c. a cellules de Merkel a rapidly growing malignant dermal or subcutaneous tumor occurring on sun-exposed areas in middled-aged or older adults and containing irregular anastomosing trabeculae and small dense granules typical of Merkel cells. mucinous c. épithélioma colloide adenocarcinoma producing significant amounts of mucin. mucoepidermoid c. c. muco-épidermoide a malignant epithelial tumor of glandular tissue, particularly the salivary glands, characterized by acini with mucus-producing cells and by malignant squamous elements. nasopharyngeal c. c. nasopharyngien a malignant tumor arising in the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx, seen most often in people of Chinese ancestry. The Epstein-Barr virus has been implicated as a causative agent. non-small cell c., non-small cell lung c. (NSCLC) c. non a petites cellules a general term comprising all lung carcinomas except small-cell carcinoma. oat cell c. c. a cellules en grains d’avoine a form of small cell carcinoma in which the cells are round or elongated, have scanty cytoplasm, and clump poorly. papillary c. c. papillaire carcinoma in which there are papillary excrescences. renal cell c. c. a cellules rénales clear cell carcinoma; carcinoma of the renal parenchyma, composed of tubular cells in varying arrangements. scirrhous c. c. squirrheux carcinoma with a hard structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. sebaceous c. c. sébacé adnexal carcinoma of the sebaceous glands, usually occurring as a hard yellow nodule on the eyelid. signet ring cell c. c. à cellules en bague a chaton a highly malignant mucus-secreting tumor in which the cells are anaplastic, with nuclei displaced to one side by a globule of mucus. c. simplex c. simplex an undifferentiated carcinoma. small cell c., small cell lung c. (SCLC) c. a petites cellules a common, highly malignant form of bronchogenic carcinoma in the wall of a major bronchus, usually in middle-aged smokers, composed of small, oval, undifferentiated hematoxyphilic cells. spindle cell c. c. a cellules fusiformes carcinoma, usually of the squamous cell type, marked by fusiform development of rapidly proliferating cells. squamous c., squamous cell c.1. c. epidermoide an initially local carcinoma developed from squamous epithelium, including sun-damaged skin, characterized by cuboid cells and keratinization. 2. c. epidermoïde malpighien a form of bronchogenic carcinoma, usually in middle-aged smokers, generally forming polypoid or sessile masses obstructing the bronchial airways. terminal duct c. c. des canaux salivaires a slow-growing, locally invasive, malignant neoplasm composed of myoepithelial and ductal elements, occurring in the minor salivary glands. transitional cell c. c. de type transitionnel a malignant tumor arising from a transitional type of stratified epithelium, usually affecting the urinary bladder. tubular c. c. tubulaire 1. an adenocarcinoma in which the cells are arranged in tubules. 2. a type of breast cancer in which small glandlike structures are formed and infiltrate the stroma, usually developing from a ductal carcinoma in situ. verrucous c. c. verruqueux a variety of locally invasive squamous cell carcinoma with a predilection for the buccal mucosa but also affecting other oral soft tissues and the larynx; sometimes used for the similar Buschke-Lwenstein tumor on the genitals.

carcinomatosis carcinomatose the condition of widespread dissemination of cancer throughout the body.

carcinomatous carcinomateux pertaining to or of the nature of cancer.

carcinosarcoma carcinosarcome a malignant tumor composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. embryonal c. nephroblastome Wilms tumor.

cardamom cardamome 1. a plant of the species Elettaria cardamomum or any of various closely related plants having similar seeds. 2. a preparation of the seeds of E. cardamomum, used for respiratory and gastrointestinal tract disorders, as well as in traditional Chinese medicine and ayurveda.

cardia cardia the cardiac part of the stomach, surrounding the esophagogastric junction and distinguished by the presence of cardiac glands.

cardiac 1. cardiaque pertaining to the heart.2. cardial pertaining to the cardia.

cardialgia cardialgie cardiodynia.

cardiectasis cardiectasie dilatation of the heart.

cardinal cardinal 1. of primary or preeminent importance. 2. in embryology, pertaining to the main venous drainage.

cardi(o)- cardi(o)-word element [Gr.], 1. heart. 2. cardiac orifice or portion of the stomach.

cardioaccelerator cardioaccélérateur quickening the heart action; an agent that so acts.

cardioangiology cardioangiologie the medical specialty dealing with the heart and blood vessels.

cardioarterial cardio-artériel pertaining to the heart and the arteries.

Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacteriaceae a family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria of the order Cardiobacteriales.

Cardiobacteriales Cardiobacteriales an order of gram-negative, mainly aerobic bacteria of the class Gammaproteobacteria.

Cardiobacterium Cardiobacterium a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Cardiobacteriaceae, which are part of the normal flora of the nose and throat and are also isolated from the blood. C. hominis is a cause of endocarditis.

cardiocele cardiocèle hernial protrusion of the heart through a fissure of the diaphragm or through a wound.

cardiocentesis cardiocentèse surgical puncture of the heart.

cardiochalasia cardiochalasie relaxation or incompetence of the sphincter action of the cardiac opening of the stomach.

cardiocirrhosis cardiocirrhose cardiac cirrhosis.

cardiocyte cardiocyte myocyte.

cardiodiaphragmatic cardiodiaphragmatique pertaining to the heart and the diaphragm.

cardiodynamics cardiodynamique study of the forces involved in the heart’s action.

cardiodynia cardiodynie pain in the heart.

cardioesophageal cardio-œsophagien pertaining to the cardia of the stomach and the esophagus, as the cardioesophageal junction or sphincter.

cardiogenesis cardiogenèse the development of the heart in the embryo.

cardiogenic 1. cardiogénique, cardiogène originating in the heart; caused by normal or abnormal function of the heart. 2. cardiogénique pertaining to cardiogenesis.

cardiogram cardiogramme a tracing of a cardiac event made by cardiography. apex c. c. apexien apexcardiogram. precordial c. c. précordial kinetocardiogram.

cardiography cardiographie the graphic recording of a physical or functional aspect of the heart, e.g., apexcardiography, echocardiography, electrocardiography, kinetocardiography, phonocardiography, telecardiography, and vectorcardiography. ultrasonic c. c. ultrasonique echocardiography.

cardioinhibitor inhibiteur cardiaque an agent that restrains the heart’s action.

cardioinhibitory cardio-inhibiteur restraining or inhibiting the movements of the heart.

cardiokinetic cardiocinétique 1. exciting or stimulating the heart. 2. an agent that so acts.

cardiokymography cardiokymographie the recording of the motion of the heart by means of the electrokymograph. Adj.: cardiokymographic.

cardiolipin cardiolipine a phospholipid occurring primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes; used in certain tests for syphilis.

cardiology cardiologie the study of the heart and its functions.

cardiolysis cardiolyse the operation of freeing the heart from its adhesions to the sternal periosteum in adhesive mediastinopericarditis.

cardiomalacia cardiomalacie morbid softening of the muscular substance of the heart.

cardiomegaly cardiomégalie abnormal enlargement of the heart.

cardiomelanosis cardiomélanose melanosis of the heart.

cardiomotility cardiomotilité the movements of the heart; motility of the heart.

cardiomyoliposis cardiomyolipose fatty degeneration of the heart muscle.

cardiomyopathy cardiomyopathie 1. a general diagnostic term designating primary noninflammatory disease of the heart. 2. more restrictively, only those disorders in which the myocardium alone is involved and in which the cause is unknown and not part of a disease affecting other organs. Adj.: cardiomyopathic. alcoholic c. c. alcoolique dilated cardiomyopathy in patients chronically abusing alcohol. beer-drinkers’ c. c. des ’buveurs de bière’ cardiac dilatation and hypertrophy due to excessive beer consumption; in at least some cases it has been due to the addition of cobalt to the beer during the manufacturing process. congestive c. c. congestive a progressive syndrome of ventricular dilatation, systolic contractile dysfunction, and, often, congestive heart failure, believed due to myocardial damage by factors such as alcohol or infection. dilated c. c. dilatée ventricular dilatation, systolic contractile dysfunction, and often congestive heart failure, usually progressive; it may be inherited or acquired. Inherited forms have been associated with numerous autosomal dominant mutations, most encoding proteins involved in muscle structure and assembly; causes of acquired cases include myocarditis, coronary artery disease, systemic diseases, and myocardial toxins. hypertrophic c. (HCM) c. hypertrophique a form marked by ventricular hypertrophy, particularly of the left ventricle, with impaired ventricular filling due to diastolic dysfunction. hypertrophic obstructive c. (HOCM) c. hypertrophique obstructive a form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which the location of the septal hypertrophy causes obstructive interference to left ventricular outflow. infiltrative c. c. infiltrante restrictive cardiomyopathy characterized by deposition in the heart tissue of abnormal substances, as may occur in amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, etc. ischemic c. c. ischémique heart failure with left ventricular dilatation resulting from ischemic heart disease. restrictive c. c. restrictive a form in which the ventricular walls are excessively rigid, impeding ventricular filling. right ventricular c. c. ventriculaire droite a rightsided cardiomyopathy occurring particularly in young males, with dilatation of the right ventricle with partial to total replacement of its muscle by fibrous or adipose tissue, palpitations, syncope, and sometimes sudden death.

cardiopathy cardiopathie any disorder or disease of the heart.

cardiophobia cardiophobie irrational dread of heart disease.

cardioplasty cardioplastie esophagogastroplasty.

cardioplegia cardioplégie arrest of myocardial contractions, as by use of chemical compounds or cold in cardiac surgery. Adj.: cardioplegic.

cardiopneumatic cardiopneumatique of or pertaining to the heart and respiration.

cardioprotectant cardioprotecteur counteracting cardiotoxicity, or an agent that so acts.

cardioptosis cardioptosie downward displacement of the heart.

cardiopulmonary cardiopulmonaire pertaining to the heart and lungs.

cardiorrhaphy cardiorrhaphie suture of the heart muscle.

cardiorrhexis cardiorrhexie rupture of the heart.

cardiosclerosis cardiosclérose fibrous induration of the heart.

cardioselective cardiosélectif having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue.

cardiospasm cardiospasme achalasia of the esophagus.

cardiotachometer cardiotachymètre an instrument for continuously portraying or recording the heart rate.

cardiotherapy cardiothérapie the treatment of diseases of the heart.

cardiothoracic cardiothoracique pertaining to the heart and the thorax.

cardiotocography cardiotocographie the monitoring of the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions, as during delivery.

cardiotomy cardiotomie 1. surgical incision of the heart. 2. surgical incision into the cardia.

cardiotonic cardiotonique having a tonic effect on the heart; an agent that so acts.

cardiotopometry cardiotopométrie measurement of the area of superficial cardiac dullness observed in percussion of the chest.

cardiotoxic cardiotoxique having a poisonous or deleterious effect upon the heart.

cardiotoxicity cardiotoxicité the quality of being cardiotoxic.

cardiovalvulitis cardiovalvulite inflammation of the heart valves.

cardiovalvulotome cardiovalvulotome an instrument for incising a heart valve.

cardiovascular cardiovasculaire pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.

cardioversion cardioversion the restoration of normal rhythm of the heart by electrical shock.

cardioverter cardioverteur an energy-storage capacitor-discharge type of condenser which is discharged with an inductance; it delivers a direct-current shock which restores normal rhythm of the heart. automatic implantable c.-defibrillator c. défibrillateur automatique implantable an implantable device that detects sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation and terminates it by a shock or shocks delivered directly to the atrium.

Cardiovirus Cardiovirus EMC-like viruses; a genus of viruses of the family Picornaviridae that cause encephalomyelitis and myocarditis, comprising two groups, the encephalomyocarditis (EMC) viruses and the murine encephalomyelitis viruses.

carditis cardite inflammation of the heart; myocarditis.

care soin the services rendered by members of the health professions for the benefit of a patient. coronary c. s. coronaires see under unit. critical c. s. critiques see intensive care unit, under unit. intensive c. s. intensifs see under unit. primary c. s. de santé primaires the care a patient receives at first contact with the health care system, usually involving coordination of care and continuity over time. respiratory c. s. respiratoires 1. the health care profession providing, under a physician’s supervision, diagnostic evaluation, therapy, monitoring, and rehabilitation of patients with cardiopulmonary disorders. 2. respiratory therapy; the diagnostic and therapeutic use of medical gases and their apparatus, and other forms of ventilatory support including cardiopulmonary resuscitation. secondary c. s. secondaires treatment by specialists to whom a patient has been referred by primary care providers. tertiary c. s. tertiaires treatment given in a health care center that includes highly trained specialists and often advanced technology.

caries carie decay, as of bone or teeth. Adj.: carious. dental c. c. dentaire a destructive process causing decalcification of the tooth enamel and leading to continued destruction of enamel and dentin, and cavitation of the tooth.

carina carène pl. carinae [L.] a ridgelike structure. c. tracheae éperon trachéal a downward and backward projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage, forming a ridge between the openings of the right and left principal bronchi. c. urethralis vaginae tubercule vaginal the column of rugae in the lower anterior wall of the vagina, immediately below the urethra.

carinate caréné keel-shaped; having a keellike process.

cariogenesis cariogenèse development of caries.

carisoprodol carisoprodol an analgesic and skeletal muscle relaxant used to relieve symptoms of acute painful skeletomuscular disorders.

carminative carminatif 1. relieving flatulence. 2. an agent that relieves flatulence.

carmine carmin a red coloring matter used as a histologic stain. indigo c. c. d’indigo indigotindisulfonate sodium.

carminic acid acide carminique the active principle of carmine and cochineal, C₂₂H₂₀O₁₃.

carminophil carminophile 1. easily stainable with carmine. 2. a cell or element readily taking a stain from carmine.

carmustine carmustine a cytotoxic alkylating agent of the nitrosourea group, used as an antineoplastic agent.

carnitine carnitine a betaine derivative involved in the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria, where they are metabolized.

carnivore carnivore any animal that eats primarily flesh, particularly a mammal of the order Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears, etc.). Adj.: carnivorous.

carnosinase carnosinase an enzyme that hydrolyzes carnosine (amino-acyl-L-histidine) and other dipeptides containing L-histidine into their constituent amino acids. serum c. deficiency déficit en carnosinase sérique an aminoacidopathy characterized by urinary excretion of carnosine, homocarnosine in cerebrospinal fluid, and sometimes myoclonic seizures, severe mental retardation, and spasticity.

carnosine carnosine a dipeptide composed of β-alanine and histidine, found in skeletal muscle and the brain in humans; it may be a neurotransmitter.

carnosinemia carnosinémie 1. excessive amounts of carnosine in the blood. 2. former name for serum carnosinase deficiency.

carnosinuria carnosinurie excessive carnosine in the urine, such as after ingestion of meat or in serum carnosinase deficiency.

carotene carotène one of four isomeric pigments (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-carotene), having colors from violet to red-yellow to yellow and occurring in many dark green, leafy, and yellow vegetables and yellow fruits. They are fat-soluble, unsaturated hydrocarbons that can be converted into vitamin A in the body; in humans the β– isomer (β– or beta carotene) is the major precursor of this vitamin. beta c. bêtacarotène the β– isomer of carotene; a preparation is used to prevent vitamin A deficiency and to reduce the severity of photosensitivity in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.

carotenemia caroténémie hypercarotenemia.

carotenoid caroténoïde 1. any of a group of red, orange, or yellow pigmented polyisoprenoid hydrocarbons synthesized by prokaryotes and higher plants and concentrating in animal fat when eaten; examples are β-carotene, lycopene, and xanthophyll. 2. marked by yellow color. provitamin A c’s c. pro-vitamine A carotenoids, particularly the carotenes, that can be converted to vitamin A in the body.

carotenosis caroténose the yellowish discoloration of the skin occurring in hypercarotenemia.

caroticotympanic caroticotympanique pertaining to the carotid canal and the tympanum.

carotid carotide, carotidien pertaining to the carotid artery, the principal artery of the neck.

carotidynia carotidynie episodic, usually unilateral neck pain with tenderness along the course of the common carotid artery.

carp basidiocarpe a fruiting body of a fungus.

carpal carpien pertaining to the carpus.

carpectomy carpectomie excision of a carpal bone.

carphology carphologie floccillation.

carpitis carpite inflammation of the synovial membranes of the bones of the carpal joint in domestic animals, producing swelling, pain, and lameness.

carpopedal carpopédal pertaining to or affecting the wrist (or the hand) and the foot.

carpoptosis main tombante wristdrop.

carpus carpe the joint between the arm and hand, made up of eight bones; the wrist.

carrier transporteur 1. an instrument or apparatus for carrying something. 2. porteur de germes one who harbors disease organisms in their body without manifest symptoms, thus acting as a distributor of infection. 3. entraîneur a chemical substance that can accept electrons and then donate them to another substance (being reduced and then reoxidized). 4. porteur an individual who is heterozygous for a recessive gene and thus does not express the recessive phenotype but can transmit it to offspring. 5. entraîneur a substance that carries a radioisotopic or other label; also used for a second isotope mixed with a particular isotope (see carrier-free). 6. transport protein. 7. in immunology, a macromolecular substance to which a hapten is coupled in order to produce an immune response against the hapten.

carrier-free sans entraîneur denoting or pertaining to a radioisotope of an element in pure form, i.e., undiluted with a stable isotope carrier.

carsickness mal de la route motion sickness due to automobile or other vehicular travel.

cart chariot a vehicle for conveying patients or equipment and supplies in a hospital. crash c. c. d’urgence resuscitation c. dressing c. c. à pansements one containing all supplies necessary for changing dressings of surgical or injured patients. resuscitation c. c. de réanimation one containing all equipment for initiating emergency resuscitation.

carteolol cartéolol a beta-adrenergic blocking agent used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of hypertension and of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

cartilage cartilage a specialized, fibrous connective tissue present in adults, and forming the temporary skeleton in the embryo, providing a model in which the bones develop, and constituting a part of the organism’s growth mechanism; the three most important types are hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Also, a general term for a mass of such tissue in a particular site in the body. alar c’s c. alaires the cartilages of the wings of the nose. aortic c. c. aortique the second costal cartilage on the right side. arthrodial c., articular c. c. articulaire that lining the articular surface of synovial joints. arytenoid c. c. aryténoïde one of the two pyramid-shaped cartilages of the larynx. connecting c. c. conjonctif that connecting the surfaces of an immovable joint. corniculate c. c. corniculé a nodule of cartilage at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage. costal c. c. costal a bar of hyaline cartilage that attaches a rib to the sternum in the case of true ribs, or to the rib immediately above in the case of the upper false ribs. cricoid c. c. cricoïde a ringlike cartilage forming the lower and back part of the larynx. cuneiform c. c. cunéiforme either of a pair of cartilages, one on either side in the aryepiglottic fold. dentinal c. c. dentinaire the substance remaining after the lime salts of dentin have been dissolved in an acid. diarthrodial c. c. diarthrodial articular c. elastic c. c. élastique cartilage whose matrix contains yellow elastic fibers. ensiform c. c. ensiforme xiphoid process. epiphyseal c. c. épiphysaire the cartilage composing the epiphysis prior to ossification. floating c. c. flottant a detached portion of semilunar cartilage in the knee joint. hyaline c. c. hyalin a flexible semitransparent substance with an opalescent tint, composed of a basophilic, fibril-containing substance with cavities in which the chondrocytes occur. interosseous c. c. interosseux connecting c. Jacobson c. c. de Hirschfeld vomeronasal c. permanent c. c. permanent cartilage which does not normally become ossified. precursory c. c. précurseur temporary c. Santorini c. c. de Santorini corniculate c. semilunar c. m. articulaire du genou either of the two interarticular cartilages of the knee joint. sesamoid c’s c. sésamoïdes small cartilages found in the thyrohyoid ligament (sesamoid c. of larynx), on either side of the nose (sesamoid c. of nose), and occasionally in the vocal ligaments (sesamoid c. of vocal ligament). slipping rib c. syndrome de Cyriax a loosened or deformed cartilage whose slipping over an adjacent rib cartilage may produce discomfort or pain. temporary c. c. temporaire cartilage that is being replaced by bone or that is destined to be replaced by bone. thyroid c. c. thyroïde the shieldshaped cartilage of the larynx. tracheal c’s c. trachéal see under ring. triticeous c. c. triticé a small cartilage in the thyrohyoid ligament. vomeronasal c. c. vomérien either of the two strips of cartilage of the nasal septum supporting the vomeronasal organ. Weitbrecht c. c. interarticulaire a pad of fibrocartilage sometimes present within the articular cavity of the acromioclavicular joint. Wrisberg c. c. de Morgagni cuneiform c. xiphoid c. c. xiphoïde see under process. Y c. c. en Y Y-shaped cartilage within the acetabulum, joining the ilium, ischium, and pubes. yellow c. c. jaune elastic c.

cartilaginous cartilagineux consisting of or of the nature of cartilage.

cartilago cartilago pl. cartilágines [L.] cartilage.

caruncle caroncule a small fleshy eminence, often abnormal. hymenal c’s c. hyménéales small elevations of the mucous membrane around the vaginal opening, being relics of the torn hymen. lacrimal c. c. lacrymale the red eminence at the medial angle of the eye. sublingual c. c. sublinguale an eminence on either side of the frenulum of the tongue, on which the major sublingual duct and the submandibular duct open. urethral c. c. urétrale a polypoid, deep red growth on the mucous membrane of the urinary meatus in women.

caruncula caruncula pl. carunculae [L.] caruncle.

carvedilol carvédilol a beta-adrenergic blocking agent used in the treatment of hypertension and as an adjunct in the treatment of congestive heart failure.

carver sculpteur a tool for producing anatomic form in artificial teeth and dental restorations.

cary(o)- cary(o)- for words beginning thus, see those beginning kary(o)-.

casanthranol casanthranol a purified mixture of glycosides derived from Cascara sagrada; used as a laxative.

cascade cascade a series that once initiated continues to the end, each step being triggered by the preceding one, sometimes with cumulative effect. coagulation c. c. de coagulation the series of steps beginning with activation of the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways of coagulation, or of one of the related alternative pathways, and proceeding through the common pathway of coagulation to the formation of the fibrin clot.

cascara cascara [Sp.] bark. c. sagrada c. sagrada dried bark of the shrub Rhamnus purshiana, used as a cathartic.

case cas an instance of a disease. index c. proposant 1. the first case observed in a family or other defined group, which provides the stimulus for a genetic study; the affected individual is called the propositus. 2. the first case of a contagious disease, as opposed to subsequent cases. trial c. boîte de verres d’essai a box containing lenses, arranged in pairs, a trial spectacle frame, and other devices used in testing vision.

caseation caséification 1. the precipitation of casein. 2. necrosis in which tissue is changed into a dry mass resembling cheese.

case history observation the data concerning an individual, their family, and their environment, including medical history that may be useful in analyzing and diagnosing their case or for instructional purposes.

casein caséine a phosphoprotein, the principal protein of milk, the basis of curd and of cheese. Note: In British nomenclature casein is called caseinogen, and paracasein is called casein.

caseinogen caséinogène the British term for casein.

caseous caséeux resembling cheese or curd; cheesy.

caseworm pyrale tigrée du riz echinococcus.

caspofungin caspofungine an antifungal used as the acetate salt in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis.

cassette cassette [Fr.] 1. a flat case for film or magnetic tape. 2. x-ray c. x-ray c. c. radiologique a light-proof housing for x-ray film, containing front and back intensifying screens, between which the film is placed; a magazine for film or magnetic tape.

cast moule 1. a positive copy of an object, e.g., a mold of a tube or hollow organ, formed of effused matter such as fat or cellular debris and later extruded from the organ, such as a urinary cast. 2. a positive copy of the tissues of the jaws, made in an impression, and over which denture bases or other restorations may be fabricated. 3. to form an object in a mold. 4. plâtre a rigid dressing, molded to the body while pliable, and hardening as it dries, to give firm support. 5. strabismus. dental c. m. dentaire see cast (2). hanging c. plâtre suspendu one applied to the arm in fracture of the shaft of the humerus, suspended by a sling looped around the neck. renal c., urinary c. c. urinaire one formed from gelled protein in the renal tubules, molded to the shape of the tubular lumen.

castrate 1. castrer to deprive of the gonads, rendering the individual incapable of reproduction. 2. castrat a castrated individual.

castration castration excision of the gonads, or their destruction as by radiation or parasites. female c. c. féminine bilateraloophorectomy. male c. c. masculine bilateral orchiectomy.

casualty 1. accident (victime d’un) an accident; an accidental wound; death or disablement from an accident; also the person so injured. 2. perte in the armed forces, one missing from their unit as a result of death, injury, illness, capture, because their whereabouts are unknown, or other reasons.

casuistics casuistique the recording and study of cases of disease.

CAT TDM computerized axial tomography.

cata- cata- word element [Gr.], down; lower; under; against; along with; very.

catabolism catabolisme any destructive process by which complex substances are converted by living cells into more simple compounds, with release of energy. Adj.: catabolic.

catabolize cataboliser to subject to catabolism; to undergo catabolism.

catacrotism catacrotisme a pulse anomaly in which a small additional wave or notch appears in the descending limb of the pulse tracing. Adj.: catacrotic.

catadicrotism catadicrotisme a pulse anomaly in which two small additional waves or notches appear in the descending limb of the pulse tracing. Adj.: catadicrotic.

catagen catagène the brief portion in the hair cycle in which growth (anagen) stops and resting (telogen) starts.

catalase catalase a hemoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, protecting cells. It is found in almost all animal cells except certain anaerobic bacteria; genetic deficiency of the enzyme results in acatalasia. Adj.: catalatic.

catalepsy catalepsie indefinitely prolonged maintenance of a fixed body posture; seen in severe cases of catatonic schizophrenia. The term is sometimes used to denote cerea flexibilitas.

catalysis catalyse increase in the velocity of a chemical reaction or process produced by the presence of a substance that is not consumed in the net chemical reaction or process; negative c. denotes the slowing down or inhibition of a reaction or process by the presence of such a substance. Adj.: catalytic.

catamnesis catamnèse 1. the follow-up history of a patient after discharge from treatment or a hospital. 2. the history of a patient after onset of a medical or psychiatric illness. Adj.: catamnestic.

cataphasia cataphasie verbigeration.

cataphoria cataphorie a permanent downward turning of the visual axis of both eyes after visual functional stimuli have been removed. Adj.: cataphoric.

cataphylaxis cataphylaxie breaking down of the body’s natural defense to infection. Adj.: cataphylactic.

cataplexy cataplexie a condition marked by abrupt attacks of muscular weakness and hypotonia triggered by such emotional stimuli as mirth, anger, fear, etc., often associated with narcolepsy. Adj.: cataplectic.

cataract cataracte an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye or its capsule. Adj.: cataractous. after-c. c. secondaire a recurrent capsular cataract. atopic c. c. atopique cataract in those with long-standing atopic dermatitis. black c. c. noire see senile nuclear sclerotic c. blue c., blue dot c. c. bleue blue punctate opacities scattered throughout the nucleus and cortex of the lens. brown c., brunescent c. c. brune see senile nuclear sclerotic c. capsular c. c. capsulaire one consisting of an opacity in the lens capsule. complicated c. c. compliquée secondary c. congenital c. c. congénitale 1. cataract present at birth, usually bilaterally; it may be mild or severe and may or may not impair vision depending on size, density, and location. 2. developmental c. coronary c. c. coronaire tiny white opacities in a ring around the lens, the center and periphery of the lens remaining clear. cortical c. 1. c. corticale antérieure developmental punctate opacity common in the cortex and present in most lenses. The cataract is white or cerulean, increases in number with age, but rarely affects vision. 2. c. corticale the most common senile cataract; white, wedgelike opacities are like spokes around the periphery of the cortex. cupuliform c. c. cupuliforme a senile cataract in the posterior cortex of the lens just under the capsule. developmental c. c. développementale a type of small cataract in youth, resulting from heredity, malnutrition, toxicity, or inflammation, seldom affecting vision. electric c. c. par fulguration one occurring after an electric shock, especially to the head. Anterior subcapsular cataracts may form and develop within days; slowly developing or stationary opacities may follow a shock not to the head. glassblowers’ c., heat c. c. des ’souffleurs de verres’ posterior subcapsular opacities caused by chronic exposure to infrared (heat) radiation. hypermature c. c. hypermûre one with a swollen, milky cortex, the result of autolysis of the lens fibers of a mature cataract. lamellar c. c. lamellaire one affecting only certain layers between the cortex and nucleus of the lens. mature c. c. mûre one producing swelling and opacity of the entire lens. membranous c. c. membraneuse a condition in which the lens substance has shrunk, leaving remnants of the capsule and fibrous tissue formation. morgagnian c. c. de Morgagni a mature cataract in which the cortex has liquefied and the nucleus moves freely within the lens. nuclear c. c. nucléaire one in which the opacity is in the central nucleus of the eye. overripe c. c. hypermûre hypermature c. polar c. c. polaire one at the center of the anterior (anterior polar c.) or posterior (posterior polar c.) pole of the lens. pyramidal c. c. pyramidale a conoid anterior cataract with its apex projecting forward into the aqueous humor. radiation c. c. par radiation one caused by ionizing radiation, e.g., x-rays, or by nonionizing radiation, e.g., infrared (heat) rays, ultraviolet rays, microwaves. ripe c. c. mûre mature c. secondary c. c. secondaire one resulting from disease, e.g., iridocyclitis; degeneration, e.g., chronic glaucoma, retinal detachment; or from surgery, e.g., glaucoma filtering, retinal reattachment. senile c. c. sénile cataract in the elderly. senile nuclear sclerotic c. c. grise slowly increasing hardening of the nucleus, usually bilateral and brown or black, with the lens becoming inelastic and unable to accommodate. snowflake c., snowstorm c. c. punctiforme one marked by gray or blue to white flaky opacities, seen in young diabetics. total c. c. totale an opacity of all the fibers of a lens. toxic c. c. toxique that due to exposure to a toxic drug, e.g., naphthalene. traumatic c. c. traumatique one due to injury to the eye. zonular c. c. zonulaire lamellar c.

cataracta cataracta cataract. c. brunescens c. brunescens brown cataract; see senile nuclear sclerotic cataract. c. caerulea c. caerulea blue dot cataract.

catarrh catarrhe inflammation of a mucous membrane, particularly of the head and throat, with free discharge of mucus. Adj.: catarrhal.

catatonia catatonie a wide group of motor abnormalities, most involving extreme under- or overactivity, associated primarily with catatonic schizophrenia. Adj.: catatonic.

catatricrotism catatricrotisme a pulse anomaly in which three small additional waves or notches appear in the descending limb of the pulse tracing. Adj.: catatricrotic.

catechin catéchine an astringent principle from the heartwood of Acacia catechu (catechu) and Uncaria gambier (gambir).

catechol catéchol 1. catechin. 2. pyrocatechol.

catecholamine catécholamine any of a group of sympathomimetic amines (including dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), the aromatic portion of whose molecule is catechol.

catecholaminergic catécholaminergique activated by or secreting catecholamines.

catgut catgut surgical gut.

catharsis catharsis 1. purgation; a cleansing or emptying. 2. in psychiatry, the expression and discharge of repressed emotions and ideas.

cathartic cathartique 1. causing emptying of the bowels. 2. purgatif an agent that empties the bowels. 3. producing emotional catharsis. bulk c. laxatif de lest one stimulating bowel evacuation by increasing fecal volume. lubricant c. laxatif lubrifiant one that acts by softening the feces and reducing friction between them and the intestinal wall. saline c. laxatif salin one that increases fluidity of intestinal contents by retention of water by osmotic forces and indirectly increases motor activity. stimulant c. laxatif stimulant one that directly increases motor activity of the intestinal tract.

cathepsin cathepsine one of a number of enzymes each of which catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of specific peptide bonds.

catheter cathéter 1. a tubular, flexible surgical instrument that is inserted into a cavity of the body to withdraw or introduce fluid. 2. urethral c. angiographic c. c. angiographique one through which a contrast medium is injected for visualization of the vascular system of an organ. atherectomy c. c. d’athérectomie one with a rotating cutter and a collecting chamber for debris, used for atherectomy and endarterectomy and inserted under radiographic guidance. balloon c. c. à ballonnet one whose tip has an inflatable balloon that holds the catheter in place or can dilate the lumen of a vessel, such as in angioplastic procedures. cardiac c. c. cardiaque a long, fine catheter designed for passage, usually through a peripheral blood vessel, into the chambers of the heart under radiographic control. cardiac c.-microphone microcathéter cardiaque phonocatheter. central venous c. cathéter veineux central a long, fine catheter introduced via a large vein into the superior vena cava or right atrium for administration of parenteral fluids or medications or for measurement of central venous pressure. condom c. cathéter préservatif an external urinary collection device that fits over the penis like a condom; used in the management of urinary incontinence. DeLee c. c. de DeLee one used to suction meconium and amniotic debris from the nasopharynx and oropharynx of neonates. double-channel c., double-lumen c. cathetér double- canal one with two channels, one for injection and the other for fluid removal. elbowed c. cathéter écarté a urethral catheter with a sharp bend near the beak, used to get around an enlarged prostate. electrode c. c. a électrode a cardiac catheter containing electrodes; it may be used to pace the heart or to deliver highenergy shocks. female c. cathéter féminin a short urethral catheter for passage through the female urethra. fluid-filled c. cathéter rempli de fluide an intravascular catheter connected by a saline-filled tube to an external pressure transducer; used to measure intravascular pressure. Foley c. sonde de Foley an indwelling catheter retained in the bladder by a balloon inflated with air or liquid. Gouley c. sonde cannelée a solid, curved steel urethral catheter grooved on its inferior surface so that it can pass over a guide through a urethral stricture. Gruentzig balloon c. c. a ballonnet guidable de Dotter-Gruntzi a flexible balloon catheter with a short guidewire fixed to the tip, used for dilation of arterial stenoses. indwelling c. sonde a demeure one held in position in the urethra. pacing c. c. de stimulation a cardiac catheter containing one or more electrodes on pacing wires; used as a temporary cardiac pacing lead. prostatic c. cathéter prostatique elbowed c. self-retaining c. sonde á demeure indwelling c. snare c. c. a lacet one designed to remove intracardiac catheter fragments introduced iatrogenically. Swan-Ganz c. sonde de Swan-Ganz a soft, flow-directed catheter with a balloon at the tip for measuring pulmonary arterial pressures. Tenckhoff c. c. de Tenckhoff any of several types commonly used in peritoneal dialysis, having end and side holes and one or more extraperitoneal felt cuffs making a bacteria-tight seal. toposcopic c. c. télescopique a miniature catheter that can pass through narrow, tortuous vessels to convey chemotherapy directly to specific sites. two-way c. c. a double voie double-lumen c. ureteral c. c. urétéral one inserted into the ureter, either through the urethra and bladder or posteriorly via the kidney. urethral c. c. uretral one inserted through the urethra into the urinary bladder. winged c. c. ailé a urethral catheter with two projections on the end to retain it in place.

catheterization cathétérisme passage of a catheter into a body channel or cavity. cardiac c. c. cardiaque passage of a small catheter through a vein in an arm or leg or the neck and into the heart, permitting the securing of blood samples, determination of intracardiac pressure, detection of cardiac anomalies, planning of operative approaches, and determination, implementation, or evaluation of appropriate therapy. retrograde c. c. rétrograde passage of a cardiac catheter against the direction of blood flow and into the heart. transseptal c. c. transseptal passage of a cardiac catheter through the right atrium into the left atrium, performed to relieve valve obstruction and in techniques such as balloon mitral valvuloplasty.

cathexis cathexis conscious or unconscious investment of psychic energy in a person, idea, or any other object. Adj.: cathectic.

cathode cathode the electrode at which reduction occurs and to which cations are attracted. Adj.: cathodic.

cation cation a positively charged ion. Adj.: cationic.

cauda cauda pl. caudae [L.] a tail or taillike appendage. c. equina q. de cheval the collection of spinal roots descending from the lower spinal cord and occupying the vertebral canal below the cord.

caudad en direction de la queue directed toward the tail or distal end; opposite to cephalad.

caudal caudal 1. pertaining to a cauda. 2. situated more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified reference point; toward the inferior (in humans) or posterior (in animals) end of the body.

caudate caudé having a tail.

caul coiffe a piece of amnion sometimes enveloping a child’s head at birth.

causal causal pertaining to, involving, or indicating a cause.

causalgia causalgie complex regional pain syndrome type 2.

caustic caustique 1. burning or corrosive; destructive to living tissues. 2. having a burning taste. 3. an escharotic or corrosive agent.

cauterant cautérisant an agent that cauterizes.

cauterization cautérisation destruction of tissue with a cautery.

cauterize cautériser to apply a cautery; to destroy tissue by the application of heat, cold, or a caustic agent.

cautery cautère 1. an agent used for cauterization. 2. cauterization. actual c. 1. c. actuel an instrument that destroys tissue by burning. 2. cautérisation réelle the application of such an instrument. cold c. c. par le froid cryocautery. electric c., galvanic c. c. électrique electrocautery. potential c., virtual c. c. potentielle cauterization by an escharotic, without applying heat.

cava [L.] 1. cava plural of cavum. 2. cave vena cava. Adj.: caval.

caveola cavéole pl. caveolae [L.] one of the minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis.

caverna caverne pl. cavernae [L.] cavity (1).

caverniloquy caverniloquie low-pitched pectoriloquy indicative of a pulmonary cavity.

cavernitis cavernite inflammation of the corpora cavernosa or corpus spongiosum of the penis.

cavernosal caverneux 1. pertaining to a corpus cavernosum. 2. cavernous.

cavernosography cavernosographie radiographic visualization of the corpus cavernosum of the penis.

cavernosometry cavernosométrie measurement of the vascular pressure in the corpus cavernosum.

cavernous caverneux 1. pertaining to a hollow, or containing hollow spaces. 2. having a hollow sound, such as certain abnormal breath sounds.

cavitary cavitaire characterized by a cavity or cavities.

cavitas cavitas pl. cavitates [L.] cavity (1).

cavitis cavite inflammation of a vena cava.

cavity cavité 1. a hollow place or space, or a potential space, within the body or one of its organs. 2. in dentistry, the lesion produced by caries. abdominal c. c. abdominale the cavity of the body between the diaphragm and pelvis, containing the abdominal organs. absorption c’s c. d’absorption cavities in developing compact bone due to osteoclastic erosion, usually occurring in the areas laid down first. amniotic c. c. amniotique the closed sac between the embryo and the amnion, containing the amniotic fluid. cleavage c. blastocèle blastocoele. complex c. c. complexe a carious lesion involving three or more surfaces of a tooth in its prepared state. compound c. c. composée a carious lesion involving two surfaces of a tooth in its prepared state. cotyloid c. c. cotyloïde acetabulum. cranial c. c. crânienne the space enclosed by the bones of the cranium. dental c. c. dentaire the carious defect (lesion) produced by destruction of enamel and dentin in a tooth. glenoid c. c. glénoïde a depression in the lateral angle of the scapula for articulation with the humerus. marrow c., medullary c. c. médullaire the cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone containing the marrow. nasal c. c. nasale the proximal part of the respiratory tract, separated by the nasal septum and extending from the nares to the pharynx. oral c. c. buccale the mouth; the anterior opening of the alimentary canal, bounded externally by the lips and cheeks and extending to the oropharynx, and which also includes the palate, oral mucosa, teeth, tongue, and various glands. pelvic c. c. pelvienne the space within the walls of the pelvis. pericardial c. c. péricardique the potential space between the epicardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium. peritoneal c. c. péritonéale the potential space between the parietal and the visceral peritoneum. pleural c. c. pleurale the potential space between the parietal and visceral pleurae. pleuroperitoneal c. c. pleuropéritonéale the temporarily continuous coelomic cavity in the embryo that is later partitioned by the developing diaphragm. prepared c. c. préparée a lesion from which all carious tissue has been removed, preparatory to filling of the tooth. pulp c. c. pulpaire the pulp-filled central chamber in the crown of a tooth. Rosenmuller c. f. de Rosenmuller pharyngeal recess. serous c. c. séreuse a coelomic cavity, like that enclosed by the pericardium, peritoneum, or pleura, not communicating with the outside body, and whose lining membrane secretes a serous fluid. sigmoid c. c. sigmoïde 1. either of two depressions in the head of the ulna for articulation with the humerus. 2. a depression on the distal end of the medial side of the radius for articulation with the ulna. simple c. c. simple a carious lesion whose preparation involves only one tooth surface. somatic c. c. cœlomique the intraembryonic portion of the coelom. tension c’s c. de tension cavities of the lung in which the air pressure is greater than that of the atmosphere. thoracic c. c. thoracique the part of the ventral body cavity between the neck and the diaphragm. tympanic c. t. (caisse du) the major portion of the middle ear, consisting of a narrow air-filled cavity in the temporal bone that contains the auditory ossicles. uterine c. c. utérine the flattened space within the uterus communicating proximally on either side with the uterine tubes and below with the vagina. yolk c. c. vitelline the space between the embryonic disk and the yolk of the developing ovum of some animals.

cavum cavum pl. cava [L.] cavity (1). c. septi pellucidi c. du septum lucidum fifth ventricle.

cavus cavus [L.] hollow.

cayenne poivre de cayenne capsicum.

CBC NFS complete blood (cell) count.

Cbl Cbl cobalamin.

cc cc cubic centimeter(on the JCAHO « Do Not Use »list).

CCK CCK cholecystokinin.

CCNU CCNU lomustine.

CD CD cadaveric donor; cluster designation (see CD antigen, under antigen); curative dose.

CD₅₀ CD₅₀ median curative dose.

Cd cd cadmium; caudal or coccygeal.

cd cd candela.

CDC CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

cDNA ADNc complementary (or copy) DNA.

Ce Ce cerium.

CEA ACE carcinoembryonic antigen.

ceasmic fissuré characterized by persistence of embryonic fissures after birth.

cecal cæcal 1. ending in a blind passage. 2. pertaining to the cecum.

cecectomy cæcectomie excision of the cecum.

cecitis cæcite inflammation of the cecum.

cec(o)- cæc(o)- word element [L.], cecum.

cecocolostomy cæcocolostomie surgical anastomosis of the cecum and colon.

cecocystoplasty cæcocystoplastie augmentation cystoplasty using an isolated part of the cecum for the added segment.

cecoplication cæcoplicature plication of the cecal wall to correct ptosis or dilatation.

cecorrhaphy cæcorrhaphie suture or repair of the cecum.

cecosigmoidostomy cæcosigmoïdostomie formation, usually by surgery, of an opening between the cecum and sigmoid.

cecostomy cæcostomie surgical creation of an artificial opening or fistula into the cecum.

cecotomy cæcotomie typhlotomy; incision of the cecum.

cecoureterocele ceco-urétérocèle a ureterocele in which a blind pouch or cecum extends into the submucosa of the bladder or urethra.

cecum cæcum 1. the first part of the large intestine, forming a dilated pouch distal to the ileum and proximal to the colon, and giving off the vermiform appendix. 2. cul-de-sac.

cefaclor céfaclor a semisynthetic, second-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

cefadroxil céfadroxile a semisynthetic firstgeneration cephalosporin antibiotic effective against a wide range of gram-positive and a very limited number of gram-negative bacteria.

cefamandole céfamandole a semisynthetic second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic; used primarily as c. nafate, the sodium salt of the cefamandole formyl ester.

cefazolin céfazoline a first-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of gram-positive and a limited range of gram-negative bacteria; used as the sodium salt.

cefdinir cefdinir a third-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of bacteria.

cefepime cefepime a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic; used as the hydrochloride salt.

cefixime cefixime a third-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of bacteria, used in the treatment of otitis media, bronchitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, gonorrhea, and urinary tract infections.

cefonicid cefonicide a semisynthetic, second- generation, β-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; used as the sodium salt.

cefoperazone cefoperazone a β-lactamase- resistant, third-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; used as the sodium salt.

cefotaxime cefotaxime a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, β-lactamase-resistant, thirdgeneration cephalosporin effective against a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria but less active against gram-positive cocci than are the first- and second-generation cephalosporins; used as the sodium salt.

cefotetan cefotetan a β-lactamase-resistant second-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, used as the disodium salt.

cefoxitin cefoxitine a strongly β-lactamase- resistant cephamycin antibiotic, classified as a second-generation cephalosporin and especially effective against gram-negative organisms; used as the sodium salt.

cefpodoxime cefpodoxime a β-lactamase- resistant third-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; used as c. proxetil.

cefprozil cefprozil a broad-spectrum, second-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

ceftazidime ceftazidime a third-generation cephalosporin effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

ceftibuten ceftibuten a third-generation cephalosporin used in treatment of bronchitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and otitis media.

ceftizoxime ceftizoxime a semisynthetic, β-lactamase-resistant, third-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, used as the sodium salt.

ceftriaxone ceftriaxone a semisynthetic, β-lactamase-resistant, third-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, used as the sodium salt.

cefuroxime cefuroxime a semisynthetic, β-lactamase-resistant, second-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; used as the sodium salt and the axetil ester.

-cele -cele word element [Gr.], tumor, swelling.

-cele cavité word element [Gr.], cavity. See also words spelled coele.

celecoxib célécoxib a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 activity, used for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

celiac cœliaque abdominal.

celi(o)- cœli(o)- word element [Gr.], abdomen; through the abdominal wall.

celioma cœliome a tumor of the abdomen.

celiopathy cœliopathie any abdominal disease.

celioscopy cœlioscopie laparoscopy.

celiotomy cœliotomie laparotomy.

celitis cœlite any abdominal inflammation.

cell cellule 1. the smallest living unit capable of independent function, consisting of cytoplasm containing various subcellular compartments and separated from the external environment by the plasma membrane. Eukaryotic cells also include a nucleus containing the genome and nucleolus; prokaryotic cells contain DNA but lack a nucleus. 2. a small, more or less closed space. accessory c. c. accessoire a type of macrophage involved in processing and presentation of antigens, making them more immunogenic. acid c’s c. acidiques parietal c’s. acinar c., acinic c., acinous c. c. acineuse any of the cells lining an acinus, especially the zymogen-secreting cells of the pancreatic acini. adventitial c. histiocyte pericyte. air c. 1. alvéole any minute bodily chamber filled with air, such as an alveolus of the lung. 2. c. pneumatique a cavity containing air and surrounded by a bodily structure, usually one of the bones of the head, such as the ethmoid or mastoid. alpha c. c. alpha 1. a type of cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon. 2. acidophil (2). alveolar c. c. alvéolaire pneumonocyte; any cell of the walls of the pulmonary alveoli; often restricted to the cells of the alveolar epithelium (squamous alveolar cells and great alveolar cells) and alveolar phagocytes. Alzheimer c. 1. c. gliale géante à gros noyau a type of giant astrocyte with a large prominent nucleus, found in the brain in hepatolenticular degeneration and hepatic coma. 2. a. amiboïde degenerated astrocytes. amacrine c. c. amacrine any of five types of retinal neurons that seem to lack large axons, having only processes that resemble dendrites. ameboid c. c. amiboïde a cell that shows ameboid movement. Anichkov c. c. d’Anitschkow a plump modified histiocyte in the inflammatory lesions of the heart (Aschoff bodies) characteristic of rheumatic fever. APUD c’s c. APUD [amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation] a group of cells that manufacture polypeptides and biogenic amines serving as hormones or neurotransmitters. The polypeptide production is linked to the uptake of a precursor amino acid and its decarboxylation to an amine. argentaffin c’s c. argentaffines enterochromaffin cells that reduce ammoniacal silver solutions without additional treatment with a reducing agent; the reducing substance is serotonin. argyrophilic c’s c. argyrophile en- terochromaffin cells that require exposure to a reducing substance before their granules will react with silver; they are located in the fundic and pyloric glands between the basement lamina and zymogenic cells. See also argentaffin cells. Arias-Stella c’s c. d’Arias-Stella columnar cells in the endometrial epithelium that have a hyperchromatic enlarged nucleus; they appear to be associated with chorionic tissue in an intrauterine or extrauterine site. Askanazy c’s c. d’Askanazy large eosinophilic cells found in the thyroid gland in autoimmune thyroiditis and Hrthle cell tumors. automatic c. c. automatique pacemaker c. B c. c. B 1. beta c. (1). 2. basophil (3). 3. (in the pl.) see under lymphocyte. balloon c. c. en ballonnet a type of swollen, degenerated cell with pale, almost clear, abundant cytoplasm; one variety is seen in the vesicles of herpes zoster and varicella and another is seen in a balloon cell nevus. band c. métamyélocyte a late metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band. basal c. c. basale a type of keratinocyte found in the stratum basale of the epidermis. basal granular c’s c. granulaires basales APUD cells located at the base of the epithelium at many places in the gastrointestinal tract. basket c. c. à corbeille a neuron of the cerebral cortex whose fibers form a basketlike nest in which a Purkinje cell rests. beaker c. c. caliciforme goblet c. beta c. c. bêta 1. one of the cells that compose the bulk of the islets of Langerhans and secrete insulin. 2. basophil (3). Betz c’s c. de Betz large pyramidal ganglion cells forming a layer of the gray matter of the brain. bipolar c. c. bipolaire a neuron with two processes. blast c. 1. c. blastique blast¹ (1). 2. the least differentiated blood cell without commitment as to its particular series; it precedes a stem cell. blood c. globule sanguin one of the formed elements of the blood; a leukocyte, erythrocyte, or platelet. bone c. c. osseuse osteocyte. bristle c’s c. auditives the hair cells associated with the auditory and cochlear nerves. burr c. kératocyte echinocyte: a spiculed erythrocyte with multiple small projections evenly spaced over its circumference. cartilage c. c. cartilagineuse chondrocyte. CD4 c’s c. CD4 a major classification of T lymphocytes, referring to those that carry CD4 antigens; most are helper cells. CD8 c’s c. CD8 a major classification of T lymphocytes, referring to those that carry the CD8 antigen, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes and suppressor cells. chief c’s c. principales 1. columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells that line the lower portions of the gastric glands and secrete pepsin. 2. pinealocytes. 3. the most abundant parenchymal cells of the parathyroid, being polygonal epithelial cells rich in glycogen, having granular cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, and arranged in plates or cords; cf. oxyphil c’s. 4. the principal chromaffin cells of the paraganglia, each of which is surrounded by supporting cells. 5. chromophobe c’s. chromaffin c’s c. chromaffines cells staining readily with chromium salts, especially those of the adrenal medulla and similar cells occurring in widespread accumulations throughout the body in various organs, whose cytoplasm shows fine brown granules when stained with potassium bichromate. chromophobe c’s c. chromophobes faintly staining cells in the adenohypophysis; some are nongranular (either nonsecretory, immature presecretory, or degenerating cells), while others have extremely small granules; they are increased in chromophobe adenomas. Claudius c’s c. de Claudius cuboidal cells, which along with Bttcher cells form the floor of the external spiral sulcus, external to the organ of Corti. clear c’s c. claires cells with empty-appearing cytoplasm, seen normally in the sweat glands, parathyroid glands, renal collecting tubules, and epididymis, and pathologically in some neoplastic conditions. columnar c. c. cylindrique an elongated epithelial cell. committed c. c. sensibilisée a lymphocyte that, after contact with antigen, is obligated to follow an individual course of development leading to antibody synthesis or immunologic memory. c. of Corti c. de Corti a hair cell in the organ of Corti. cuboidal c. c. cubique an epithelial cell whose transverse and vertical diameters are approximately equal. daughter c. c. fille one of the two or more cells formed by the division of a mother cell. decidual c’s c. déciduales connective tissue cells of the uterine mucous membrane, enlarged and specialized during pregnancy. Deiters c’s c. de Deiters the outer phalangeal cells of the organ of Corti. delta c’s c. delta cells in the pancreatic islets that secrete somatostatin. dendritic c’s c. dendritiques cells with long cytoplasmic processes in the lymph nodes and germinal centers of the spleen; such processes, which extend along lymphoid cells, retain antigen molecules for extended periods of time. effector c. c. effectrice any cell, such as an activated lymphocyte or plasma cell, which is instrumental in causing antigen disposal accomplished by either a cell-mediated or a humoral immunological response. embryonic stem c’s c. souches embryonnaires totipotentstem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. enamel c. améloblaste ameloblast. enterochromaffin c’s c. entérochromaffines chromaffin cells of the intestinal mucosa that stain with chromium salts and are impregnable with silver; they are sites of synthesis and storage of serotonin. epithelial c. c. épithéliale any of the cells that cover the surface of the body and line its cavities. epithelioid c. c. épithélioïde 1. large polyhedral cells of connective tissue origin. 2. c. épithélioïdes highly phagocytic, modified macrophages, resembling epithelial cells, which are characteristic of granulomatous inflammation. 3. pinealocytes. erythroid c’s c. de la lignée érythroïde blood cells of the erythrocytic series. ethmoid c’s, ethmoidal c’s, ethmoidal air c’s c. ethmoïdales ethmoidal sinuses; paranasal sinuses found in groups within the ethmoid bone and communicating with the ethmoidal infundibulum and bulla and the superior and highest meatuses; often subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior. eukaryotic c. c. eucaryote a cell with a true nucleus; see eukaryote. excitable c. c. excitable a cell that can generate an action potential at its membrane in response to depolarization and may transmit an impulse along the membrane. fat c. adipocyte adipocyte; a connective tissue cell specialized for synthesis and storage of fat; these are bloated with globules of triglycerides surrounded by a thin line of cytoplasm and have the nucleus displaced to one side. fat-storing c. of liver c. de Ito lipid-accumulating, stellate cells located in the perisinusoidal space of the liver. foam c. c. spumeuse a cell with a fluid-filled appearance owing to the presence of complex lipoids, such as a type of macrophage seen in xanthoma. follicle c’s, follicular c’s c. folliculeuses cells located in the epithelium of follicles, such as those of the thyroid or ovarian follicles. follicular center c. c. à noyau clivé any of a series of B lymphocytes occurring normally in the germinal center and pathologically in the neoplastic nodules of follicular center cell lymphoma; believed to be intermediate stages in the development of lymphoblasts and plasma cells and are distinguished according to size (large or small) and the presence or absence of nuclear folds or clefts (cleaved or noncleaved). G c’s c. G granular enterochromaffin cells in the mucosa of the pyloric part of the stomach, a source of gastrin. ganglion c. c. ganglionnaire a large nerve cell, especially one of those of the spinal ganglia. Gaucher c. c. de Gaucher a large cell characteristic of Gaucher disease, with eccentrically placed nuclei and fine wavy fibrils parallel to the long axis of the cell. germ c’s c. germinales the cells of an organism whose function it is to reproduce its kind, i.e., oocytes and spermatozoa and their immature stages. ghost c. c. fantome 1. a keratinized denucleated cell with an unstained, shadowy center where the nucleus has been. 2. a degenerating or fragmented erythrocyte with no hemoglobin. giant c. c. géante 1. any very large cell; some are normal, such as the megakaryocytes of bone marrow, and some are abnormal, such as tumor cells. 2. a type of large, multinucleate, modified macrophage formed by coalescence of epithelioid cells or by nuclear division without cytoplasmic division of monocytes, e.g., those characteristic of granulomatous inflammation and those that form around large foreign bodies. glial c’s c. gliales neuroglial c’s. globoid c. c. globoïde an abnormal large histiocyte found in large numbers in intracranial tissues in Krabbe disease. glomus c. c. glomique 1. any of the specific cells of the carotid body that contain many dense-cored vesicles and occur in clusters surrounded by other cells not having cytoplasmic granules. 2. any of the modified smooth muscle cells surrounding the arterial segment of a glomeriform arteriovenous anastomosis. goblet c. c. caliciforme a unicellular mucous gland found in the epithelium of various mucous membranes, especially that of the respiratory passages and intestines. Golgi c’s c. de Golgi see under neuron. granular c. c. granulaire a type of keratinocyte in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis, containing keratohyalin granules. granule c’s c. granulaires 1. tiny cells found in the granular layers of the cerebellar and cerebral cortices. 2. small nerve cells without axons, found in the granular layer of the olfactory bulb. granulosa c’s c. de la granulosa cells surrounding the graafian follicle and forming the stratum granulosum and cumulus oophorus, after ovulation becoming lutein cells. granulosa-lutein c’s c. de la granulosa du corps jaune lutein cells of the corpus luteum derived from granulosa cells. gustatory c’s c. gustatives taste c’s. hair c’s c. ciliées sensory epithelial cells with long hairlike processes (kinocilia or stereocilia) found in the organ of Corti and the vestibular labyrinth. hairy c. tricholeucocyte one of the abnormal large leukocytes found in the blood in hairy cell leukemia, having numerous irregular cytoplasmic villi that give the cell a flagellated or hairy appearance. heart disease c’s, heart failure c’s c. de la maladie cardiaque macrophages containing granules of iron, found in the pulmonary alveoli and sputum in congestive heart failure. HeLa c’s c. de HeLa cells of the first continuously cultured carcinoma strain, descended from a human cervical carcinoma. helmet c. globule rouge fragmenté schistocyte. helper c’s, helper T c’s lymphocytes T auxiliaires differentiated T lymphocytes which cooperate with B lymphocytes in the synthesis of antibody to many antigens; they play an integral role in immunoregulation. Hensen c’s c. de Hensen tall supporting cells constituting the outer border of the organ of Corti. hepatic c. c. hépatique one of the polyhedral epithelial cells that constitute the substance of an acinus of the liver. horizontal c. c. horizontale a retinal neuron, occurring in two types, each with one long neural process and several short ones. Hürthle c’s c. de Hürthle Askanazy c’s. interdental c’s c. interdentales cells found in the spiral limbus between the dens acustici, which secrete the tectorial membrane of the cochlear duct. interstitial c’s c. interstitielles 1. Leydig c’s (1). 2. large epithelioid cells in the ovarian stroma, believed to have a secretory function, derived from the theca interna of atretic ovarian follicles. 3. cells found in the perivascular areas and between the cords of pinealocytes in the pineal body. 4. fatstoring c’s of liver. interstitial c’s of Cajal c. interstitielles de Cajal pleomorphic cells having an oval nucleus and long, branching cytoplasmic processes that interlace with processes of adjacent cells, found in the gastrointestinal tract and esophagus and thought to act as pacemakers. islet c’s c. îlots the alpha and beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. juxtaglomerular c’s c. juxtaglomérulaires specialized cells containing secretory granules, located in the tunica media of the afferent glomerular arterioles, thought to stimulate aldosterone secretion and to play a role in renal autoregulation. These cells secrete the enzyme renin. K c’s c. K 1. killer cells; cells mediating antibody-dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity; they are small lymphocytes without T or B cell surface markers, having cytotoxic activity against target cells coated with specific IgG antibody. 2. cells in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa that synthesize gastric inhibitory polypeptide. killer c’s c. tueuses 1. K c’s (1). 2. cytotoxic T lymphocytes. killer T c’s c. T tueuses cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Kupffer c’s c. de Kupffer large, stellate or pyramidal, intensely phagocytic cells lining the walls of the hepatic sinusoids and forming part of the reticuloendothelial system. L c’s c. L endocrine cells of the gut, resembling the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans; that secrete glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2. lacunar c. c. lacunaire a variant of the Reed-Sternberg cell, primarily associated with the nodular sclerosis type of Hodgkin disease. LAK c’s c. LAK lymphokine-activated killer c’s. Langerhans c’s c. de Langerhans stellate dendritic cells, derived from precursors in the bone marrow, containing characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm and found principally in the epidermis. They are believed to be antigen-presenting cells involved in cell-mediated immune reactions in the skin. large cleaved c. grande cellule clivée see follicular center c. large noncleaved c., large uncleaved c. grande cellule non clivée see follicular center c. LE c. c. LE a neutrophil or macrophage that has phagocytized the denatured nuclear material of an injured cell (hematoxylin body); a characteristic of lupus erythematosus, but also found in analogous connective tissue disorders. Leydig c’s c. de Leydig 1. clusters of epithelioid cells constituting the endocrine tissue of the testis, which elaborate androgens, chiefly testosterone. 2. mucous cells that do not pour their secretion out over the epithelial surface. littoral c’s c. littorales flattened cells lining the walls of lymph or blood sinuses. luteal c’s, lutein c’s c. lutéales the plump, pale-staining, polyhedral cells of the corpus luteum. lymph c. lymphocyte lymphocyte. lymphoid c’s c. lymphoïdes lymphocytes and plasma cells; cells of the immune system that react specifically with antigen and elaborate specific cell products. lymphokine-activated killer c’s l. LAK killer cells activated by interleukin-2 and having specificity for tumors refractory to NK cells. mast c. mastocyte a connective tissue cell capable of elaborating basophilic, metachromatic cytoplasmic granules that contain histamine, heparin, hyaluronan, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, and, in some species, serotonin. mastoid c’s c. mastoïdes air cells of various sizes and shapes in the mastoid process of the temporal bone. memory c’s l. mémoire T and B lymphocytes that mediate immunologic memory; believed to retain information that permits a subsequent antigenic challenge to be followed by a more rapid efficient immunologic reaction than that seen with the first exposure. Merkel c. c. de Merkel a specialized cell at or near the epithelial-dermal junction and believed to act as a touch receptor by association with the flat, disklike ending of a nerve fiber (tactile meniscus). Mexican hat c. c. à chapeau mexicain target c. (1). microglial c. c. microglial a cell of the microglia. mother c. c. mère one that divides to form new, or daughter, cells. mucous c’s c. muqueuses cells that secrete mucus or mucin. muscle c. c. musculaire see under fiber. myoid c’s c. myoïdes cells in the seminiferous tubules that seem to be contractile and are probably responsible for the rhythmic shallow contractions of the tubules. natural killer c’s c. tueuses naturelles NK c’s. nerve c. c. nerveuse neuron. neuroendocrine c’s c. neuro-endocriniennes the specialized neurons that secrete neurohormones. neuroglia c’s, neuroglial c’s c. neurogliales the branching, non-neural cells of the neuroglia; they are of three types: astroglia, oligodendroglia (collectively termed macroglia), and microglia. neurosecretory c. c. neuro-sécrétoire any cell with neuronlike properties that secretes a biologically active substance acting on another structure, often at a distant site. nevus c. c. nævique a small cell with a deeply staining nucleus, pale cytoplasm, and sometimes melanin granules, found in clusters in the epidermis, and reaching the dermis by a kind of extrusion. Niemann-Pick c’s c. de Niemann-Pick Pick c’s. NK c’s c. NK natural killer cells; cells capable of mediating cytotoxic reactions without themselves being specifically sensitized against the target. nonpacemaker c. c. non-pacemaker a cardiac cell that is incapable of self-excitation and must wait in a state of equilibrium for an outside stimulus. null c’s c. nulles lymphocytes that lack the surface antigens characteristic of B and T lymphocytes; seen in active systemic lupus erythematosus and other disease states. olfactory c’s c. olfactives a set of specialized cells of the mucous membranes of the nose, which are receptors of smell. osteoprogenitor c’s c. osteoprogenitrices relatively undifferentiated cells found on or near the free surfaces of bone; under certain circumstances they either undergo division and transform into osteoblasts or coalesce to give rise to osteoclasts. oxyphil c’s, oxyphilic c’s c. oxyphiles 1. acidophilic cells found, along with the more numerous chief cells, in the parathyroid glands. 2. Askanazy c’s. P c’s c. P poorly staining, pale, small cells almost devoid of myofibrils, mitochondria, or other organelles; they are clustered in the sinoatrial node (where they are thought to be the center of impulse generation), as well as in the atrioventricular node. pacemaker c. c. pacemaker a myocardial cell displaying automaticity. packed red blood c’s culot globulaire whole blood from which plasma has been removed; used therapeutically in blood transfusions. Paget c., pagetoid c. c. de Paget a large, irregularly shaped, pale anaplastic tumor cell found in the epidermis in Paget disease of the nipple and in extramammary Paget disease. Paneth c’s c. de Paneth narrow, pyramidal, or columnar epithelial cells with a round or oval nucleus near the base, found in the fundus of the crypts of Lieberkhn; they contain large secretory granules that may contain peptidase. parafollicular c’s c. parafolliculaires ovoid epithelial cells located in the thyroid follicles; they secrete calcitonin. parietal c’s c. bordantes large spheroidal or pyramidal cells that are the source of gastric hydrochloric acid and are the site of intrinsic factor production. peptic c’s c. principales gastriques chief c’s (1). pessary c. annulocyte an erythrocyte that has lost its color because its hemoglobin is present only as a circumferential rim. pheochrome c’s c. phéochromes chromaffin c’s. Pick c’s c. de Pick round, oval, or polyhedral cells with foamy, lipid-containing cytoplasm, found in the bone marrow and spleen in Niemann-Pick disease. pigment c. c. pigmentaire any cell containing pigment granules. pillar c’s p. de Corti elongated supporting cells in a double row (inner and outer pillar c’s) in the organ of Corti, arranged to form the inner tunnel. plasma c. plasmocyte spherical or ellipsoidal cells with a single nucleus containing chromatin, an area of perinuclear clearing, and generally abundant, sometimes vacuolated, cytoplasm; they are involved in the synthesis, storage, and release of antibody. polychromatic c’s, polychromatophil c’s c. polychromes immature erythrocytes that stain with both acid and basic stains in a diffuse mixture of blue-gray and pink. pre-B c’s c. pré-B lymphoid cells that are immature and contain cytoplasmic IgM; they develop into B lymphocytes. pre-T c. c. pré-T a T lymphocyte precursor before undergoing induction of the maturation process in the thymus; it lacks the characteristics of a mature T lymphocyte. prickle c. c. épithéliale dentelée a keratinocyte with delicate radiating processes connecting with similar cells, found in the stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer) of the epidermis. primordial germ c. c. germinale primordiale the earliest recognizable precursor in the embryo of a germ cell; these originate extragonadally but migrate early in embryonic development to the gonads. prokaryotic c. c. procaryote a cell without a true nucleus; see prokaryote. pulmonary epithelial c’s c. épithéliales pulmonaires extremely thin nonphagocytic squamous cells with flattened nuclei, constituting the outer layer of the alveolar wall in the lungs. Purkinje c’s c. de Purkinje 1. large branching neurons in the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex. 2. large, clear, tightly packed, impulse-conducting cells of the cardiac Purkinje fibers. pyramidal c. c. pyramidale a type of large multipolar pyramid-shaped cell found in the cerebral cortex, having one apical dendrite extending outward toward the surface and several dendrites; a few are inverted and have apical dendrites extending inward. red c., red blood c. globules rouges, g. rouge erythrocyte. red blood c’s g. rouges official terminology for packed red blood c’s. Reed c’s, Reed-Sternberg c’s c. de Reed the giant histiocytic cells, typically multinucleate, that are the common histologic characteristic of Hodgkin disease. reticular c’s c. réticulaires the cells forming the reticular fibers of connective tissue; those forming the framework of lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen form part of the reticuloendothelial system and may differentiate into macrophages. reticuloendothelial c. c. réticulo-endothéliale see under system. Sala c’s c. de Sala star-shaped cells of connective tissue in the fibers that form the sensory nerve endings in the pericardium. Schwann c. c. de Schwann any of the large nucleated cells whose cell membrane spirally enwraps the axons of myelinated peripheral neurons supplying the myelin sheath between two nodes of Ranvier. segmented c. c. segmentée a mature granulocyte whose nucleus is divided into distinct lobes joined by a filamentous connection. sensitized c. c. sensibilisée 1. a cell that has been immunologically activated (primed) by an antigen. 2. an antibody-coated cell used in complement fixation tests. Sertoli c’s c. de Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules to which the spermatids become attached and which support, protect, and apparently nourish the spermatids until they develop into mature spermatozoa. sex c’s, sexual c’s c. sexuelles germ c’s. Szary c. c. de Sézary an abnormal mononuclear T lymphocyte seen in mycosis fungoides and Szary syndrome. sickle c. c. falciforme, corps drépanocyte a crescentic or sickle-shaped erythrocyte, characteristic of sickle cell anemia. signet ring c. c. en bague à chaton a cell whose nucleus has been pressed to one side by an accumulation of intracytoplasmic mucin, such as in a Krukenberg tumor or signet ring cell carcinoma. small cleaved c. petite cellule clivée see follicular center c. small noncleaved c., small uncleaved c. petite cellule non clivée see follicular center c. somatic c’s c. somatiques any of the cells of an organism other than the germ cells. somatostatin c’s c. à somatostatine endocrine cells of the oxyntic and pyloric glands that secrete somatostatin. sperm c. spermatozoïde spermatozoon. spindle c. c. fusiforme any of various cells that are shaped like spindles, being more or less round in the middle with two ends that are pointed. spur c. acanthocyte acanthocyte. squamous c. c. pavimenteuse a flat, scalelike type of epithelial cell. stab c., staff c. g. non segmenté band c. stellate c. c. étoilée any star-shaped cell, as a Kupffer cell or astrocyte, having many filaments extending in all directions. stem c. c. souche undifferentiated cells with the ability to divide and proliferate to provide precursor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. stippled c. c. ponctuée an erythrocyte whose granules take a basic or bluish stain with Wright’s stain, seen in basophilia. suppressor c’s l. suppresseurs lymphoid cells, especially T lymphocytes, that inhibit humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. They play an integral role in immunoregulation, and are believed to be operative in various autoimmune and other immunological disease states. synovial c’s c. synoviales fibroblasts found between the cartilaginous fibers in the synovial membrane of a joint. T c’s c. T T lymphocytes. target c. c. cible 1. an abnormally thin erythrocyte that when stained shows a dark center surrounded by a pale unstained ring and a peripheral ring of hemoglobin. 2. any cell selectively affected by a particular agent, such as a hormone or drug. taste c’s c. gustatives cells in the taste buds that have gustatory receptors. tendon c’s c. de tendon flattened cells of connective tissue occurring in rows between the primary bundles of the tendons. theca c’s, theca-lutein c’s c. theques lutein cells derived from the theca interna of the graafian follicle. totipotential c. c. totipotente an embryonic cell that is capable of developing into any type of body cell. transitional c’s c. de transition 1. cells in the process of changing from one type to another. 2. in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, small, slow-conducting, heterogeneous cells interposed between the P cells and Purkinje cells. tubal air c’s c. pneumatiques de la trompe d’Eustache air cells on the floor of the eustachian tube close to the carotid canal. tympanic c’s, tympanic air c’s c. tympaniques spaces in the tympanic cavity between the bony projections of the floor or jugular wall; they sometimes communicate with the tubal air cells. visual c’s c. visuelles the neuroepithelial elements of the retina. white c., white blood c. globule blanc leukocyte.

cella cella [L.] cell.

celloidin celloidine a concentrated preparation of pyroxylin, used in microscopy for embedding specimens for section cutting.

cellular cellulaire pertaining to or composed of cells.

cellularity cellularite the state of a tissue or other mass as regards the number of constituent cells.

cellulifugal cellulifuge directed away from a cell body.

cellulipetal cellulipéte directed toward a cell body.

cellulitis cellulite inflammation of the soft or connective tissue, in which a thin, watery exudate spreads through the cleavage planes of interstitial and tissue spaces; it may lead to ulceration and abscess. anaerobic c. c. anaerobie that due to a necrotizing infection with anaerobic bacteria, including Clostridium perfringens and others, in a contaminated wound or otherwise compromised tissue. gangrenous c. c. gangréneuse that leading to death of the tissue followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction. pelvic c. c. pelvienne parametritis.

Cellulomonadaceae Cellulomonadaceae a family of bacteria of the suborder Micrococcineae, order Actinomycetales, consisting of gram-positive, branching rods.

cellulose cellulose a rigid, colorless, unbranched, insoluble, long-chain polysaccharide, consisting of 3000 to 5000 glucose residues and forming the structure of most plant structures and of plant cells. absorbable c. c. resorbable oxidized c. c. acetate acétate de cellulose an acetylated cellulose used in membrane filters. oxidized c. c. oxydée an absorbable oxidation product of cellulose, used as a local hemostatic. c. sodium phosphate c. sodium phosphate an insoluble, nonabsorbable cation exchange resin prepared from cellulose; it binds calcium and is used to prevent formation of calcium-containing renal calculi.

celom cœlome coelom.

celoschisis fissure abdominale abdominal fissure.

celosomia célosomie congenital fissure or absence of the sternum, with hernial protrusion of the viscera.

cement 1. ciment a substance that produces a solid union between two surfaces. 2. cément dental c. 3. cément cementum. Adj.: cemental. dental c. c. dentaire any of various bonding substances that are placed in the mouth as a viscous liquid and set to a hard mass; used in restorative and orthodontic dental procedures as luting (cementing) agents, as protective, insulating, or sedative bases, and as restorative materials.

cementicle cémenticule a small, discrete globular mass of cementum in the region of a tooth root.

cementification cémentification cementogenesis.

cementoblast cémentoblaste a large cuboidal cell, found between the fibers on the surface of the cementum, which is active in cementum formation.

cementoblastoma cémentoblastome a rare, benign odontogenic tumor arising from the cementum and presenting as a proliferating mass contiguous with a tooth root.

cementocyte cémentocyte a cell in the lacunae of cellular cementum, frequently having long processes radiating from the cell body toward the periodontal surface of the cementum.

cementoenamel cément-émail pertaining to the cementum and the dental enamel.

cementogenesis cémentogenèse development of cementum on the root dentin of a tooth.

cementoma cémentome any of a variety of benign cementum-producing tumors including cementoblastoma, cementifying fibroma, florid osseous dysplasia, and periapical cemental dysplasia, particularly the last. gigantiform c. c. gigantiforme florid osseous dysplasia.

cementum cément the bonelike connective tissue covering the root of a tooth and assisting in tooth support.

cenesthesia cénesthésie somatognosis. Adj.: cenesthesic, cenesthetic.

cen(o)- cén(o)-word element [Gr.], common.

cenosite cénosite coinosite.

censor censeur the mental faculty that prevents unconscious thoughts and wishes from coming into consciousness unless disguised, as in dreams.

center centre 1. the middle point of a body. 2. a collection of neurons in the central nervous system that are concerned with performance of a particular function. accelerating c. c. accélérateur the part of the vasomotor center involved in acceleration of the heart. apneustic c. c. apneustique the neurons in the brain stem controlling normal respiration. Broca c. centre de Broca Broca’s motor speech area. cardioinhibitory c. c. cardio-inhibiteur the part of the vasomotor center that exerts an inhibitory influence on the heart. c’s of chondrification c. de chondrification dense aggregations of embryonic mesenchymal cells at sites of future cartilage formation. ciliospinal c. c. ciliospinal one in the lower cervical and upper thoracic portions of the spinal cord, involved in dilatation of the pupil. community mental health c. (CMHC) c. communautaire de santé mentale a mental health facility or group of affiliated agencies that provide various psychotherapeutic services to a designated geographic area. coughing c. c. de la toux one in the medulla oblongata above the respiratory center, which controls the act of coughing. deglutition c. c. de la déglutition a nerve center in the medulla oblongata that controls the function of swallowing. C’s for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, serving as a center for the control, prevention, and investigation of diseases. ejaculation c. c. de l’éjaculation the reflex center in the lumbar spinal cord that regulates ejaculation of semen during sexual stimulation. epiotic c. épiotique the center of ossification that forms the mastoid process. erection c. c. de l’érection a reflex center in the sacral spinal cord that regulates erection of the penis or clitoris. feeding c. c. de la faim a group of cells in the lateral hypothalamus that when stimulated cause a sensation of hunger. germinal c. c. germinatif the area in the center of a lymph nodule containing aggregations of actively proliferating lymphocytes. health c. c. de santé 1. a community health organization for creating health work and coordinating the efforts of all health agencies. 2. an educational complex consisting of a medical school and various allied health professional schools. medullary respiratory c. c. respiratoire médullaire the part of the respiratory centers that is in the medulla oblongata. nerve c. c. nerveux center (2). ossification c. c. d’ossification any point at which the process of ossification begins in a bone; in a long bone there is a primary center for the diaphysis and one secondary center for each epiphysis. pneumotaxic c. c. pneumotaxique one in the upper pons that rhythmically inhibits inspiration. reflex c. c. réflexe any center in the brain or spinal cord in which a sensory impression is changed into a motor impulse. respiratory c’s c. respiratoires a series of centers (apneus- tic and pneumotaxic respiratory centers and dorsal and ventral respiratory groups) in the medulla and pons that coordinate respiratory movements. satiety c. c. de la satiété a group of cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus that when stimulated suppress a desire for food. sudorific c. c. sudoral sweat c. swallowing c. c. de la déglutition deglutition c. sweat c. centre sudoral 1. a center in the anterior hypothalamus controlling diaphoresis. 2. any of several centers in the medulla oblongata or spinal cord that exercise parasympathetic control over diaphoresis. thermoregulatory c’s c. thermorégulateurs hypothalamic centers regulating the conservation and dissipation of heat. thirst c. c. de la soif a group of cells in the lateral hypothalamus that when stimulated cause a sensation of thirst. vasomotor c’s c. vasomoteurs centers in the medulla oblongata and lower pons that regulate the caliber of blood vessels and the heart rate and contractility.

centesimal centésimal divided into hundredths.

centesis centèse [Gr.] perforation or tapping, as with a trocar or needle.

-centesis -centèse word element [Gr.], puncture and aspiration of.

centi- centi- word element [L.], hundred; used (a) in naming units of measurement to indicate one hundredth (10⁻²) of the unit designated by the root with which it is combined (symbol c) and (b) to denote one hundred (e.g., centipede).

centigrade centigrade having 100 gradations (steps or degrees); see under scale.

centigray (cGy) centigray a unit of absorbed radiation dose equal to one hundredth (10⁻²) of a gray, or 1 rad.

centimeter (cm) centimètre one hundredth (10⁻²) of a meter. cubic c. (cm³, cc) c. cube a unit of capacity, being that of a cube each side of which measures 1 cm; equal to 1 mL.

centrad en direction du centre toward a center.

central central situated at or pertaining to a center; not peripheral.

centrencephalic centrencéphalique pertaining to the center of the encephalon.

centri- centri- word element [L., Gr.], center, a central location. Also, centr(o)-.

centriacinar centro-acinaire pertaining to the central portion of one or more acini.

centric centrique 1. central. 2. having a center.

centriciput centriciput the central part of the upper surface of the head, located between the occiput and sinciput.

centrifugal centrifuge efferent (1).

centrifugate centrifugat material subjected to centrifugation.

centrifugation centrifugation the process of separating lighter portions of a solution, mixture, or suspension from the heavier portions by centrifugal force.

centrifuge 1. centrifugeuse a machine by which centrifugation is effected. 2. centrifuger to subject to centrifugation.

centrilobular centrolobulaire pertaining to the central portion of a lobule.

centriole centriole either of the two cylindrical organelles located in the centrosome; during cell division they are duplicated and migrate to opposite poles of the cell where they organize the spindles. They are capable of independent replication and of migrating to form basal bodies.

centripetal centripète 1. afferent (1). 2. corticipetal.

centr(o)- centr(o)- see centri-.

centroblast centroblaste a general term encompassing both large and small noncleaved follicular center cells.

centrocecal centrocæcal pertaining to the central macular area and the blind spot.

centrocyte centrocyte a general term encompassing both large and small cleaved follicular center cells. Adj.: centrocytic.

centromere centromère the region of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division. Adj.: centromeric.

centronuclear centronucléaire having or pertaining to a centrally located nucleus.

centrosclerosis centrosclérose osteosclerosis of the marrow cavity of a bone.

centrosome centrosome an organelle, located near the nucleus of animal cells, that contains the centrioles and directs the assembly of the spindle in mitosis.

centrum centrum pl. centra [L.] 1. a center. 2. the body of a vertebra.

CEP PEC congenital erythropoietic porphyria.

cephalad en direction de la tête toward the head.

cephaledema œdème céphalique edema of the head.

cephalexin céphalexine a semisynthetic firstgeneration cephalosporin, effective against a wide range of gram-positive and a limited range of gram-negative bacteria; used as the base or the hydrochloride salt.

cephalhematocele hématocèle péricrânienne a hematocele under the pericranium, communicating with one or more dural sinuses.

cephalhematoma céphalhématome a subperiosteal hemorrhage limited to the surface of one cranial bone; a usually benign condition seen in the newborn as a result of bone trauma.

cephalhydrocele céphalhydrocèle a serous or watery accumulation under the pericranium.

cephalic céphalique pertaining to the head, or to the head end of the body.

cephal(o)- céphal(o)- word element [Gr.], head.

cephalocele céphalocèle encephalocele.

cephalocentesis céphalocentèse surgical puncture of the skull.

cephalodactyly céphalodactylie malformation of the head and digits.

cephalogram céphalogramme an x-ray image of the structures of the head; cephalometric radiograph.

cephalography céphalographie radiography of the head.

cephalogyric céphalogyre pertaining to turning motions of the head.

cephalometer céphalomètre an instrument for measuring the head; an orienting device for positioning the head for radiographic examination and measurement.

cephalometry céphalométrie scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head.

cephalomotor céphalomoteur moving the head; pertaining to motions of the head.

cephalonia hypertrophie de la tête a condition in which the head is abnormally enlarged, with sclerotic hyperplasia of the brain.

cephalopathy céphalopathie any disease of the head.

cephalopelvic céphalopelvien pertaining to the relationship of the fetal head to the maternal pelvis.

cephalosporin céphalosporine any of a group of broad-spectrum, penicillinase-resistant antibiotics from Acremonium, related to the penicillins in both structure and mode of action. Those used medicinally are semisynthetic derivatives of the natural antibiotic cephalosporin C. First-generation cephalosporins have a broad range of activity against gram-positive organisms and a narrow range of activity against gram-negative organisms; second-, third-, and fourth generation agents are progressively more active against gramnegative organisms and less active against gram-positive organisms.

cephalosporinase céphalosporinase a β-lacta- mase preferentially acting on cephalosporins.

Cephalosporium Céphalosporium former name for Acremonium.

cephalostat céphalostat a head-positioning device which assures reproducibility of the relations between an x-ray beam, a patient’s head, and an x-ray film.

cephalotomy 1. céphalotomie, craniotomie the cutting up of the fetal head to facilitate delivery. 2. céphalotomie dissection of the fetal head.

cephamycin céphamycine any of a family of natural and semisynthetic, β-lactamase-resistant antibiotics derived from various species of Streptomyces, generally classed as second-generation cephalosporins but more active against anaerobes.

cephapirin céphapirine a semisynthetic analogue of the natural antibiotic cephalosporin C, effective against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria; used as the sodium salt.

cephradine céphradine a semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin, effective against a wide range of gram-positive and a limited range of gram-negative bacteria.

ceramics céramique the modeling and processing of objects made of clay or similar materials. dental c. c. dentaire the use of porcelain and similar materials in restorative dentistry.

ceramidase céramidase an enzyme occurring in most mammalian tissue that catalyzes the reversible acylation-deacylation of ceramides.

ceramide céramide the basic unit of the sphin-golipids; it is sphingosine, or a related base, attached to a long chain fatty acyl group. Ceramides are accumulated abnormally in Farber disease. c. trihexoside c. trihexoside any of a specific family of glycosphingolipids; due to a deficiency of β-galactosidase A, they accumulate in Fabry disease.

cerat(o)- cérat(o)- for words beginning thus, see those beginning kerat(o)-.

Ceratophyllus Ceratophyllus a genus of fleas.

cercaria cercaire pl. cercariae the final, freeswimming larval stage of a trematode parasite. Adj.: cercarial.

cerclage cerclage [Fr.] encircling of a part with a ring or loop, as for correction of an incompetent cervix uteri or fixation of adjacent ends of a fractured bone.

cerea flexibilitas flexibilité cireuse [L.] a rigidity of the body in which the patient maintains whatever position he is placed in, the limbs having a heavy waxy malleability.

cerebellar cérébelleux pertaining to the cerebellum.

cerebellifugal cérébellifuge conducting away from the cerebellum.

cerebellipetal cérébellipète conducting toward the cerebellum.

cerebellospinal cérébellospinal proceeding from the cerebellum to the spinal cord.

cerebellum cervelet the part of the metencephalon situated on the back of the brain stem, to which it is attached by three cerebellar peduncles on each side; it consists of a median lobe (vermis) and two lateral lobes (the hemispheres).

cerebral cérébral pertaining to the cerebrum.

cerebration cérébration functional activity of the brain.

cerebrifugal cérébrifuge conducting or proceeding away from the cerebrum.

cerebripetal cérébripète conducting or proceeding toward the cerebrum.

cerebromacular cérébromaculaire maculocerebral; pertaining to or affecting the brain and the macula retinae.

cerebromalacia cérébromalacie abnormal softening of the substance of the cerebrum.

cerebromeningitis cérébroméningite meningoencephalitis.

cerebronic acid acide cérébronique a fatty acid found in cerebrosides such as phrenosine.

cerebropathia cérébropathie [L.] cerebropathy. c. psychica toxemica c. toxémique Korsakoff psychosis.

cerebropathy cérébropathie any disorder of the cerebrum; see also encephalopathy.

cerebrophysiology neurophysiologie the physiology of the cerebrum.

cerebropontile cérébropontique pertaining to the cerebrum and pons.

cerebrosclerosis cérébrosclérose morbid hardening of the substance of the cerebrum.

cerebroside cérébroside a general designation for sphingolipids in which sphingosine is combined with galactose or glucose; found chiefly in nervous tissue.

cerebrosis cérébrose cerebropathy.

cerebrospinal cérébrospinal pertaining to the brain and spinal cord.

cerebrospinant cérébrospinant an agent which affects the brain and spinal cord.

cerebrotomy cérébrotomie encephalotomy.

cerebrum cerveau the main portion of the brain, occupying the upper part of the cranial cavity; its two hemispheres, united by the corpus callosum, form the largest part of the central nervous system in humans. The term is sometimes applied to the postembryonic forebrain and midbrain together or to the entire brain.

cerium (Ce) cérium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 58.

ceroplasty céroplastie the making of anatomical models in wax.

ceruloplasmin céruloplasmine an α2-globulin of plasma that functions in copper transport and its maintenance at appropriate levels in tissue; absent in Wilson disease.

cerumen cérumen earwax; the waxlike substance found within the external meatus of the ear. Adj.: ceruminal, ceruminous.

ceruminolysis céruminolyse dissolution or disintegration of cerumen in the external auditory meatus. Adj.: ceruminolytic.

cervical 1. cervical pertaining to the neck. 2. cervical, du col pertaining to the neck or cervix of any organ or structure.

cervicectomy cervicectomie excision of the cervix uteri.

cervicitis cervicite inflammation of the cervix uteri.

cervic(o)- cervic(o)- word element [L.], neck; cervix.

cervicobrachialgia cervicobrachialgie pain in the neck radiating to the arm, due to compression of nerve roots of the cervical spinal cord.

cervicocolpitis cervicovaginite inflammation of the cervix uteri and vagina.

cervicothoracic cervicothoracique pertaining to the neck and thorax.

cervicouterine cervicoutérine of or pertaining to the uterine cervix.

cervicovesical cervicovésical vesicocervical.

cervix cervix pl. cervices [L.] 1. neck. 2. the front portion of the neck. 3. col cervix uteri. incompetent c. béance du col utérin, incompétence cervicale a uterine cervix that is abnormally prone to dilate in the second trimester of pregnancy, resulting in premature expulsion of the fetus. c. uteri, uterine c. col de l’utérus the narrow lower end of the uterus, between the isthmus and the opening of the uterus into the vagina. c. vesicae urinariae col de la vessie the lower, constricted part of the urinary bladder, proximal to the opening of the urethra.

cesarean césarienne see under section.

CESD CESD cholesteryl ester storage disease.

cesium (Cs) césium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 55.

cesticidal cestodicide destructive to cestodes (tapeworms).

Cestoda Cestodes a subclass of Cestoidea comprising the true tapeworms, which have a head (scolex) and segments (proglottides). The adults are endoparasitic in the alimentary tract and associated ducts of various vertebrate hosts; their larvae may be found in various organs and tissues.

Cestodaria Cestodaria a subclass of tapeworms, the unsegmented tapeworms of the class Cestoidea, which are endoparasitic in the intestines and coelom of various primitive fishes and rarely in reptiles.

cestode cestode 1. tapeworm. 2. resembling a tapeworm.

cestoid cestoïde cestode.

Cestoidea Cestoidea a class of tapeworms (phylum Platyhelminthes), characterized by the absence of a mouth or digestive tract, and by a noncuticular layer covering their bodies.

cetalkonium chloride chlorure de cétalkonium a cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective and disinfectant.

cetirizine cétirizine a nonsedating antihistamine used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic urticaria, and asthma.

cetrorelix cétrorélix a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, used as the acetate salt to inhibit premature surges of luteinizing hormone in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation during infertility treatment.

cetuximab cétuximab a monoclonal antibody that binds to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and inhibits the growth and survival of cells that overexpress the EGF receptor; used in the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma.

cetylpyridinium chloride chlorure de cétylpyridinium a cationic disinfectant; used as a local antiinfective administered sublingually or applied topically to intact skin and mucous membranes, and as a preservative in pharmaceutical preparations.

cevimeline céviméline a cholinergic agonist used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of xerostomia associated with Sjgren’s syndrome.

CF CF carbolfuchsin; cardiac failure (see heart failure, under failure); Christmas factor.

Cf Cf californium.

CFT RFC complement fixation test; see under fixation.

CFTR CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator.

CGNA CGNA Canadian Gerontological Nursing Association.

CGS CGS centimeter-gram-second system.

cGy cGy centigray.

CH₅₀ CH₅₀ see under assay and unit.

CHA CHA Canadian Healthcare Association.

chafe irriter, frictionner to irritate the skin, as by rubbing together of opposing skin folds.

chagasic chagasique pertaining to or due to Chagas disease.

chagoma chagome a skin tumor occurring in Chagas disease.

chain chaîne a collection of objects linked end to end. branched c. c. ramifiée an open chain of atoms, usually carbon, with one or more side chains attached to it. electron transport c. c. de transfert d’électrons the final common pathway of biological oxidation, the series of electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that pass electrons from reduced coenzymes to molecular oxygen via sequential redox reactions coupled to proton transport, generating energy for biological processes. H c., heavy c. c. H any of the large polypeptide chains of five classes that, paired with the light chains, make up the antibody molecule. Heavy chains bear the antigenic determinants that differentiate the immunoglobulin classes. J c. c. J a polypeptide occurring in polymeric IgM and IgA molecules. L c., light c. c. L either of the two small polypeptide chains (molecular weight 22,000) that, when linked to heavy chains by disulfide bonds, make up the antibody molecule; they are of two types, kappa and lambda, which are unrelated to immunoglobulin class differences. open c. c. ouverte a series of atoms united in a straight line; compounds of this series are related to methane. polypeptide c. c. polypeptidique the structural element of protein, consisting of a series of amino acid residues (peptides) joined together by peptide bonds. respiratory c. c. respiratoire electron transport c. side c. c. latérale a group of atoms attached to a larger chain or to a ring.

chakra chakra any of the seven energy centers, located from the perineum to the crown of the head, of yoga philosophy; also used in some energy-based complementary medicine systems.

chalasia chalasie relaxation of a bodily opening, such as the cardiac sphincter (a cause of vomiting in infants).

chalazion chalazion pl. chalazia, chalazions [Gr.] a small eyelid mass due to inflammation of a meibomian gland.

chalcosis chalcose copper deposits in tissue.

chalicosis chalicose pneumoconiosis due to inhalation of fine particles of stone.

challenge 1. provocation (faire un test de) to administer a substance to monitor for the normal physiological response. 2. provocation, épreuve in immunology, to administer an antigen to monitor the response in a sensitized person.

chalone chalone a group of tissue-specific water-soluble substances that are produced within a tissue and that inhibit mitosis of cells of that tissue and whose action is reversible.

chamaecephaly chamaecéphalie the condition of having a low flat head, i.e., a cephalic index of 70 or less. Adj.: chamaecephalic.

chamber chambre an enclosed space. anterior c. of eye c. antérieure de l’œil the part of the aqueous-containing space of the eyeball between the cornea and the iris. aqueous c. c. aqueuse the part of the eyeball filled with aqueous humor; see anterior c. and posterior c. counting c. c. de comptage the part of a hemacytometer consisting of a microscopic slide with a depression whose base is marked in grids, and into which a measured volume of a sample of blood or bacterial culture is placed and covered with a cover glass. Cells and formed blood elements in any given square can then be counted under a microscope. diffusion c. c. à diffusion an apparatus for separating a substance by means of a semipermeable membrane. hyperbaric c. c. hyperbare an enclosed space in which gas (oxygen) can be raised to greater than atmospheric pressure. ionization c. c. d’ionisation an enclosure containing two or more electrodes between which an electric current may be passed when the enclosed gas is ionized by radiation; used for determining the intensity of x-rays and other rays. posterior c. of eye c. postérieure de l’œil the part of the aqueouscontaining space of the eyeball between the iris and the lens. pulp c. c. pulpaire the natural cavity in the central portion of the tooth crown that is occupied by the dental pulp. relief c. espace de décharge the recess in a denture surface that rests on the oral structures, to reduce or eliminate pressure. vitreous c. c. vitrée the vitreous-containing space in the eyeball, bounded anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the posterior wall of the eyeball.

chamomile camomille matricaire German chamomile; the dried flower heads of the herb Matricaria recutita, used for inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and as a topical counterirritant and antiinflammatory. English c., Roman c. camomille anglaise the dried flowers of the perennial herb Chamaemelum nobile, used as a homeopathic preparation and in folk medicine as a carminative and counterirritant.

chancre chancre [Fr.] 1. the primary sore of syphilis, occurring at the site of entry of the infection. 2. the primary cutaneous lesion of such diseases as sporotrichosis and tuberculosis. hard c., hunterian c. c. induré chancre (1). soft c. c. mou chancroid. tuberculous c. c. tuberculeux a brownish red papule which develops into an indurated nodule or plaque, representing the initial cutaneous infection of the tubercle bacillus into the skin or mucosa.

chancroid chancrelle a sexually transmitted disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, characterized by a painful primary ulcer at the site of inoculation, usually on the external genitalia, associated with regional lymphadenitis. Adj.: chancroidal. phagedenic c. c. phagédénique chancroid with a tendency to slough. serpiginous c. c. serpigineuse a variety tending to spread in curved lines.

change modification an alteration. fatty c. m. grasse abnormal accumulation of fat within parenchymal cells. hyaline c. m. hyaline a pale, eosinophilic, homogeneous glassy appearance seen in histologic specimens; it is a purely descriptive term and has a variety of causes.

channel canal that through which anything flows; a cut or groove. calcium c., calcium- sodium c. c. calcique a voltage-gated channel that is very permeable to calcium ions and slightly permeable to sodium ions. gated c. c. membranaire a protein channel that opens and closes in response to signals, such as binding of a ligand (ligand-gated c.) or changes in the electric potential across the cell membrane (voltage-gated c.). ion c. c. ionique a cell membrane protein with an ion-specific transmembrane pore, through which which ions and small molecules pass into or out of a cell by diffusion downward along their electrochemical gradient. Called also protein c. potassium c. c. potassique a voltage-gated protein channel selective for the passage of potassium ions. protein c. c. protéinique ion c. sodium c. c. sodique a voltage-gated protein channel selective for the passage of sodium ions. water c. c. d’eau aquaporin.

chaotic chaotique completely confused, disorganized, or irregular.

chaperone chaperon someone or something that accompanies and oversees another. molecular c. c. moléculaire any of a diverse group of proteins that oversee the correct intracellular folding and assembly of polypeptides without being components of the final structure.

chaperonin chaperonine any of various heat shock proteins that act as molecular chaperones in bacteria, plasmids, mitochondria, and eukaryotic cyotsol.

character caractère 1. a quality indicative of the nature of an object or an organism. 2. in genetics, the expression in the phenotype of a gene or group of genes. 3. in psychiatry, a term used in much the same way as personality, particularly for those personality traits shaped by life experiences. acquired c. c. acquis a noninheritable modification produced in an animal as a result of its own activities or of environmental influences. primary sex c’s c. sexuels primaires those characters in the male or female that are directly involved in reproduction; the gonads and their accessory structures. secondary sex c’s c. sexuels secondaires those characters specific to the male or female but not directly involved in reproduction. See also masculinization and feminization.

characteristic caractéristique 1. character. 2. typical of an individual or other entity. demand c’s c. de la demande behavior exhibited by the subject of an experiment in an attempt to accomplish certain goals as a result of cues communicated by the experimenter (expectations or hypothesis).

charcoal charbon carbon prepared by charring wood or other organic material. activated c. c. activé residue of destructive distillation of various organic materials, treated to increase its adsorptive power; used as a general-purpose antidote. animal c. c. animal charcoal prepared from bone; it may be purified (purified animal c.) by removal of materials dissolved by hot hydrochloric acid and water; adsorbent and decolorizer.

charley horse foulure, contusion (du muscle quadriceps crural) soreness and stiffness in a muscle, especially the quadriceps, due to overstrain or contusion.

chart graphique a record of data in graphic or tabular form. reading c. échelle à main a chart printed in gradually increasing type sizes, used in testing acuity of near vision. Snellen c. échelle de Snellen a chart with block letters in gradually decreasing sizes, used in testing visual acuity.

chaste tree arbre au poivre, gatilier the shrub Vitex agnus-castus or an extract prepared from its berries and root bark, which is used for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome and menopause; also used in homeopathy.

ChB ChB [L.] Chirurgiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Surgery).

CHD MC coronary heart disease.

ChE ChE cholinesterase.

check-bite cire d’occlusion a sheet of hard wax or modeling compound placed between the teeth, used to check occlusion of the teeth.

cheek joue 1. the fleshy portion of either side of the face, or the fleshy mucous membrane- covered side of the oral cavity. 2. any fleshy protuberance resembling the cheek of the face. cleft c. fissure de la j. facial cleft caused by developmental failure of union between the maxillary and frontonasal processes.

cheesy fromage (de) caseous.

cheilectropion cheilectropion eversion of the lip.

cheilitis cheilite inflammation of the lips. actinic c. c. actinique pain and swelling of the lips and development of a scaly crust on the vermilion border after exposure to actinic rays; it may be acute or chronic. angular c. c. angulaire perlche. solar c. c. solaire actinic c.

cheil(o)- cheil(o)- word element [Gr.], lip.

cheilognathoprosoposchisis cheilognathoschisis congenital oblique facial cleft continuing into the upper jaw and lip.

cheiloplasty cheiloplastie surgical repair of a defect of the lip.

cheilorrhaphy cheilorrhaphie suture of the lip; surgical repair of harelip.

cheiloschisis cheiloschisis harelip.

cheilosis cheilose fissuring and dry scaling of the vermilion surface of the lips and angles of the mouth, a characteristic of riboflavin deficiency. angular c. c. angulaire perlche.

cheilostomatoplasty cheilostomatoplastie surgical restoration of the lips and mouth.

cheirarthritis chéirarthrite inflammation of the joints of the hands and fingers.

cheir(o)- cheir(o)- word element [Gr.], hand. See also words beginning chir(o)-.

cheirokinesthesia cheirokinesthesie the subjective perception of movements of the hand, especially in writing.

cheiromegaly cheiromegalie megalocheiria.

cheiroplasty cheiroplastie plastic surgery on the hand.

cheiropompholyx cheiropompholyx pompholyx.

cheirospasm cheirospasme spasm of the muscles of the hand.

chelate 1. chelater to combine with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. 2. chelate by extension, a chemical compound in which a metallic ion is sequestered and firmly bound into a ring within the chelating molecules. Chelates are used in chemotherapy of metal poisoning.

chemabrasion chimioexcoriation superficial destruction of the epidermis and the dermis by application of a cauterant to the skin; done to remove lesions such as scars or tattoos.

chemexfoliation chimioexfoliation chemabrasion.

chemical 1. chimique pertaining to chemistry. 2. produit chimique a substance composed of chemical elements, or obtained by chemical processes.

chemiluminescence chimioluminescence luminescence produced by direct transformation of chemical energy into light energy.

chemist 1. chimiste an expert in chemistry. 2. pharmacien (British) pharmacist.

chemistry chimie the science dealing with the elements and atomic relations of matter, and of various compounds of the elements. colloid c. c. colloïdale chemistry dealing with the nature and composition of colloids. inorganic c. c. inorganique that branch of chemistry dealing with compounds not occurring in the plant or animal worlds. organic c. c. organique that branch of chemistry dealing with carbon-containing compounds.

chem(o)- chimio(o)- word element [Gr.], chemical; chemistry.

chemoattractant chimioattractant a substance that induces positive chemotaxis.

chemoautotroph chimioautotrophe a chemoautotrophic microorganism.

chemoautotrophic chimiotrophe capable of synthesizing cell constituents from carbon dioxide with energy from inorganic reactions.

chemocautery cautérisation chimique cauterization by application of a caustic substance.

chemodectoma chémodectome any benign, chromaffin-negative tumor of the chemoreceptor system, e.g., a carotid body tumor or glomus jugulare tumor.

chemoendocrine chimiohormonal chemohormonal.

chemohormonal chimiohormonal chemoendocrine; pertaining to drugs that have hormonal activity.

chemokine chimiokine any of a group of low molecular weight cytokines identified on the basis of their ability to induce chemotaxis or chemokinesis in leukocytes (or in particular populations of leukocytes) in inflammation.

chemokinesis chimiokinèse increased nondirectional activity of cells due to the presence of a chemical substance.

chemolithotrophic chimiolithotrophique deriving energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds of iron, nitrogen, sulfur, or hydrogen; said of bacteria.

chemonucleolysis chimionucléolyse dissolution of a portion of the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disk by injection of a proteolytic agent such as chymopapain, particularly used for treatment of a herniated intervertebral disk.

chemo-organotroph chimio-organotrophe an organism that derives its energy and carbon from organic compounds. Adj.: chemo-organotrophic.

chemopallidectomy chimiopallidectomie chemical destruction of tissue of the globus pallidus.

chemoprophylaxis chimioprophylaxie prevention of disease by means of a chemotherapeutic agent.

chemoprotectant chimioprotecteur providing protection, or an agent providing protection, against the toxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents.

chemoradiotherapy chimioradiothérapie combined modality therapy using chemotherapy and radiotherapy, maximizing their interaction.

chemorepellent chimiorépulsif a substance that induces negative chemotaxis.

chemoresistance chimiorésistance specific resistance acquired by cells to the action of certain chemicals.

chemoreceptor chimiorécepteur a receptor sensitive to stimulation by chemical substances.

chemosensitive chimiosensible sensitive to changes in chemical composition.

chemosensory chimiosensibilité relating to the perception of chemicals, as in odor detection.

chemosis chémosis edema of the conjunctiva of the eye.

chemosurgery chimiochirurgie destruction of tissue by chemical means for therapeutic purposes.

chemosynthesis chimiosynthèse the building up of chemical compounds under the influence of chemical stimulation, specifically the formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water as a result of energy derived from chemical reactions. Adj.: chemosynthetic.

chemotaxin chimiotaxine a substance, e.g., a complement component, that induces chemotaxis.

chemotaxis chimiotaxie movement of a cell or organism in response to differences in concentration of a dissolved substance, either in the direction of increasing concentration (positive) or in the direction of decreasing concentration (negative). Adj.: chemotactic.

chemotherapy chimiothérapie treatment of disease by chemical agents. adjuvant c. c. adjuvante cancer chemotherapy employed after the primary tumor has been removed by some other method. combination c. c. combinée that combining several different agents simultaneously in order to enhance their effectiveness. induction c. c. d’induction the use of drug therapy as the initial treatment for patients presenting with advanced cancer that cannot be treated by other means. neoadjuvant c. c. néoadjuvante initial use of chemotherapy in patients with localized cancer in order to decrease the tumor burden prior to treatment by other modalities. regional c. c. régionale chemotherapy, especially for cancer, administered as a regional perfusion.

chemotic chémotique pertaining to or affected with chemosis.

chemotrophic chimiotrophique deriving energy from the oxidation of organic (chemo-organotrophic) or inorganic (chemolithotrophic) compounds; said of bacteria.

chemotropism chimiotropisme tropism due to chemical stimulation. Adj.: chemotropic.

chenodeoxycholic acid acide chénodésoxycholique a primary bile acid, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine; it facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

chenodiol chénodiol chenodeoxycholic acid used as an anticholelithogenic agent to dissolve radiolucent, noncalcified gallstones.

cherubism chérubisme hereditary progressive bilateral swelling at the angle of the mandible, and sometimes the entire jaw, giving a cherubic look to the face, in some cases enhanced by upturning of the eyes.

chest poitrine thorax. flail c. v. costal one whose wall moves paradoxically with respiration, owing to multiple fractures of the ribs. funnel c. p. en entonnoir pectus excavatum. pigeon c. p. de pigeon pectus carinatum.

chestnut châtaigne a tree of the genus Castanea or a nut of various species; the wood and leaves of C. dentata (American chestnut) contain tannin and it has been used as an astringent and in pertussis. horse c. marron the tree Aesculus hippocastanum or a preparation of the medicinal parts of its seeds, having antiexudative, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory activity and used in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, in homeopathy and in folk medicine.

CHF ICC congestive heart failure.

ch’i ch’i qi.

chiasm chiasma a decussation or X-shaped crossing. optic c. c. optique the structure in the forebrain formed by the decussation of the fibers of the optic nerve from each half of each retina.

chiasma chiasma pl. chiasmata [L.] 1. chiasm. 2. in genetics, a point where pairs of homologous chromatids remain in contact during meisosis, indicating recombination between nonsister chromatids.

chickenpox varicelle varicella; a highly contagious disease caused by human herpesvirus 3, characterized by vesicular eruptions appearing over a period of several days after an incubation period of 17–21 days; usually benign in children, but in infants, some adults, and immunocompromised patients there may be severe symptoms.

chigger trombidion the red larva of a mite of the family Trombiculidae; it attaches to a host’s skin, and its bite produces a wheal with severe itching and dermatitis. Some species are vectors of the rickettsiae of scrub typhus.

chigoe chique the flea, Tunga penetrans, of subtropical and tropical America and Africa; the pregnant female burrows into the skin of the feet, legs, or other part of the body, causing intense irritation and ulceration, sometimes leading to spontaneous amputation of a digit.

chilblain érythème pernio a recurrent localized itching, swelling, and painful erythema of the fingers, toes, or ears, caused by mild frostbite and dampness. Called also chilblains.

childbirth accouchement parturition; the process of giving birth to a child.

chill frisson a sensation of cold, with convulsive shaking of the body.

Chilomastix Chilomastix a genus of parasitic protozoa found in the intestines of vertebrates, including C. mesnili, a common species found as a commensal in the human cecum and colon.

chimera chimère 1. an organism with different cell populations derived from different zygotes of the same or different species, occurring spontaneously or produced artificially. 2. a substance created from proteins or genes of two species, as by genetic engineering. Adj.: chimeric.

chin menton the anterior prominence of the lower jaw; the mentum.

chionablepsia niphablepsie snow blindness.

chir(o)- chir(o)- word element [Gr.], hand. See also words beginning cheir(o)-.

chiropody podologie podiatry.

chiropractic chiropratique a nonpharmaceutical, nonsurgical system of health care based on the self-healing capacity of the body and the primary importance of the proper function of the nervous system in the maintenance of health; therapy is aimed at removing irritants to the nervous system and restoring proper function. The most common method of treatment is by spinal manipulation and is primarily done for musculoskeletal complaints; other methods include lifestyle modification, nutritional therapy, and physiotherapy.

chi-square khi carré see under distribution and test.

chitin chitine an insoluble, linear polysaccharide forming the principal constituent of arthropod exoskeletons and found in some plants, particularly fungi.

CHL LVT crown-heel length.

Chlamydia Chlamydia a genus bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae; some species are now classified in the genus Chlamydophila. C. trachomatis causes trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, urethritis, proctitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum.

Chlamydiaceae Chlamydiacee a family of bacteria of the order Chlamydiales consisting of small coccoid microorganisms that have a unique, obligately intracellular developmental cycle and are incapable of synthesizing ATP. They induce their own phagocytosis by host cells, in which they then form intracytoplasmic colonies. They are parasites of birds and mammals (including humans).

Chlamydiae 1. Chlamydias a phylum of grampositive or gram-variable, nonmotile, obligately parasitic bacteria that multiply by means of a complex life cycle within cytoplasmic vacuoles of mammalian and avian host cells. 2. Chlamydiae the sole class of this phylum.

Chlamydiales Chlamydiales an order of coccoid, gram-negative bacteria of the class Chlamydiae.

chlamydiosis chlamydiose any infection or disease caused by members of the Chlamydiales.

Chlamydophila Chlamydophila a genus of bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae, including several species formerly classified in the genus Chlamydia.C. pneumoniae is an important cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis, and C. psittaci causes psittacosis.

chlamydospore chlamydospore a thick-walled intercalary or terminal asexual spore formed by the rounding-up of a cell; it is not shed.

chloasma chloasma melasma.

chloracne chloracne an acneiform eruption due to exposure to chlorine compounds.

chloral chloral 1. an oily liquid with a pungent, irritating odor; used in the manufacture of chloral hydrate and DDT. 2. c. hydrate. c. hydrate hydrate de chloral a hypnotic and sedative, now used mainly as an adjunct to anesthesia and as a sedative for children undergoing medical and dental procedures.

chlorambucil chlorambucil an alkylating agent from the nitrogen mustard group, used as an antineoplastic.

chloramphenicol chloramphenicol a broadspectrum antibiotic effective against rickettsiae, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and certain spirochetes; used also as the palmitate ester and as the sodium succinate derivative.

chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizinium an H₁ histamine receptor antagonist with anticholinergic, antiemetic, and local anesthetic properties, used as the hydrochloride salt as an antihistaminic and antipruritic.

chlordane chlordane a poisonous substance of the chlorinated hydrocarbon group, used as an insecticide.

chlordiazepoxide chlordiazépoxyde a benzodiazepine used as the base or hydrochloride salt in the treatment of anxiety disorders and short-term or preoperative anxiety, for alcohol withdrawal, and as an antitremor agent.

chloremia chlorémie hyperchloremia.

chlorhexidine chlorhexidine an antibacterial effective against a wide variety of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms; used also as the acetate ester, as a preservative for eyedrops, and as the gluconate or hydrochloride salt, as a topical anti-infective.

chlorhydria chlorhydrie hyperchlorhydria.

chloride chlorure a salt of hydrochloric acid; any binary compound of chlorine in which the latter is the negative element.

chloridorrhea chloridorrhée diarrhea with an excess of chlorides in the stool.

chlorinated chloré treated or charged with chlorine.

chlorine (Cl) chlore chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 17. It is a disinfectant, decolorant, and irritant poison, and is used for disinfecting, fumigating, and bleaching.

chlorite chlorite a salt of chlorous acid; disinfectant and bleaching agent.

chloroform chloroforme a colorless, mobile liquid, CHCl₃, with an ethereal odor and sweet taste, used as a solvent; once widely used as an inhalation anesthetic and analgesic, and as an antitussive, carminative, and counterirritant. It is hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic by ingestion.

chloroleukemia chloroleucémie chloroma.

chloroma chlorome a malignant, green-colored tumor arising from myeloid tissue, associated with myelogenous leukemia.

chlorophyll chlorophylle any of a group of green magnesium-containing porphyrin derivatives occurring in all photosynthetic organisms; they convert light energy to reducing potential for the reduction of CO₂. Preparations of water-soluble chlorophyll salts are used as deodorizers; see chlorophyllin.

chlorophyllin chlorophylline any of the water-soluble salts from chlorophyll; used topically and orally for deodorizing skin lesions and orally for deodorizing the urine and feces in colostomy, ileostomy, and incontinence; used particularly in the form of the copper complex.

chloroplast chloroplaste any of the chlorophyll-bearing bodies of plant cells.

chloroprivic chloroprive deprived of chlorides; due to loss of chlorides.

chloroprocaine chloroprocaine a local anesthetic, used as the hydrochloride salt.

chloropsia chloropsie defect of vision in which

objects appear to have a greenish tinge.

chloroquine chloroquine an antiamebic and anti-inflammatory used in the treatment of malaria, giardiasis, extraintestinal amebiasis, lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis; used also as the hydrochloride and phosphate salts.

chlorothiazide chlorothiazide a thiazide diuretic used in the form of the base or the sodium salt to treat hypertension and edema.

chloroxine chloroxine a synthetic antibacterial used in the topical treatment of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp.

chlorpheniramine chlorpheniramine an antihistamine with sedative and anticholinergic effects; used as c. maleate, c. polistirex, and c. tannate.

chlorpromazine chlorpromazine a phenothiazine used in the form of the base or the hydrochloride salt as an antipsychotic, antiemetic, and presurgical sedative, and in the treatment of intractable hiccups, acute intermittent porphyria, tetanus, the manic phase of bipolar disorder, and severe behavioral problems in children.

chlorpropamide chlorpropamide a sulfonylurea used as a hypoglycemic in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

chlortetracycline chlortetracycline a broad-spectrum antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces aureofaciens; used as the hydrochloride salt.

chlorthalidone chlorthalidone a sulfonamide with similar actions to the thiazide diuretics; used in the treament of hypertension and edema.

chloruresis chlorurie excretion of excessive chlorides in the urine.

chloruretic chloruretique 1. promoting chloruresis. 2. an agent that promotes the excretion of chlorides in the urine.

chlorzoxazone chlorzoxazone a skeletal muscle relaxant used to relieve discomfort of painful musculoskeletal disorders.

ChM ChM [L.] Chirurgiae Magister (Master of Surgery).

choana choane pl. choanae [L.] 1. infundibulum. 2. one of the pair of openings between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx.

choanomastigote choanomastigote a morphologic stage in the life cycle of some trypanosomatid protozoa; the kinetoplast and basal body are anterior to the nucleus and the flagellum emerges through a collarlike extension at the anterior end of the cell.

Choanotaenia Choanotaenia a genus of tapeworms.

choke 1. étouffer strangle; to interrupt respiration by obstruction or compression. 2. étouffement strangulation; the condition resulting from such an interruption.

chokes pneumatose de dépression a burning sensation in the substernal region, with uncontrollable coughing, occurring during decompression.

cholagogue cholagogue an agent that stimulates gallbladder contraction to promote bile flow. Adj.: cholagogic.

cholangeitis cholangéite cholangitis.

cholangiectasis cholangiectasie dilatation of a bile duct.

cholangiocarcinoma cholangiocarcinome 1. an adenocarcinoma arising from the epithelium of the intrahepatic bile ducts and composed of epithelial cells in tubules or acini with fibrous stroma. 2. cholangiocellular carcinoma.

cholangiocellular cholangiocellulaire of, resembling, or pertaining to cells of the cholangioles.

cholangioenterostomy cholangio-entérostomie surgical anastomosis of a bile duct to the intestine.

cholangiogastrostomy cholangiogastrostomie anastomosis of a bile duct to the stomach.

cholangiography cholangiographie radiography of the bile ducts.

cholangiohepatoma cholangiohépatome hepatocellular carcinoma of mixed liver cell and bile duct cell origin.

cholangiole cholangiole one of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system. Adj.: cholangiolar.

cholangiolitis cholangiolite inflammation of the cholangioles. Adj.: cholangiolitic.

cholangioma cholangiome cholangiocellular carcinoma.

cholangiosarcoma cholangiosarcome sarcoma of bile duct origin.

cholangiostomy cholangiostomie fistulization of a bile duct.

cholangiotomy cholangiotomie incision into a bile duct.

cholangitis cholangite inflammation of a bile duct. Adj.: cholangitic.

cholanopoiesis cholanopoïèse the synthesis of bile acids or of their conjugates and salts by the liver.

cholanopoietic cholanopoïétique 1. promoting cholanopoiesis. 2. an agent that promotes cholanopoiesis.

cholate cholate a salt, anion, or ester of cholic acid.

chole- cholé- word element [Gr.], bile.

cholecalciferol cholécalciférol vitamin D₃; a hormone synthesized in the skin on irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol or obtained from the diet; it is activated when metabolized to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. It is used as an antirachitic and in the treatment of hypocalcemic tetany and hypoparathyroidism.

cholecyst cholécyste gallbladder.

cholecystagogue cholagogue an agent that promotes evacuation of the gallbladder.

cholecystalgia cholécystalgie 1. biliary colic. 2. pain due to inflammation of the gallbladder.

cholecystectasia cholécystectasie distention of the gallbladder.

cholecystectomy cholécystectomie excision of the gallbladder.

cholecystenterostomy cholécystentérostomie formation of a new communication between the gallbladder and the intestine.

cholecystitis cholécystite inflammation of the gallbladder. emphysematous c. c. emphysémateuse that due to gas-producing organisms, marked by gas in the gallbladder lumen, often infiltrating into the gallbladder wall and surrounding tissues.

cholecystocolostomy cholécystocolostomie anastomosis of the gallbladder and colon.

cholecystoduodenostomy cholécystoduodénostomie anastomosis of the gallbladder and duodenum.

cholecystogastrostomy cholécystogastrostomie anastomosis between the gallbladder and stomach.

cholecystogram cholécystogramme a radiograph of the gallbladder.

cholecystography cholécystographie radiography of the gallbladder. Adj.: cholecystographic.

cholecystojejunostomy cholécystojéjunostomie anastomosis of the gallbladder and jejunum.

cholecystokinetic cholécystocinétique stimulating contraction of the gallbladder.

cholecystokinin (CCK) cholécystokinine a polypeptide hormone secreted in the small intestine that stimulates gallbladder contraction and secretion of pancreatic enzymes.

cholecystolithiasis cholécystolithiase the occurrence of gallstones (see cholelithiasis) within the gallbladder.

cholecystolithotomy cholécystolithotomie incision of the gallbladder for removal of gallstones.

cholecystopexy cholécystopexie surgical suspension or fixation of the gallbladder.

cholecystorrhaphy cholécystorrhaphie suture or repair of the gallbladder.

cholecystotomy cholécystotomie incision of the gallbladder.

choledochal cholédocien pertaining to the common bile duct.

choledochectomy cholédochectomie excision of part of the common bile duct.

choledochitis cholédocite inflammation of the common bile duct.

choledoch(o)- cholédoch(o)- word element [Gr.], common bile duct.

choledochoduodenostomy cholédochoduodénostomie anastomosis of the common bile duct to the duodenum.

choledochoenterostomy cholédocho-entérostomie anastomosis of the bile duct to the intestine.

choledochogastrostomy cholédochogastrostomie anastomosis of the bile duct to the stomach.

choledochojejunostomy cholédochojéjunostomie anastomosis of the bile duct to the jejunum.

choledocholithiasis cholédocholithiase the occurrence of calculi (see cholelithiasis) in the common bile duct.

choledocholithotomy cholédocholithotomie incision into common bile duct for stone removal.

choledochoplasty cholédochoplastie plastic repair of the common bile duct.

choledochorrhaphy cholédochorrhaphie suture or repair of the common bile duct.

choledochostomy cholédochostomie creation of an opening into the common bile duct for drainage.

choledochotomy cholédochotomie incision into the common bile duct.

choledochus cholédoque common bile duct.

choleic choléique biliary.

choleic acid acide choléique any of the complexes formed between deoxycholic acid and a fatty acid or other lipid.

cholelith cholélithe gallstone.

cholelithiasis cholélithiase the presence or formation of gallstones.

cholelithotomy cholélithotomie incision of the biliary tract for removal of gallstones.

cholelithotripsy cholélithotripsie crushing of a gallstone.

cholemesis cholémèse vomiting of bile.

cholemia cholémie bile or bile pigment in the blood. Adj.: cholemic.

choleperitoneum cholépéritoine the presence of bile in the peritoneum.

cholepoiesis cholépoïèse the formation of bile in the liver. Adj.: cholepoietic.

cholera choléra Asiatic c.; an acute infectious disease endemic and epidemic in Asia, caused by Vibrio cholerae, marked by severe diarrhea with extreme fluid and electrolyte depletion, and by vomiting, muscle cramps, and prostration. Asiatic c. c. asiatique cholera. pancreatic c. Syndrome de Verner-Morrison a condition usually due to an islet-cell tumor (other than beta cell), with profuse watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and usually achlorhydria.

choleragen choléragène cholera toxin.

choleraic cholérique pertaining to or characterized by cholera.

choleriform cholériforme resembling cholera.

choleresis cholérèse the secretion of bile by the liver.

choleretic cholérétique stimulating bile production by the liver; an agent that so acts.

cholestasis cholostase stoppage or suppression of bile flow, having intrahepatic or extrahepatic causes. Adj.: cholestatic.

cholesteatoma cholestéatome a cystlike mass lined with stratified squamous epithelium filled with desquamating debris, often including cholesterol, usually in the middle ear and mastoid region.

cholesteatosis cholestéatose fatty degeneration due to cholesterol esters.

cholesterol cholestérol a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes. Most is synthesized by the liver and other tissues, but some is absorbed from dietary sources, with each kind transported in the plasma by specific lipoproteins. It can accumulate or deposit abnormally, as in some gallstones and in atheromas. Preparations are used as emulsfiers in pharmaceuticals. HDL c., highdensity-lipoprotein c. (HDL-C) c. HDL the serum cholesterol carried on high-density lipoproteins, approximately 20 to 30 per cent of the total. LDL c., low-density-lipoprotein c. (LDL-C) c. LDL the serum cholesterol carried on low-density lipoproteins, approximately 60 to 70 per cent of the total.

cholesterolemia cholestérolémie hypercholesterolemia.

cholesterol esterase cholestérol estérase acid lipase; an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of cholesterol and other sterol esters and triglycerides. Deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme causes the allelic disorders Wolman disease and cholesteryl ester storage disease.

cholesterolosis cholestérolose cholesterosis.

cholesteroluria cholestérolurie cholesterol in the urine.

cholesterosis cholestérose abnormal deposition of cholesterol in tissues.

cholesteryl cholestérose the radical of cholesterol, formed by removal of the hydroxyl group.

cholestyramine cholestyramine see cholestyramine resin, under resin.

cholic acid acide cholique 1. one of the primary bile acids, usually occurring conjugated with glycine or taurine; it facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. 2. any of the substituted derivatives of cholic acid collectively constituting the bile acids.

choline choline a quaternary amine, often classified as a member of the B vitamin complex; it occurs in phosphatidylcholine and acetylcholine, is an important methyl donor in intermediary metabolism, and prevents the deposition of fat in the liver. c. magnesium trisalicylate tricyclate de c. et de magnésium see under trisalicylate. c. salicylate s. de c. see salicylate.

choline acetylase choline-acétylase choline acetyltransferase.

choline acetyltransferase choline acétyltransférase an enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of acetylcholine; it is a marker for cholinergic neurons.

cholinergic cholinergique 1. parasympathomimetic; stimulated, activated, or transmitted by choline (acetylcholine); said of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers that liberate acetylcholine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes. 2. an agent that produces such an effect.

cholinesterase cholinestérase serum cholinesterase, pseudocholinesterase; an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the acyl group from various esters of choline and some related compounds; determination of activity is used to test liver function, succinylcholine sensitivity, and whether organophosphate insecticide poisoning has occurred. true c. c. vraie acetylcholinesterase.

cholinoceptive cholinoceptif pertaining to the sites on effector organs that are acted upon by cholinergic transmitters.

cholinoceptor cholinocepteur cholinergic receptor.

cholinolytic 1. anticholinergique, cholinolytique blocking the action of acetylcholine, or of cholinergic agents. 2. anticholinergique, cholinolytique an agent that blocks the action of acetylcholine in cholinergic areas, i.e., organs supplied by parasympathetic nerves, and voluntary muscles.

cholinomimetic cholinomimétique having an action similar to acetylcholine; parasympathomimetic.

chol(o)- chol(o)- word element [Gr.], bile.

choluria cholalurie bile pigments or bile salts in the urine. Adj.: choluric.

cholylglycine acide glycocholique a bile salt, the glycine conjugate of cholic acid.

cholyltaurine acide taurocholique a bile salt, the taurine conjugate of cholic acid.

chondral chondral pertaining to cartilage.

chondralgia chondralgie pain in a cartilage.

chondrectomy chondrectomie surgical removal of a cartilage.

chondrification chondrification the formation of cartilage; transformation into cartilage.

chondri(o)- chondri(o)- word element [Gr.], granule.

chondritis chondrite inflammation of a cartilage.

chondr(o)- chondr(o)- word element [Gr.], cartilage.

chondroangioma chondroangiome a benign mesenchymoma containing chondromatous and angiomatous elements.

chondroblast chondroblaste an immature cartilage-producing cell.

chondroblastoma chondroblastome bénin a usually benign tumor derived from immature cartilage cells, occurring primarily in the epiphyses of adolescents.

chondrocalcific chondrocalcinosique characterized by deposition of calcium salts in the cartilaginous structures of one or more joints.

chondrocalcinosis chondrocalcinose the presence of calcium salts, especially calcium pyrophosphate, in the cartilaginous structures of one or more joints.

chondrocostal chondrocostal pertaining to the ribs and costal cartilages.

chondrocranium chondrocrâne that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull.

chondrocyte chondrocyte one of the cells embedded in the lacunae of the cartilage matrix. Adj.: chondrocytic.

chondrodynia chondrodynie pain in a cartilage.

chondrodysplasia chondrodysplasie dyschondroplasia. c. punctata c. ponctuée a heterogeneous group of hereditary bone dysplasias, the common characteristic of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy.

chondrodystrophia chondrodystrophia chondrodystrophy.

chondrodystrophy chondrodystrophie a disorder of cartilage formation.

chondroectodermal chondro-ectodermique of or pertaining to cartilaginous and ectodermal elements.

chondroepiphysitis chondro-épiphysite inflammation involving the epiphyseal cartilages.

chondrofibroma chondrofibrome a fibroma with cartilaginous elements.

chondrogenesis chondrogenèse formation of cartilage.

chondroid chondroïde 1. resembling cartilage. 2. hyaline cartilage.

chondroitin sulfate chondroïtine sulfate 1. a glycosaminoglycan that predominates in connective tissue, particularly cartilage, bone, and blood vessels, and in the cornea. 2. a preparation of chondroitin sulfate from bovine tracheal cartilage, administered orally for the treatment of osteoarthritis and joint pain.

chondrolipoma chondrolipome a benign mesenchymoma with cartilaginous and lipomatous elements.

chondroma chondrome pl. chondromas, chondromata a benign tumor or tumor-like growth of mature hyaline cartilage. It may remain centrally within the substance of a cartilage or bone (enchondroma) or may develop on the surface (juxtacortical or periosteal c.). joint c. c. articulaire a mass of cartilage in the synovial membrane of a joint. synovial c. c. synovial a cartilaginous body formed in a synovial membrane.

chondromalacia chondromalacie abnormal softening of cartilage.

chondromatosis chondromatose formation of multiple chondromas. synovial c. c. synoviale a rare condition in which cartilage is formed in the synovial membrane of joints, tendon sheaths, or bursae, sometimes being detached and producing a number of loose bodies.

chondromere vertèbre primordiale a cartilaginous vertebra of the fetal vertebral column.

chondrometaplasia chondrométaplasie a condition characterized by metaplastic activity of the chondroblasts.

chondromyoma chondromyome a benign mesenchymoma of myomatous and cartilaginous elements.

chondromyxoid chondromyxoïde of, pertaining to, or characterized by chondroid and myxoid elements.

chondromyxoma chondromyxome chondromyxoid fibroma.

chondromyxosarcoma chondromyxosarcome a malignant mesenchymoma containing cartilaginous and myxoid elements.

chondro-osseous chondro-osseux composed of cartilage and bone.

chondropathy chondropathie disease of cartilage.

chondrophyte chondrophyte a cartilaginous growth at the articular end of a bone.

chondroplasia chondroplasie the formation of cartilage by specialized cells (chondrocytes).

chondroplast chondroplaste chondroblast.

chondroplasty chondroplastie plastic repair of cartilage.

chondroporosis chondroporose the formation of sinuses or spaces in cartilage.

chondrosarcoma chondrosarcome a malignant tumor derived from cartilage cells or their precursors. central c. c. central one within a bone, usually not associated with a mass.

chondrosis chondrose chondropathy.

chondrosteoma ostéochondrome osteochondroma.

chondrosternal chondrosternal pertaining to the costal cartilages and the sternum.

chondrosternoplasty chondrosternoplastie surgical correction of funnel chest.

chondrotomy chondrotomie the dissection or surgical division of cartilage.

chord chorde cord.

chorda chorda pl. chordae [L.] a cord or sinew. Adj.: chordal. c. dorsalis corde dorsale notochord. c. magna c. magna Achilles tendon. chordae tendineae cordis chordae tendineae cordis tendinous cords connecting the two atrioventricular valves to the appropriate papillary muscles in the heart ventricles. c. tympani corde du tympan a nerve originating from the intermediate nerve, distributed to the submandibular, sublingual, and lingual glands and anterior two thirds of the tongue; it is a parasympathetic and special sensory nerve.

Chordata Chordata a phylum of the animal kingdom comprising all animals having a notochord during some developmental stage.

chordate chordé 1. an animal of the Chordata. 2. having a notochord.

chordee coudure de la verge downward bowing of the penis, due to a congenital anomaly or to urethral infection.

chorditis chordite inflammation of a vocal cord or spermatic cord.

chordoma chordome a malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord.

Chordopoxvirinae Chordopoxvirinae poxviruses of vertebrates: a subfamily of viruses of the family Poxviridae, containing the poxviruses that infect vertebrates. It includes the genus Orthopoxvirus.

chordoskeleton squelette entourant la notocorde the part of the bony skeleton formed about the notochord.

chordotomy chordotomie cordotomy.

chorea chorée [L.] the ceaseless occurrence of rapid, jerky, dyskinetic, involuntary movements. Adj.: choreic. acute c. c. aiguë Sydenham c. Huntington c. c. de Huntington see under disease. Sydenham c. c. de Sydenham a self-limited disorder, occurring between the ages of 5 and 15, or during pregnancy, linked with rheumatic fever, and marked by involuntary movements that gradually become severe, affecting all motor activities.

choreiform choreiforme resembling chorea.

choreoacanthocytosis choreo-acanthocytose an autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by tics, chorea, and personality changes, with acanthocytes in the blood.

choreoathetosis choreo-athetose a condition characterized by choreic and athetoid movements. Adj.: choreoathetotic.

chori(o)- chori(o)- word element [Gr.], membrane.

chorioadenoma chorioadenome adenoma of the chorion. c. destruens chorioadenoma destruens, mole hydatiforme envahissante a hydatidiform mole in which molar chorionic villi enter the myometrium or parametrium or, rarely, are transported to distant sites, most often the lungs.

chorioallantois chorio-allantoide an extraembryonic structure formed by union of the chorion and allantois, which by means of vessels in the associated mesoderm serves in gas exchange. In reptiles and birds, it is a membrane apposed to the shell; in many mammals, it forms the placenta. Adj.: chorioallantoic.

chorioamnionitis chorioamnionite inflammation of the chorion and amnion.

chorioangioma chorio-angiome an angioma of the chorion.

choriocapillaris choriocapillaire lamina choroidocapillaris.

choriocarcinoma choriocarcinomae a malignant neoplasm of trophoblastic cells, formed by abnormal proliferation of the placental epithelium, without production of chorionic villi; most arise in the uterus.

choriocele choriocele protrusion of the chorion through an aperture.

chorioepithelioma chorio-epitheliome choriocarcinoma.

choriogenesis choriogenese the development of the chorion.

choriogonadotropin choriogonadotrophine chorionic gonadotropin. c. alfa c. alpha human chorionic gonadotropin (q.v.) produced by recombinant technology, used to induce ovulation and pregnancy in certain infertile, anovulatory women, and to stimulate oocyte development and maturation in patients using assisted reproductive technologies.

chorioid chorioide choroid.

chorioma choriome 1. any trophoblastic proliferation, benign or malignant. 2. choriocarcinoma.

choriomeningitis choriomeningite cerebral meningitis with lymphocytic infiltration of the choroid plexus. lymphocytic c. c. lymphocytaire viral meningitis, occurring in adults between the ages of 20 and 40, during the fall and winter.

chorion chorion 1. in human embryology, the cellular, outermost extraembryonic membrane, composed of trophoblast lined with mesoderm; it develops villi, becomes vascularized by allantoic vessels, and forms the fetal part of the placenta. 2. in mammalian embryology, the cellular, outer extraembryonic membrane, not necessarily developing villi. 3. in biology, the noncellular membrane covering eggs of various animals; e.g., fish and insects. Adj.: chorionic. c. frondosum c. frondosum the part of chorion bearing villi. c. laeve c. lisse the nonvillous, membranous part of the chorion. shaggy c., villous c. c. villeux c. frondosum.

chorioretinal choriorétinien pertaining to the choroid and retina.

chorioretinitis choriorétinite inflammation of the choroid and retina.

chorioretinopathy choriorétinopathie a noninflammatory process involving both the choroid and retina.

choristoma choristome a mass of histologically normal tissue in an abnormal location.

choroid choroïde 1. the middle, vascular coat of the eye, between the sclera and the retina. Adj.: choroidal. 2. resembling the chorion.

choroidea choroïde choroid.

choroideremia choroïdérémie an X-linked primary choroidal degeneration which, in males, eventually leads to blindness as degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium progresses to complete atrophy; in females, it is nonprogressive and vision is usually normal.

choroiditis choroïdite inflammation of the choroid.

choroidocyclitis choroïdocyclite inflammation of the choroid and ciliary processes.

chromaffin chromaffine staining strongly with chromium salts, as the chromaffin cells.

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