H

H H henry; histidine; hydrogen; hyperopia.

H H enthalpy.

h h hecto-; hour.

HAART HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy.

habena habena pl. habenae [L.] any straplike anatomic structure. Adj.: habenal, habenar.

habenula habenula pl. habenulae [L.] 1. a frenulum, or reinlike structure, such as one of a set of structures in the cochlea. 2. a small eminence on the dorsomedial surface of the thalamus, just in front of the posterior commissure. Adj.: habenular.

habit habitude 1. an action which has become automatic or characteristic by repetition. 2. predisposition or bodily temperament.

habitual habituel 1. according to or of the nature of a habit. 2. established through long use or frequent repetition.

habituation 1. habituation the gradual adaptation to a stimulus or to the environment, with a decreasing response. 2. accoutumance an older term denoting sometimes tolerance and sometimes a psychological dependence due to repeated consumption of a drug, with a desire to continue its use, but with little or no tendency to increase the dose.

habitus habitus [L.] 1. attitude (2). 2. physique.

hae- hae- for words beginning thus, see also those beginning he-.

Haemadipsa Haemadipsa a genus of leeches.

Haemaphysalis Haemaphysalis a genus of hard-bodied ticks, species of which are important vectors of diseases such as Q fever and tularemia.

Haemophilus Haemophilus a genus of hemophilic gram-negative, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria of the family Pasteurellaceae. H. ducreyi H. ducreyi a species that causes chancroid. H. influenzae H. influenzae a species existing as several biovars and once thought to be the cause of epidemic influenza. Some are normal inhabitants of the human nasopharynx, while others cause conjunctivitis, bacterial meningitis, and acute epiglottitis, as well as pneumonia in children and immunocompromised patients.

Hafnia Hafnia a genus of gram-negative facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. H. alvei, a species that is part of the normal fecal flora, causes infection in patients with severe underlying illness and is associated with diarrhea.

hafnium (Hf) hafnium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 72.

hair cheveu pilus; a threadlike structure, especially the specialized epidermal structure composed of keratin and developing from a papilla sunk in the dermis, produced only by mammals and characteristic of that group of animals. Also, the aggregate of such hairs. Adj.: hairy. beaded h. aplasie moniliforme hair marked with alternate swellings and constrictions, as in monilethrix. club h. c. télogène one whose root is surrounded by a bulbous enlargement composed of keratinized cells, prior to normal loss of the hair from the follicle. ingrown h. poil incarné one that emerges from the skin but curves and reenters it. lanugo h. lanugo lanugo. pubic h. poil pubien pubes (1). resting h. c. de repos see telogen. sensory h’s poils sensoriels hairlike projections on the cells of sensory epithelium. taste h’s cils gustatifs clumps of microvilli that form short hairlike processes projecting into the lumen of a taste pore from the peripheral ends of the taste cells. terminal h. c. terminal the coarse hair on various areas of the body during adult years. twisted h. pili torti trichotortosis one that at spaced intervals is twisted through an axis of 180 degrees and abnormally flattened. vellus h. duvet vellus (1).

halation halo (formation d’un) indistinctness of the image caused by illumination coming from the same direction as the object being viewed.

halcinonide halcinonide a synthetic corticosteroid used topically as an antiinflammatory and antipruritic.

half-life période radioactive, demi-vie radioactive the time required for the decay of half of a sample of particles of a radionuclide or elementary particles; symbol t_1/2 or T_1/2. antibody h.-l. p. des anticorps a measure of the mean survival time of antibody molecules following their formation, usually expressed as the time required to eliminate 50 per cent of a known quantity of immunoglobulin from the animal body. Half-life varies from one immunoglobulin class to another. biological h.-l. p. biologique the time required for a living tissue, organ, or organism to eliminate one-half of a radioactive substance which has been introduced into it.

halfway house foyer de transition a residence for patients (e.g., mental patients, drug addicts, alcoholics) who do not require hospitalization but who need an intermediate degree of care until they can return to the community.

halitosis halitose offensive odor of the breath.

hallucination hallucination a sense perception (sight, touch, sound, smell, or taste) that has no basis in external stimulation. Adj.: hallucinative, hallucinatory. haptic h. h. haptique tactile h. kinesthetic h. h. kinesthésique a hallucination involving the sense of bodily movement. somatic h. h. somatique a hallucination involving the perception of a physical experience with the body. hypnagogic h. h. hypnagogique one occurring just at the onset of sleep. hypnopompic h. h. hypnopompique one occurring during awakening. tactile h. h. tactile one involving the sense of touch.

hallucinogen hallucinogène an agent that is capable of producing hallucinations. Adj.: hallucinogenic.

hallucinosis hallucinose a state characterized by the presence of hallucinations without other impairment of consciousness. Adj.: hallucinotic. organic h. h. organique a term used in a former classification system, denoting an organic mental syndrome characterized by hallucinations caused by a specific organic factor and not associated with delirium.

hallux hallux pl. halluces [L.] the great toe. h. dolorosus h. dolorosus a painful condition of the great toe, usually associated with flatfoot. h. flexus h. flexus h. rigidus. h. malleus h. malleus hammer toe affecting the great toe. h. rigidus h. rigidus painful flexion deformity of the great toe with limitation of motion at the metatarsophalangeal joint. h. valgus h. valgus angulation of the great toe toward the other toes. h. varus h. varus angulation of the great toe away from the other toes.

halo halo 1. a luminous or colored circle, as the colored circle seen around a light in glaucoma. 2. a ring seen around the macula lutea in ophthalmoscopic examinations. 3. the imprint of the ciliary processes on the vitreous body. 4. a metal or plastic band that encircles the head or neck, providing support and stability to an orthosis. Fick h. h. de Fick a colored circle appearing around a light due to the wearing of contact lenses. h. glaucomatosus, glaucomatous h. h. glaucomateux peripapillary atrophy seen in severe or chronic glaucoma. senile h. h. sénile a zone of variable width around the optic papilla, due to exposure of various elements of the choroid as a result of senile atrophy of the pigmented epithelium.

halobetasol halobétasol a very high potency synthetic corticosteroid used topically in the form of the propionate salt as an antiinflammatory and antipruritic.

halofantrine halofantrine an antimalarial used as the hydrochloride salt in the treatment of acute malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax.

halogen halogène any of the nonmetallic elements of the seventh group of the periodic system: chlorine, iodine, bromine, fluorine, and astatine.

halometer halomètre 1. an instrument for measuring ocular halos. 2. an instrument for estimating the size of erythrocytes by measuring the halos formed around them when a beam of light shines on them and is diffracted.

haloperidol halopéridol an antipsychotic agent of the butyrophenone group with antiemetic, hypotensive, and hypothermic actions; used especially in the management of psychoses and to control vocal utterances and tics of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome; used also as the decanoate ester in maintenance therapy for psychotic disorders.

halothane halothane an inhalational anesthetic used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.

hamartia hamartie defect in tissue combination during development. Adj.: hamartial.

hamartoma hamartome a benign tumorlike nodule composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues normally present in the affected part, but with disorganization and often with one element predominating.

hamate crochu shaped like a hook.

hammer marteau 1. an instrument with a head designed for striking blows. 2. malleus. percussion h. m. percuteur a small hammer, usually with a rubber head, for performing percussion.

hamster hamster a small ratlike rodent, most commonly Cricetus cricetus, used extensively in laboratory experiments.

hamstring tendon du jarret one of the tendons bounding the popliteal space laterally and medially. inner h’s t. médiaux du jarret interne the tendons of gracilis, sartorius, and two other muscles of the leg. outer h. t. externe du jarret tendon of biceps flexor femoris.

hamulus hamulus pl. hamuli [L.] hook. Adj.: hamular.

hand main the distal part of the upper limb, consisting of the carpus, metacarpus, and fingers. ape h. m. en griffe one with the thumb permanently extended. claw h. griffe cubitale see clawhand. cleft h. m. en fourche a malformation in which the division between the fingers extends into the metacarpus; often with just two large digits, one on either side of the cleft. club h. m. bote see clubhand. drop h. m. ballante wristdrop. lobster-claw h. m. en pince de homard cleft h. mitten h. m. en mitaine simple syndactyly. writing h. m. à écrire a hand in Parkinson disease, with the position by which a pen is commonly held.

H and E HE hematoxylin-eosin (stain).

handedness latéralité the preferential use of the hand of one side in voluntary motor acts.

handicap handicap any physical or mental defect, congenital or acquired, preventing or restricting a person from participating in normal life or limiting their capacity to work.

handpiece embout à main that part of a dental engine held in the operator’s hand and engaging the bur or working point while it is being revolved.

hangnail envie, petite peau a shred of eponychium on a proximal or lateral nail fold.

Hantavirus Hantavirus a genus of viruses of the family Bunyaviridae that cause epidemic hemorrhagic fever or pneumonia; members include Hantaan, Puumala, and Seoul viruses.

haploid haploïde having a single set of chromosomes, representing the normal complement of the species, as found in prokaryotes and in eukaryotic gametes (n or, in humans, 23).

haploidentical haplo-identique sharing a haplotype; having the same alleles at a set of closely linked genes on one chromosome.

haploidentity haplo-identité the condition of being haploidentical.

haploscope haploscope a stereoscope for testing the visual axis.

haplotype haplotype 1. a set of alleles of a group of closely linked genes, such as the HLA complex, on one chromosome; usually inherited as a unit. 2. the genetic constitution of an individual at such a set of closely linked genes.

hapten haptène partial antigen; a specific nonprotein substance which does not itself elicit antibody formation but does elicit the immune response when coupled with a carrier protein. Adj.: haptenic.

haptic haptique tactile.

haptics haptique the study of the sense of touch.

haptoglobin haptoglobine a plasma glycoprotein with alpha electrophoretic mobility that irreversibly binds free hemoglobin, resulting in removal of the complex by the liver and preventing free hemoglobin from being lost in the urine; it has two major genetic variants, Hp 1 and Hp 2.

harelip bec-de-lièvre former name for cleft lip.

harness harnais the combination of straps, bands, and other pieces that forms the working gear of a draft animal, or a device resembling such gear. Pavlik h. h. de Pavlik a device used to correct hip dislocations in infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip, consisting of a set of straps that hold the hips in flexion and abduction.

harlequin arlequin 1. having a pattern of diamond shapes, particularly in bright colors. 2. coral snake.

harvest prélever to remove tissues or cells from a donor and preserve them for transplantation.

hashish haschich [Arabic] a preparation of the unadulterated resin scraped from the flowering tops of female hemp plants (Cannabis sativa), smoked or chewed for its intoxicating effects. It is far more potent than marijuana.

hashitoxicosis hashitoxicose hyperthyroidism in patients with Hashimoto disease.

haustellum haustellum pl. haustella [L.] a hollow tube with an eversible set of five stylets, by which certain ectoparasites, e.g., bedbugs and lice, attach themselves to the host and through which blood is drawn up.

haustration haustration 1. the formation of a haustrum. 2. a haustrum.

haustrum haustrum pl. haustra [L.] a recess or sacculation. Adj.: haustral. haustra coli haustrations du côlon, bosselures du côlon sacculations in the wall of the colon produced by adaptation of its length to the taenia coli, or by the arrangement of the circular muscle fibers.

HAV VHA hepatitis A virus.

hawkinsinuria hawkinsinurie a rare form of tyrosinemia with urinary excretion of hawkinsin, a cyclic amino acid metabolite of tyrosine.

hawthorn aubépine a shrub or tree of the genus Crataegus, or a preparation of the flowers, fruit, and leaves of certain of its species, having a mechanism of action similar to that of digitalis; used to decrease output in congestive heart failure; also used in traditional Chinese medicine, homeopathy, and folk medicine.

HB HB hepatitis B.

Hb Hb hemoglobin.

HBcAg AgHBc hepatitis B core antigen.

HbCV HbCV Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine.

HBeAg AgHBe hepatitis B e antigen.

HbPV HbPV Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine.

HBsAg AgHBs hepatitis B surface antigen.

HBV VHB hepatitis B virus.

HC HC Hospital Corps.

HCG hCG HCG human chorionic gonadotropin.

HCM CMH hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

HD HD Huntington disease; hemodialysis.

HDCV VCDH human diploid cell (rabies) vaccine; see rabies vaccine.

HDL LHD high-density lipoprotein.

HDL-C C-LHD high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol.

He He helium.

head tête caput; the upper, anterior, or proximal extremity of a structure, especially the part of an organism containing the brain and organs of special sense.

headache céphalée pain in the head. cluster h. algie vasculaire de la face, névralgisme facial a migraine-like disorder marked by attacks of unilateral intense pain over the eye and forehead, with flushing and watering of the eyes and nose; attacks last about an hour and occur in clusters. exertional h. c. d’effort one occurring after exercise. histamine h. c. histaminique cluster h. lumbar puncture h. c. de la ponction lombaire a type occurring after lumbar puncture, worsened in the erect position and relieved by recumbency; the cause is lowering of intracranial pressure by leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through the needle tract. migraine h. c. migraineuse migraine. organic h. c. organique one due to intracranial disease or other organic disease. postcoital h. c. post-coïtale one occurring during or after sexual activity, usually in males. sick h. c. des malades migraine. tension h. c. de tension a type due to prolonged overwork, emotional strain, or both, affecting especially the occipital region. toxic h. c. toxique a type caused by systemic poisoning or certain illnesses. vascular h. c. vasculaire a classification for certain types of headaches, based on a proposed etiology involving abnormal functioning of the blood vessels or vascular system of the brain; included are migraine, cluster headache, toxic headache, and headache caused by elevated blood pressure.

heal 1. cicatriser to restore wounded parts or to make healthy. 2. guérir to become well or healthy.

healing guérison, cicatrisation a process of cure; the restoration of integrity to injured tissue. h. by first intention c. de première intention that in which union or restoration of continuity occurs directly without intervention of granulations. h. by second intention c. de seconde intention union by closure of a wound with granulations. spiritual h. g. spirituelle the use of spiritual practices, such as prayer, for the purpose of effecting a cure of or an improvement in an illness. h. by third intention c. de troisième intention treatment of a grossly contaminated wound by delaying closure until after contamination has been markedly reduced and inflammation has subsided.

health santé a state of physical, mental, and social well-being. public h. S. publique the field of medicine concerned with safeguarding and improving the health of the community as a whole.

hearing ouïe 1. the sense by which sounds are perceived. 2. audition; the capacity to perceive sound. color h. audition colorée a form of chromesthesia in which sounds cause sensations of color.

hearing loss perte d’audition deafness; partial or complete loss of the sense of hearing. acoustic trauma h. l. p. d’a. par un traumatisme acoustique noise-induced hearing loss caused by a single loud noise such as a blast. conductive h. l. surdité de conduction that due to a defect of the sound-conducting apparatus, i.e., of the external auditory canal or middle ear. functional h. l. p. d’a. fonctionnelle hearing loss that lacks any organic lesion. high-frequency h. l. p. d’a. des hautes fréquences sensorineural hearing loss of tones at high frequencies, most commonly seen with noise-induced hearing loss. low-frequency h. l. p. d’a. des basses fréquences sensorineural hearing loss of tones at low frequencies. mixed h. l. p. d’a. mixte hearing loss that is both conductive and sensorineural. noise-induced h. l. p. d’a. due au bruit sensorineural hearing loss caused by either a single loud noise or prolonged exposure to high levels of noise. ototoxic h. l. p. d’a. ototoxique that caused by ingestion of toxic substances. paradoxic h. l. p. d’a. paradoxale that in which the hearing is better during loud noise. postlingual h. l. p. d’a. post-linguistique that acquired after the person has learned to speak. prelingual h. l. p. d’a. prélinguistique that acquired before the person has learned to speak. sensorineural h. l. surdité de perception that due to a defect in the inner ear or the acoustic nerve.

heart cœur cor; the viscus of cardiac muscle that maintains the circulation of the blood; see Plate 24. artificial h. c. artificiel a pumping mechanism that duplicates the rate, output, and blood pressure of the natural heart; it may replace the function of a part or all of the heart. athletic h. c. d’athlète hypertrophy of the heart without valvular disease, sometimes seen in athletes. extracorporeal h. c. extracorporel an artificial heart located outside the body and usually performing pumping and oxygenating functions. fatty h. c. adipeux 1. one that has undergone fatty degeneration. 2. a condition in which fat has accumulated around and in the heart muscle. fibroid h. c. fibroïde one in which fibrous tissue replaces portions of the myocardium, such as may occur in chronic myocarditis. horizontal h. c. horizontal a counterclockwise rotation of the electrical axis (deviation to the left) of the heart. left h. c. gauche the left atrium and ventricle, which propel the blood through the systemic circulation. right h. c. droit the right atrium and ventricle, which propel the venous blood into the pulmonary circulation. stone h. « c. de pierre » massive contraction band necrosis in an irreversibly noncompliant hypertrophied heart, occurring as a complication of cardiac surgery; believed due to low levels of ATP and to calcium overload. three-chambered h. c. triloculaire a developmental anomaly in which the heart is missing the interventricular or interatrial septum and so has only three compartments. water-bottle h. c. en bouteille d’eau a radiographic sign of pericardial effusion, in which the cardiopericardial silhouette is enlarged and assumes the shape of a flask or water bottle.

heartbeat battement cardiaque a complete cardiac cycle, during which the electrical impulse is conducted and mechanical contraction occurs.

heart block bloc cardiaque impairment of conduction of an impulse in heart excitation; often applied specifically to atrioventricular block. For specific types, see under block.

heartburn aigreur d’estomac pyrosis; a retrosternal sensation of burning occurring in waves and rising toward the neck; it may be accompanied by a reflux of fluid into the mouth and is often associated with gastroesophageal reflux.

heart failure insuffisance cardiaque see under failure.

heartworm ver du cœur an individual of the species Dirofilaria immitis.

heat chaleur 1. the sensation of an increase in temperature. 2. the energy producing such a sensation; it exists in the form of molecular or atomic vibration and may be transferred, as a result of a gradient in temperature. Symbol Q or q. 3. chauffer to become, or to cause to become, warmer or hotter. conductive h. c. conductible heat transmitted by direct contact, as with a hot water bottle. convective h. c. de convection heat conveyed by currents of a warm medium, such as air or water. conversive h. c. de conversion heat developed in tissues by resistance to passage of high-energy radiations. prickly h. bourbouille miliaria rubra.

heatstroke coup de chaleur see under stroke.

hebetic adolescent pubertal.

hebetude hébétude dullness; apathy.

hect(o)- hect(o)- word element [Fr.], hundred; used in naming units of measurements to designate an amount 100 times (10²) the size of the unit to which it is joined; symbol h.

hedonism hédonisme 1. pleasure-seeking behavior. 2. the doctrine that regards pleasure and happiness as the highest good. 3. the theory that the attainment of pleasure and the avoidance of pain are the prime motivators of human behavior. Adj.: hedonic.

heel talon calx; the hindmost part of the foot.

height hauteur the vertical measurement of an object or body. h. of contour h. du contour 1. a line encircling a tooth representing its greatest circumference. 2. the line encircling a tooth in a more or less horizontal plane and passing through the surface point of greatest radius. 3. the line encircling a tooth at its greatest bulge or diameter with respect to a selected path of insertion.

helcoid ulcéroïde like an ulcer.

helical hélicoïdal spiral (1).

helicine hélicoïdal spiral (1).

Helicobacter Helicobacter a genus of gramnegative, microaerophilic bacteria of the family Helicobacteraceae; H. cinaedi causes proctitis and colitis in homosexual men and has been implicated in septicemia in neonates and immunocompromised patients; H. pylori causes gastritis and pyloric ulcers and has been implicated in gastric carcinogenesis.

Helicobacteraceae Helicobacteraceae a morphologically, metabolically, and ecologically diverse family of bacteria of the order Campylobacterales.

helicopod hélicopode denoting a peculiar dragging gait; see under gait.

helicotrema hélicotréma a foramen between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli.

heli(o)- heli(o)- word element [Gr.], sun.

helium (He) héliume chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 2. It is obtained from natural gas. Used as a diluent for other gases, particularly with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.

helix pl. helices, helixes [Gr.] 1. hélice spiral (2). 2. hélix the superior and posterior free margin of the pinna of the ear. α-h. alpha h. h. α the structural arrangement of parts of protein molecules in which a single polypeptide chain forms a right-handed helix stabilized by intrachain hydrogen bonds. double h., Watson-Crick h. double hélice the usual configuration of double-stranded DNA in vivo, being two complementary antiparallel polynucleotide chains coiled into a helix, the sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside and the chains held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases.

helminth helminthe a parasitic worm.

helminthagogue anthelminthique anthelmintic (2).

helminthology helminthologie the scientific study of parasitic worms.

heloma callosité corn. h. durum tylosis gompheux hard corn. h. molle œil-de-perdrix soft corn.

hemacytometer hématimètre an apparatus used for making manual blood counts with a counting chamber.

hemadsorption hémadsorption the adherence of red cells to other cells, particles, or surfaces. Adj.: hemadsorbent.

hemagglutination hémagglutination agglutination of erythrocytes.

hemagglutinin hémagglutinine an antibody that causes agglutination of erythrocytes. cold h. agglutinine froide one that acts only at temperatures near 4 ° C. warm h. agglutinine chaude one that acts only at temperatures near 37 ° C.

hemal hémal 1. ventral to the spinal axis, where the heart and great vessels are located, as, e.g., the hemal arches. 2. hemic. 3. pertaining to blood vessels; see vascular.

hemalum hémalun a mixture of hematoxylin and alum used as a nuclear stain.

hemanalysis hémanalyse analysis of the blood.

hemangi(o)- hémangi(o)- word element [Gr.], blood vessels.

hemangioameloblastoma hémangiome améloblastique a highly vascular ameloblastoma.

hemangioblast hémangioblaste a mesodermal cell that gives rise to both vascular endothelium and hemocytoblasts.

hemangioblastoma hémangioblastome a benign blood vessel tumor of the cerebellum, spinal cord, or retina, consisting of proliferated blood vessel cells and angioblasts.

hemangioendothelial hémangioendothélial pertaining to the vascular endothelium.

hemangioendothelioblastoma hémangioendothélioblastome a hemangioendothelioma with embryonic elements of mesenchymal origin.

hemangioendothelioma hémangioendothéliome 1. a true neoplasm of vascular origin, with proliferation of endothelial cells around the vascular lumen. 2. hemangiosarcoma.

hemangioma hémangiome 1. a benign vascular malformation, usually in infants or children, made up of newly formed blood vessels and resulting from malformation of angioblastic tissue of fetal life. 2. a benign or malignant vascular malformation resembling the classic type but occurring at any age. ameloblastic h. h. améloblastique hemangioameloblastoma. capillary h. h. capillaire 1. the most common type, having closely packed aggregations of capillaries, usually of normal caliber, separated by scant connective stroma. 2. strawberry h. cavernous h. angiome caverneux a red-blue spongy tumor with a connective tissue framework enclosing large, cavernous, vascular spaces containing blood. sclerosing h. dermatofibrome a form of benign fibrous histiocytoma having numerous blood vessels and hemosiderin deposits. strawberry h. hémangiome 1. a red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma seen at birth or soon after, usually on the head or neck, that grows rapidly and usually regresses and involutes without scarring. 2. vascular nevus. venous h. angiome veineux a cavernous hemangioma in which the dilated vessels have thick, fibrous walls.

hemangiopericytoma hémangiopéricytome a tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes.

hemangiosarcoma hémangiosarcome a malignant tumor of vascular origin, formed by proliferation of endothelial tissue lining irregular vascular channels.

hemapheresis hémaphérèse apheresis.

hemarthrosis hémarthrose extravasation of blood into a joint or its synovial cavity.

hematemesis hématémèse the vomiting of blood.

hematic anti-anémique 1. hemic. 2. hematinic.

hematidrosis hématidrose excretion of bloody sweat.

hematin hématine 1. the hydroxide of heme; it stimulates the synthesis of globin, inhibits the synthesis of porphyrin, and is a component of cytochromes and peroxidases; it is also used as a reagent. 2. hemin (1).

hematinic 1. hématinique pertaining to hematin. 2. anti-anémique an agent that increases the hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes in the blood.

hematinuria hématurie the presence of hematin in the urine.

hemat(o)- hémat(o)- word element [Gr.], blood. See also words beginning hem- and hemo-.

hematocele hématocèle an effusion of blood into a cavity, especially into the tunica vaginalis testis. parametric h., pelvic h., retrouterine h. h. paramétrique a swelling formed by effusion of blood into the pouch of Douglas.

hematochezia hématochézie defecation in which feces are bloody.

hematochyluria hématochylurie the discharge of blood and chyle with the urine, as seen in filaria infections.

hematocolpometra hématocolpométrie accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina and uterus.

hematocolpos hématocolpos blood in the vagina.

hematocrit hématocrite the volume percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood; also, the apparatus or procedure used in its determination.

hematogenic hémoformateur 1. hematopoietic. 2. hematogenous.

hematogenous hématogène 1. produced by or derived from the blood. 2. disseminated through the blood stream.

hematoidin hématoïdine a hematogenous pigment apparently chemically identical with bilirubin but formed in the tissues from hemoglobin, particularly under conditions of reduced oxygen tension.

hematology hématologie the branch of medical science dealing with the blood and blood-forming tissues, including morphology, physiology, and pathology.

hematolymphangioma hématolymphangiome a benign tumor composed of blood and lymph vessels.

hematolysis hématolyse hemolysis. Adj.: hematolytic.

hematoma hématome a localized collection of extravasated blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue. subdural h. h. sous-dural a massive blood clot beneath the dura mater that causes neurologic symptoms by pressure on the brain.

hematomediastinum hémomédiastin hemomediastinum.

hematometra hématométrie blood in the uterus.

hematometry hématimétrie measurement of various parameters of the blood, such as the complete blood count.

hematomyelia hématomyélie hemorrhage into the spinal cord.

hematomyelitis hématomyélite acute myelitis with bloody effusion into the spinal cord.

hematomyelopore hématomyélopore formation of canals in the spinal cord due to hemorrhage.

hematopathology hématopathologie hemopathology.

hematophagia hématophagie 1. blood drinking. 2. subsisting on blood. Adj.: hematophagous.

hematopoiesis hématopoïèse the formation and development of blood cells. extramedullary h. h. extramédullaire that occurring outside the bone marrow, as seen normally in the fetus.

hematopoietic hématopoïétique 1. pertaining to hematopoiesis. 2. an agent that promotes hematopoiesis.

hematoporphyrin hématoporphyrine an ironfree derivative of heme, a product of the decomposition of hemoglobin.

hematosalpinx hématosalpinx blood in the uterine tube.

hematospermatocele hématospermatocèle a spermatocele containing blood.

hematospermia hématospermie the presence of blood in the semen.

hematosteon hématostéon hemorrhage into the medullary cavity of a bone.

hematotoxic hématotoxique 1. pertaining to blood poisoning. 2. poisonous to the blood and hematopoietic system.

hematotropic hémotrope having a specific affinity for or exerting a specific effect on the blood or blood cells.

hematoxylin hématoxyline an acid coloring matter from the heartwood of the tree Haematoxylon campechianum; used as a histologic stain and also as an indicator.

hematuria hématurie blood (erythrocytes) in the urine. endemic h. h. endémique urinary schistosomiasis. essential h. h. essentielle that for which no cause has been determined. false h. fausse h. pseudohematuria. renal h. h. rénale that in which the blood comes from the kidney. urethral h. h. urétrale that in which the blood comes from the urethra. vesical h. h. vésicale that in which the blood comes from the bladder.

heme hème an iron compound of protoporphyrin which constitutes the pigment portion or protein-free part of the hemoglobin molecule and is responsible for its oxygen-carrying properties.

hemeralopia nyctalopie day blindness; defective vision in bright light.

hemi- hémi- word element [Gr.], half.

hemiachromatopsia hémiachromatopsie color vision deficiency in half, or in corresponding halves, of the visual field.

hemiageusia hémiagueusie ageusia on one side of the tongue.

hemiamyosthenia hémiamyosthénie lack of muscular power on one side of the body.

hemianalgesia hémianalgésie analgesia on one side of the body.

hemianesthesia hémianesthésie anesthesia of one side of the body. crossed h., h. cruciata h. croisée loss of sensation on one side of the face and loss of pain and temperature sense on the opposite side of the body.

hemianopia hémianopsie defective vision or blindness in half of the visual field of one or both eyes; loosely, scotoma in less than half of the visual field of one or both eyes. Adj.: hemianopic. absolute h. h. absolue blindness to light, color, and form in half of the visual field. bilateral h. h. bilatérale hemianopia affecting both eyes. binasal h. h. binasale that in which the defect is in the nasal half of the visual field in each eye. binocular h. h. binoculaire bilateral h. bitemporal h. h. bitemporale that in which the defect is in the temporal half of the visual field in each eye. complete h. h. complète that affecting an entire half of the visual field in each eye. congruous h. h. congruente that in which the defect is approximately the same in each eye. crossed h. h. croisée heteronymous h. heteronymous h. h. hétéronyme that affecting both nasal or both temporal halves of the field of vision. homonymous h. h. homonyme that affecting the nasal half of the field of vision of one eye and the temporal half of the other. nasal h. h. nasale that affecting the medial half of the visual field, i.e., the half nearer the nose. quadrant h., quadrantic h. h. en quadrant quadrantanopia. temporal h. h. temporale that affecting the lateral vertical half of the visual field, i.e., the half nearest the temple.

hemiapraxia hémiapraxie apraxia on one side of the body only.

hemiataxia hémiataxie ataxia on one side of the body.

hemiathetosis hémiathétose athetosis of one side of the body.

hemiatrophy hémiatrophie atrophy of one side of the body or one half of an organ or part.

hemiaxial hémiaxial at any oblique angle to the long axis of the body or a part.

hemiballismus hémiballisme a violent form of dyskinesia involving one side of the body, most marked in the upper limb.

hemibladder hémivessie a half bladder, as in exstrophy of the cloaca; the urinary bladder is formed as two physically separated parts, each with its own ureter.

hemiblock hémibloc failure in conduction of cardiac impulse in either of the two main divisions of the left branch of the bundle of His; the interruption may occur in either the anterior (superior) or posterior division.

hemic hémique pertaining to blood.

hemicardia hémicardie 1. a congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of only one side of a four-chambered heart. 2. either lateral half of a normal heart.

hemicentrum partie latérale d’une vertèbre either lateral half of a vertebral centrum.

hemichorea hémichorée chorea affecting only one side of the body.

hemicrania hémicrânie 1. unilateral headache. 2. incomplete anencephaly. chronic paroxysmal h. h. paroxystique chronique a type of one-sided headache resembling a cluster headache but occurring in paroxysms of half an hour or less, several times a day, sometimes for years.

hemicraniosis hémicrâniose hyperostosis of one side of the cranium and face.

hemidesmosome hémidesmosome a structure representing half of a desmosome, found on the basal surface of some epithelial cells, forming the site of attachment between the basal surface of the cell and the basement membrane.

hemidiaphragm hémidiaphragme one half of the diaphragm.

hemidysesthesia hémidysesthésie dysesthesia on one side of the body.

hemiepilepsy hémiépilepsie epilepsy affecting one side of the body.

hemifacial hémifacial pertaining to or affecting half of the face.

hemigastrectomy hémigastrectomie excision of half of the stomach.

hemigeusia hémigueusie hemiageusia.

hemiglossectomy hémiglossectomie excision of one side of the tongue.

hemiglossitis hémiglossite inflammation of one half of the tongue.

hemihidrosis hémidrose, hémidiaphorèse sweating on one side of the body only.

hemihypalgesia hémihypalgésie diminished sensitivity to pain on one side of the body.

hemihyperesthesia hémihyperesthésie increased sensitiveness of one side of the body.

hemihyperhidrosis hyperhidrose unilatérale excessive perspiration on one side of the body.

hemihypertrophy hémihypertrophie overgrowth of one side of the body or of a part.

hemihypesthesia hémihypoesthésie diminished sensitivity on one side of the body.

hemihypotonia hémihypotonie diminished muscle tone of one side of the body.

hemi-inattention hémi-inattention unilateral neglect.

hemilaminectomy hémilaminectomie removal of a vertebral lamina on one side only.

hemilaryngectomy hémilaryngectomie excision of one lateral half of the larynx.

hemilateral hémilatéral affecting one lateral half of the body only.

hemimelia hémimélie a developmental anomaly characterized by absence of all or part of the distal half of a limb.

hemin hémine 1. a porphyrin chelate of iron, derived from red blood cells; the chloride of heme. It is used to treat the symptoms of various porphyrias. 2. hematin (1).

heminephrectomy héminéphrectomie excision of part (half) of a kidney.

hemiopia hémiopie, hémiopsie hemianopia. Adj.: hemiopic.

hemiparaplegia hémiparaplégie paralysis of the lower half of one side.

hemiparesis hémiparésie paresis affecting one side of the body.

hemiparetic hémiparétique 1. pertaining to hemiparesis. 2. one affected with hemiparesis.

hemiplegia hémiplégie paralysis of one side of the body. Adj.: hemiplegic. alternate h. h. alternée paralysis of one side of the face and the opposite side of the body. cerebral h. h. cérébrale that due to a brain lesion. crossed h. h. croisée alternate h. facial h. h. faciale paralysis of one side of the face. spastic h. h. spastique hemiplegia with spasticity of the affected muscles and increased tendon reflexes. spinal h. h. spinale that due to a lesion of the spinal cord.

Hemiptera Hemiptera an order of insects, winged or wingless, including ordinary bugs and lice, having mouth parts adapted for piercing and sucking.

hemirachischisis hémirachischisis rachischisis without prolapse of the spinal cord.

hemisection 1. hémisection division into two equal parts. 2. hémisection surgical division of a multiple rooted tooth from the crown to the furcation with removal of a root and part of the crown.

hemispasm hémispasme spasm affecting one side only.

hemisphere hémisphère half of a spherical or roughly spherical structure or organ. cerebellar h. h. cérébelleux either of two lobes of the cerebellum lateral to the vermis. cerebral h. h. cérébral one of the paired structures forming the bulk of the human brain, which together comprise the cerebral cortex, centrum semiovale, basal ganglia, and rhinencephalon, and contain the lateral ventricles. dominant h. h. dominant that cerebral hemisphere which is more concerned than the other in the integration of sensations and the control of voluntary functions.

hemispherium hémisphère pl. hemispheria [L.] either cerebral hemisphere.

hemivertebra hémivertèbre 1. a developmental anomaly in which one side of a vertebra is incompletely developed. 2. a vertebra which is incompletely developed on one side.

hemizygosity hémizygotie the state of having only one of a pair of alleles transmitting a specific character, particularly the state of the male for X-linked genes. Adj.: hemizygous.

hem(o)- hém(o)- word element [Gr.], blood. See also words beginning hemato-.

hemoblast hémoblaste blast cell.

Hemoccult Hemoccult® trademark for a guaiac reagent strip test for occult blood.

hemochorial hémochorial denoting a type of placenta in which maternal blood comes in direct contact with the chorion, as in humans.

hemochromatosis hémochromatose abnormal deposition of hemosiderin in the hepatic cells, causing tissue damage; dysfunction of the liver, pancreas, heart, and pituitary; and bronze skin. It is usually an autosomal recessive condition, but is occasionally acquired. Adj.: hemochromatotic.

hemoconcentration hémoconcentration decrease of the fluid content of the blood, with increased concentration of formed elements.

hemoconia hémoconies pl. hemoconiae [L.] small bodies exhibiting brownian movement, observed in blood platelets in darkfield microscopy of a wet film of blood.

hemocyanin hémocyanine a blue coppercontaining respiratory pigment occurring in the blood of mollusks and arthropods.

hemocyte hémocyte blood cell.

hemocytoblast hémocytoblaste blast cell.

hemocytometer hémocytomètre hemacytometer.

hemocytotripsis hémocytotripsie disintegration of blood cells by pressure.

hemodiafiltration hémodiafiltration hemofiltration with a dialytic component, so that blood flow is accelerated.

hemodiagnosis diagnostic hématologique diagnosis by examination of the blood.

hemodialysis épuration extrarénale, hémodialyse removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane while being circulated outside the body; the process involves both diffusion and ultrafiltration.

hemodialyzer hémodialyseur, rein artificiel an apparatus for performing hemodialysis.

hemodilution hémodilution increase in fluid content of blood, resulting in lowered concentration of formed elements.

hemodynamics hémodynamique the study of the movements of blood and of the forces concerned. Adj.: hemodynamic.

hemofiltration hémofiltration removal of waste products from blood by passing it through extracorporeal filters.

hemoflagellate flagellé parasite du sang, hémoflagellé any flagellate protozoan parasite of the blood; the term includes the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania.

hemofuscin hémofuscine a brownish-yellow hematogenous pigment resulting from hemoglobin decomposition, sometimes seen in the urine.

hemoglobin hémoglobine the oxygen-carrying pigment of erythrocytes, formed by developing erythrocytes in the bone marrow; a hemoprotein made up of four different polypeptide globin chains that contain between 141 and 146 amino acids. Hemoglobin A is normal adult hemoglobin and hemoglobin F is fetal hemoglobin. Many abnormal hemoglobins have been reported; the first were given capital letters such as hemoglobin E, H, M, and S, and later ones have been named for the place of discovery. Homozygosity for hemoglobin S results in sickle cell anemia, heterozygosity in sickle cell trait. Symbol Hb. fetal h. h. F that forming more than half of the hemoglobin of the fetus, present in minimal amounts in adults and abnormally elevated in certain blood disorders. mean corpuscular h. (MCH) teneur corpusculaire moyenne en h. the average hemoglobin content of an erythrocyte. muscle h. myohémoglobine myoglobin. reduced h. h. réduite that not combined with oxygen. h. S h. S the most common abnormal hemoglobin, with valine substituted for glutamic acid at position six of the beta chain, resulting in the abnormal erythrocytes called sickle cells, and causing sickle cell anemia.

hemoglobinemia hémoglobinémie excessive hemoglobin in blood plasma.

hemoglobinolysis hémoglobinolyse the splitting up of hemoglobin.

hemoglobinometer hémoglobinomètre an instrument for colorimetric determination of hemoglobin content of blood.

hemoglobinopathy hémoglobinopathie 1. a hematologic disorder due to alteration in the genetically determined molecular structure of hemoglobin, such as sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, or thalassemia. 2. sometimes more specifically, a hemoglobin disorder due to alterations in a globin chain, as opposed to the reduced or absent synthesis of normal chains in thalassemia.

hemoglobinuria hémoglobinurie free hemoglobin in the urine. Adj.: hemoglobinuric. march h. h. d’effort that seen after prolonged exercise. paroxysmal cold h. h. paroxystique a frigore an autoimmune or postviral disease marked by episodes of hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria after exposure to cold, caused by complement-dependent hemolysis due to Donath-Landsteiner antibody. paroxysmal nocturnal h. (PNH) h. paroxystique nocturne a chronic acquired blood cell abnormality with episodes of intravascular hemolysis and venous thrombosis. toxic h. h. toxique that caused by ingestion of a poison.

hemokinesis hémocinèse circulation. Adj.: hemokinetic.

hemolymph hémolymphe 1. blood and lymph. 2. the bloodlike fluid of those invertebrates having open blood-vascular systems.

hemolysin hémolysine a substance that liberates hemoglobin from erythrocytes by interrupting their structural integrity.

hemolysis hémolyse the liberation of hemoglobin, consisting of separation of the hemoglobin from the red cells and its appearance in the plasma. Adj.: hemolytic. immune h. h. immunitaire lysis by complement of erythrocytes sensitized as a consequence of interaction with specific antibody to the erythrocytes.

hemolyze hémolyser 1. to subject to hemolysis. 2. to undergo hemolysis.

hemomediastinum hémomédiastin an effusion of blood into the mediastinum.

hemometra hémométrie hematometra.

hemopathology hémopathologie the study of diseases of the blood.

hemopathy hémopathie any disease of the blood. Adj.: hemopathic.

hemoperfusion hémoperfusion the passing of large volumes of blood over an extracorporeal adsorbent substance in order to remove toxic substances.

hemopericardium hémopéricarde an effusion of blood within the pericardium.

hemopexin hémopexine a heme-binding serum glycoprotein.

hemophagocyte hémophagocyte a phagocyte that destroys blood cells.

hemophil hémophile 1. an organism thriving on blood. 2. a microorganism which grows best in media containing hemoglobin.

hemophilia hémophilie a hereditary hemorrhagic diathesis due to deficiency of a blood coagulation factor. h. A h. A classical h.; an X-linked recessive form due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII. h. B h. B Christmas disease; an Xlinked recessive form due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. h. C h. C factor XI deficiency. classical h. h. « classique » h. A. vascular h. h. vasculaire von Willebrand disease.

hemophilic hémophile 1. having an affinity for blood; in bacteriology, growing well in culture media containing blood or having a nutritional affinity for constituents of fresh blood. 2. pertaining to or characterized by hemophilia.

hemophobia hémophobie irrational fear of blood.

hemoplastic hémoplastique hematopoietic.

hemopneumopericardium hémo-pneumopéricarde pneumohemopericardium.

hemopneumothorax hémopneumothorax pneumothorax with hemorrhagic effusion.

hemoprecipitin hémoprécipitine a blood precipitin.

hemoprotein hémoprotéine a conjugated protein containing heme as the prosthetic group, such as catalase, cytochrome, hemoglobin, or myoglobin.

hemopsonin hémopsonine an opsonin making erythrocytes more liable to phagocytosis.

hemoptysis hémoptysie the spitting of blood or of blood-stained sputum. parasitic h. h. parasitaire lung infection with flukes of genus Paragonimus, with cough, spitting of blood, and slow deterioration.

hemorheology hémorhéologie the study of deformation and flow properties of cellular and plasmatic components of blood and the rheological properties of vessel structures it comes in contact with.

hemorrhage hémorragie the escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Adj.: hemorrhagic. capillary h. h. capillaire the oozing of blood from the minute vessels. cerebral h. h. cérébrale hemorrhage into the cerebrum; see stroke syndrome. concealed h. h. dissimulée internal h. Duret h’s hémorragies de Duret small, linear hemorrhages in the midline of the brainstem and upper pons caused by traumatic downward displacement of the brainstem. fibrinolytic h. h. fibrinolytique that due to abnormalities of fibrinolysis. internal h. h. interne that in which the extravasated blood remains within the body. intracranial h. h. intracrânienne bleeding within the cranium, which may be extradural, subdural, subarachnoid, or cerebral (parenchymatous); all types can cause brain damage because of increased intracranial pressure. petechial h. h. pétéchiale the tiny capillary hemorrhage that causes a petechia. splinter h. hématome sous-unguéal a linear hemorrhage beneath the nail.

hemorrhagin hémorragine a cytolysin in certain venoms and poisons which is destructive to endothelial cells and blood vessels.

hemorrhoid hémorroïde prolapse of an anal cushion, resulting in bleeding and painful swelling in the anal canal. Adj.: hemorrhoidal. external h. h. externe one distal to the pectinate line, covered with modified anal skin. internal h. h. interne one originating above the pectinate line, covered by mucous membrane. mixed h. h. mixte prolapse of an anal cushion on both sides of the pectinate line, forming an external and an internal hemorrhoid in continuity. prolapsed h. h. prolabée an internal hemorrhoid that has descended below the pectinate line and protruded outside the anal sphincter. strangulated h. h. étranglée a prolapsed hemorrhoid whose blood supply has become occluded by constriction of the anal sphincter. thrombosed h. h. thrombosée one containing clotted blood.

hemorrhoidectomy hémorrhoïdectomie excision of hemorrhoids.

hemosiderin hémosidérine an insoluble form of tissue storage iron, visible microscopically both with and without the use of special stains.

hemosiderinuria hémosidérinurie hemosiderin in the urine, as in hemochromatosis.

hemosiderosis hémosidérose a focal or general increase in tissue iron stores without associated tissue damage. pulmonary h. h. pulmonaire the deposition of abnormal amounts of hemosiderin in the lungs, due to bleeding into the lung interstitium.

hemostasis hémostase 1. the arrest of bleeding by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means. 2. interruption of blood flow through any vessel or to any anatomical area.

hemostat hémostat 1. a small surgical clamp for constricting blood vessels. 2. an antihemorrhagic agent.

hemostatic hémostatique 1. causing hemostasis, or an agent that so acts. 2. due to or characterized by stasis of the blood.

hemothorax hémothorax a pleural effusion containing blood.

hemotoxic hémotoxique hematotoxic.

hemotoxin hémotoxine an exotoxin characterized by hemolytic activity.

henry (H) henry the SI unit of electric inductance, equivalent to one weber per ampere.

HEP PHE hepatoerythropoietic porphyria.

Hepadnaviridae Hepadnaviridae the hepatitis B-like viruses: a family of DNA viruses causing infection and associated with chronic disease and neoplasia.

hepar hepar [Gr.] liver.

heparan sulfate sulfate d’héparane a glycosaminoglycan occurring in the cell membrane of most cells, consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit of glucosamine and uronic acid residues, which may be acetylated and sulfated; it accumulates in several mucopolysaccharidoses.

heparin héparine a sulfated glycosaminoglycan of mixed composition, released by mast cells and by blood basophils in many tissues, especially the liver and lungs, and having potent anticoagulant properties. It also has lipotrophic properties, promoting transfer of fat from blood to the fat depots by activation of lipoprotein lipase. It is used as the calcium or sodium salt in the prophylaxis and treatment of disorders in which there is excessive or undesirable clotting and to prevent clotting during extracorporeal circulation, blood transfusion, and blood sampling.

heparinize hépariniser to render blood incoagulable with heparin.

hepatatrophia hépatatrophie atrophy of the liver.

hepatic hépatique pertaining to the liver.

hepatic(o)- hépatic(o)- word element [Gr.], hepatic duct.

hepaticoduodenostomy hépaticoduodénostomie anastomosis of the hepatic duct to the duodenum.

hepaticogastrostomy hépaticogastrostomie anastomosis of the hepatic duct to the stomach.

hepaticolithotomy hépaticolithotomie incision of the hepatic duct, with removal of calculi.

hepaticostomy hépaticostomie fistulization of the hepatic duct.

hepatic phosphorylase phosphorylase hépatique the liver isozyme of glycogen phosphorylase; deficiency causes glycogen storage disease, type VI.

hepatitis hépatite pl. hepatitides Inflammation of the liver. h. A h. A a self-limited viral disease of worldwide distribution, usually transmitted by oral ingestion of infected material but sometimes transmitted parenterally; most cases are clinically inapparent or have mild flu-like symptoms; any jaundice is mild. anicteric h. h. anictérique viral hepatitis without jaundice. h. B h. B an acute viral disease transmitted mainly parenterally (sometimes orally) by intimate personal contact, or from mother to neonate. Prodromal symptoms of fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting decline with onset of clinical jaundice, angioedema, urticarial skin lesions, and arthritis. After 3 to 4 months most patients recover completely, but some may become carriers or remain ill chronically. h. C h. C a viral disease caused by the hepatitis C virus, commonly occurring after transfusion or parenteral drug abuse; it frequently progresses to a chronic form that is usually asymptomatic but that may involve cirrhosis. cholangiolitic h. h. cholangiolitique cholestatic h. (1). cholestatic h. choléstatique 1. inflammation of the bile ducts of the liver associated with obstructive jaundice. 2. hepatic inflammation and cholestasis resulting from reaction to drugs such as estrogens or chlorpromazines. h. D, delta h. h. D infection with hepatitis D virus, occurring either simultaneously with or as a superinfection in hepatitis B, whose severity it may increase. h. E h. E a type transmitted by the oral-fecal route, usually via contaminated water; chronic infection does not occur but acute infection may be fatal in pregnant women. enterically transmitted non-A, non-B h. (ET-NANB) h. E. h. E. h. G h. G a posttransfusion disease caused by hepatitis G virus, ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant hepatitis. infectious h. h. A h. A. lupoid h. h. lupoïde chronic active hepatitis with autoimmune manifestations. neonatal h. h. néonatale a type with uncertain etiology, occurring soon after birth, marked by prolonged persistent jaundice that may progress to cirrhosis. non-A, non-B h. h. non-A, non-B acute viral hepatitis without the serologic markers of hepatitis A or B; usually hepatitis C or hepatitis E. posttransfusion h. h. post-transfusionnelle viral hepatitis, now usually hepatitis C, transmitted via transfusion of blood or blood products, especially multiple pooled donor products such as clotting factor concentrates. serum h. h. B h. B. transfusion h. h. transfusionnelle posttransfusion h. viral h. h. virale h. A, h. B, h. C, h. D, and h. E.

hepatization hépatisation consolidation of tissue into a liverlike mass, as in the lung in lobar pneumonia. The early stage, in which pulmonary exudate is blood stained, is called red h. The later stage, in which red cells disintegrate and a fibrinosuppurative exudate persists, is called gray h.

hepat(o)- hépat(o)- word element [Gr.], liver.

hepatoblastoma hépatoblastome a malignant intrahepatic tumor consisting chiefly of embryonic tissue, occurring in infants and young children.

hepatocarcinoma hépatocarcinome hepatocellular carcinoma.

hepatocele hépatocèle hernia of the liver.

hepatocellular hépatocellulaire pertaining to or affecting liver cells.

hepatocholangiocarcinoma hépatocholangiocarcinome cholangiohepatoma.

hepatocyte hépatocyte a hepatic cell.

hepatogastric hépatogastrique pertaining to the liver and stomach.

hepatogenic hépatogène 1. giving rise to or forming liver tissue. 2. originating in the liver.

hepatogenous hépatogène hepatogenic.

hepatogram hépatogramme a radiograph of the liver.

hepatoid hépatoïde resembling the liver.

hepatojugular hépatojugulaire pertaining to the liver and jugular vein; see under reflux.

hepatolith hépatolithe a calculus in the liver.

hepatolithiasis hépatolithiase formation or presence of calculi in the liver.

hepatology hépatologie the scientific study of the liver and its diseases.

hepatolysin hépatolysine a cytolysin destructive to liver cells.

hepatolysis hépatolyse destruction of the liver cells. Adj.: hepatolytic.

hepatoma hépatome 1. a tumor of the liver. 2. hepatocellular carcinoma (malignant h.).

hepatomegaly hépatomégalie enlargement of the liver.

hepatomelanosis hépatomélanose melanosis of the liver.

hepatomphalocele hépatomphalocèle umbilical hernia with liver involvement in the hernial sac.

hepatopexy hépatopexie surgical fixation of a displaced liver.

hepatopneumonic hépatopneumonique pertaining to, affecting, or communicating with the liver and lungs.

hepatoportal hépatoporte pertaining to the portal system of the liver.

hepatorenal hépatorénal pertaining to the liver and kidneys.

hepatorrhexis hépatorrhexie rupture of the liver.

hepatosis hépatose any functional disorder of the liver. serous h. h. séreuse veno-occlusive disease of the liver.

hepatosplenitis hépatosplénite inflammation of the liver and spleen.

hepatosplenomegaly hépatosplénomégalie enlargement of the liver and spleen.

hepatotoxin hépatotoxine a toxin that destroys liver cells. Adj.: hepatotoxic.

hept(a)- hept(a)- word element [Gr.], seven.

heptachromic heptachromique 1. pertaining to or exhibiting seven colors. 2. able to distinguish all seven colors of the spectrum.

-heptaene -heptène a suffix denoting a chemical compound in which there are seven conjugated double bonds.

heptanoate heptanoate enanthate.

heptose heptose a sugar whose molecule contains seven carbon atoms.

herb herbe any leafy plant without a woody stem, especially one used medicinally or as a flavoring. Adj.: herbal.

herbalism herboristerie the medical use of preparations containing only plant material.

herbivorous herbivore subsisting upon plants.

hereditary héréditaire genetically transmitted from parent to offspring.

heredity hérédité the genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.

heritability héritabilité 1. the capacity to be inherited. 2. a measure of the extent to which a phenotype is influenced by the genotype. Adj.: heritable.

hermaphrodite hermaphrodite an individual with hermaphroditism.

hermaphroditism hermaphrodisme presence in an individual of both ovarian and testicular tissues and of ambiguous morphologic criteria of sex; see also pseudohermaphroditism. Adj.: hermaphroditic. bilateral h. h. bilatéral that in which gonadal tissue typical of both sexes occurs on each side of the body. false h. faux h. pseudohermaphroditism. lateral h. h. latéral presence of gonadal tissue typical of one sex on one side of the body and tissue typical of the other sex on the opposite side. transverse h. h. transversal that in which the external genital organs are typical of one sex and the gonads typical of the other sex. true h. h. vrai see hermaphroditism.

hermetic hermétique impervious to air.

hernia hernie [L.] protrusion of a portion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. Adj.: hernial. abdominal h. h. abdominale one through the abdominal wall, either a congenital defect or a complication of pregnancy or a surgical incision. Barth h. h. de Barth one between the serosa of the abdominal wall and that of a persistent vitelline duct. Béclard h. h. de Béclard femoral hernia at the saphenous opening. Bochdalek h. h. de Bochdalek congenital diaphragmatic hernia through the pleuroperitoneal hiatus. cerebral h. h. cérébrale protrusion of brain substance through the cranium. Cloquet h. h. de Cloquet pectineal h. complete h. h. complète one in which the sac and its contents have passed through the hernial orifice. congenital diaphragmatic h. h. congénitale one due to failure of a foramen in the fetal diaphragm to close when the infant is born; abdominal viscera in the thoracic cavity may cause fatal respiratory failure. diaphragmatic h. h. diaphragmatique hernia through the diaphragm. diverticular h. h. diverticulaire protrusion of a congenital diverticulum of the intestine. epigastric h. h. épigastrique a hernia through the linea alba above the navel. extrasaccular h. h. extrasacculaire sliding h. fat h. h. grasse hernial protrusion of peritoneal fat through the abdominal wall. femoral h. h. crurale protrusion of a loop of intestine into the femoral canal. gastroesophageal h. h. gastro-œsophagienne paraesophageal h. Hesselbach h. h. de Hesselbach femoral hernia with a pouch through the cribriform fascia. hiatal h., hiatus h. h. hiatale protrusion of any structure through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Holthouse h. h. de Holthouse an inguinal hernia that has turned outward into the groin. incarcerated h. h. incarcérée a hernia so occluded that it cannot be returned by manipulation; it may or may not be strangulated. incisional h. h. incisionnelle one through an old abdominal incision. inguinal h. h. inguinale hernia into the inguinal canal. intermuscular h., interparietal h., h. intermusculaire an interstitial hernia lying between one or another of the fascial or muscular planes of the abdomen. interstitial h. h. interstitielle one in which a knuckle of intestine lies between two layers of the abdominal wall. intra-abdominal h. h. intraabdominale congenital malpositioning of the intestine within the abdomen, with a portion of it protruding through a defect in the peritoneum or being trapped in a sac of peritoneum. ischiatic h. h. ischiatique sciatic h. labial h. h. labiale one into a labium majus. mesocolic h. h. mésocolique paraduodenal h. obturator h. h. obturatrice one protruding through the obturator foramen. omental h. h. épiploïque an abdominal hernia containing omentum. ovarian h. h. ovarienne hernial protrusion of an ovary. paraduodenal h. h. paraduodénale an intraabdominal hernia in which the small intestine rotates incompletely during development and becomes trapped in the mesentery of the colon. paraesophageal h. h. para-œsophagienne hiatal hernia in which the esophagogastric junction is in place and a small or large part of the stomach protrudes into the thorax. pectineal h. h. pectinéale a femoral hernia that enters the femoral canal and then perforates the aponeurosis of the pectineus muscle. perineal h. h. périnéale herniation of intestine into the perineum through a fissure in the levator muscle and its fascia. preperitoneal h., properitoneal h. h. prépéritonéale an interstitial hernia lying between the parietal peritoneum and the transverse fascia. reducible h. h. réductible one that can be returned by manipulation. retrograde h. h. rétrograde herniation of two loops of intestine, with the part between them being within the abdominal wall. Richter h. h. de Richter incarcerated or strangulated hernia in which only part of the circumference of the bowel wall is involved. sciatic h. h. sciatique herniation of intestine through the greater or lesser sciatic foramen. scrotal h. h. scrotale inguinal hernia that has passed into the scrotum. sliding h. h. par glissement hernia of the cecum (on the right) or the sigmoid colon (on the left) in which the intestinal wall forms part of the hernial sac and the rest of the sac is formed by parietal peritoneum. sliding hiatal h. h. par glissement hiatal hernia with the upper stomach and the esophagogastric junction protruding into the posterior mediastinum; the protrusion may be fixed or intermittent and is partially covered by a peritoneal sac. strangulated h. h. étranglée incarcerated hernia so tightly constricted as to compromise the blood supply of the hernial sac, leading to gangrene of the sac and its contents. synovial h. h. synoviale protrusion of the inner lining membrane through the fibrous membrane of an articular capsule. umbilical h. hernie ombilicale an abdominal hernia with intestine inside the umbilicus and the body wall defect and protruding intestine covered by skin and subcutaneous tissue. h. uteri inguinalis h. « uteri inguinalis » see persistent müllerian duct syndrome, under syndrome. vaginal h. h. vaginale vaginocele; a hernia into the vagina. ventral h. h. ventrale abdominal h.

herniated hernié protruding like a hernia; enclosed in a hernia.

herniation hernie abnormal protrusion of an organ or other body structure through a defect or natural opening in a covering, membrane, muscle, or bone. h. of intervertebral disk h. du disque intervertébral herniated disk; protrusion of the nucleus pulposus or anulus fibrosus of the disk, which may impinge on nerve roots. h. of nucleus pulposus h. du nucleus pulposus see h. of intervertebral disk. tentorial h., transtentorial h. h. tentorielle protrusion of brain structures through the tentorial notch; downward displacement (descending transtentorial h.) from a supratentorial mass is more common. Ascending transtentorial h. is when the cerebellum or nearby structures protrude upwards.

hernioplasty hernioplastie surgical repair of a hernia; sometimes specifically that using a mesh patch or plug for reinforcement. Cf. herniorrhaphy.

herniorrhaphy herniorrhaphie surgical repair of a hernia, sometimes specifically by apposition and suturing of the edges of the defect. Cf. hernioplasty.

herniotomy herniotomie incision of a hernia for repair.

heroin héroïne diacetylmorphine; a highly addictive morphine derivative; the importation of heroin and its salts into the United States, as well as its use in medicine, is illegal.

herpangina herpangine herpes angina; an infectious febrile disease due to a coxsackievirus, marked by vesicular or ulcerated lesions on the fauces or soft palate.

herpes herpès simplex any inflammatory skin disease marked by the formation of small vesicles in clusters; the term is usually restricted to such diseases caused by herpesviruses and is used alone to refer to h. simplex or to h. zoster. h. febrilis h. labial herpes simplex caused by human herpesvirus 1, and primarily spread by oral secretions; it usually occurs as a concomitant of fever, and commonly involves the facial region, especially the vermilion border of the lips (h. labialis) and the nares; the vesicular lesions are self-limited. Called also cold sore and fever blister. genital h., h. genitalis h. génital herpes simplex in the genital region; it is due to human herpesvirus 2 and is transmitted primarily sexually via genital secretions, and contact with viroids. Although symptoms in the female are more severe than in the male, the vesicular lesions are self-limited. Genital herpes at term in the pregnant female can lead to potentially fatal infection of the neonate. h. gestationis h. gestationis a rare, self-limited, intensely pruritic, blistering skin disorder seen in pregnant women during the second and third trimesters and often recurring in subsequent pregnancies, resembling cutaneous herpes but not due to a herpesvirus; it may be an autoimmune disease. h. labialis h. labial h. febrilis affecting the vermilion border of the lips. h. simplex herpès a group of acute infections caused by human herpesviruses 1 and 2, characterized by small fluid-filled vesicles on the skin or a mucous membrane with a raised erythematous base; it may be a primary infection or recurrent because of reactivation of a latent infection. Type 1 herpesvirus infections usually involve nongenital regions of the body, whereas type 2 infections are primarily on or around the genitals, although there is overlap between the two types. Precipitating factors include fever, exposure to cold temperature or ultraviolet rays, sunburn, cutaneous or mucosal abrasions, emotional stress, and nerve injury. h. zoster zona shingles; an acute, unilateral, self-limited inflammatory disease of cerebral ganglia and the ganglia of posterior nerve roots and peripheral nerves in a segmented distribution, believed to represent activation of latent human herpesvirus 3 in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of chickenpox, and characterized by groups of small vesicles in the cutaneous areas along the course of affected nerves, and associated with neuralgic pain. h.zoster ophthalmicus zona ophtalmique herpes zoster involving the ophthalmic nerve, with a vesicular erythematous rash along the nerve path (forehead, eyelid, and cornea) preceded by lancinating pain; there is iridocyclitis, and corneal involvement may lead to keratitis and corneal anesthesia. h. zoster oticus zona otitique Ramsay Hunt syndrome (1).

herpesvirus herpèsvirus any of a group of _DNA viruses that includes the etiologic agents of herpes simplex, herpes zoster, chickenpox, infectious mononucleosis, and cytomegalic inclusion disease in humans, and of pseudorabies and other animal diseases. See accompanying table.

herpetic herpétique pertaining to or of the nature of herpes; relating to or caused by herpesviruses.

hersage hersage [Fr.] surgical separation of the fibers in a scarred area of a peripheral nerve.

hertz (Hz) hertz the SI unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second.

hesperidin hespéridine a bioflavonoid predominant in lemons and oranges.

hetastarch héta-amidon an esterified amylopectin-containing starch, used as a plasma volume expander, administered by infusion.

heterecious hétéroïque parasitic on different hosts in various stages of its existence.

heteresthesia hétéresthésie variation of cutaneous sensibility on adjoining areas.

heterergic hétérergique having different effects; said of two drugs one of which produces a particular effect and the other does not.

heter(o)- hétér(o)- word element [Gr.], other; dissimilar.

heteroagglutination hétéroagglutination agglutination of particulate antigens of one species by agglutinins derived from another species.

heteroantibody hétéroanticorps an antibody combining with antigens originating from a species foreign to the antibody producer.

heteroantigen hétéroantigène an antigen originating from a species foreign to the antibody producer.

heteroblastic hétéroblastique originating in a different kind of tissue.

heterocellular hétérocellulaire composed of cells of different kinds.

heterochromatin hétérochromatine the form of chromatin that is dark-staining, genetically inactive, and tightly coiled; it can be constitutive or facultative.

heterochromia hétérochromie diversity of color in a part normally of one color. Adj.: heterochromic. iris h. h. de l’iris difference of color in the two irides (h. iridum), or in different areas in the same iris (h. iridis).

heterocladic hétérocladique pertaining to or characterized by an anastomosis between terminal branches from different arteries.

heteroclitic hétéroclitique irregular; said of a kind of antibody (see under antibody).

heterocrine hétérocrine secreting more than one kind of matter.

heterocyclic hétérocyclique having a closed chain or ring formation including atoms of different elements.

heterocytotropic hétérocytotrope having an affinity for cells from different species.

heterodermic hétérodermique denoting a skin graft from an individual of another species.

heterodont hétérodonte having teeth of different shapes, as molars, incisors, etc.

heterodromous hétérodrome moving, acting, or arranged in the opposite direction.

heteroeroticism hétéroérotisme 1. sexual feeling directed toward someone of the opposite sex. 2. alloeroticism (1). 3. a stage in which the erotic energy is directed toward objects other than oneself, specifically to those of the opposite sex. Adj.: heteroerotic.

heterogamety hétérogamétie the production of unlike gametes by an individual of one sex, as the production of X- and Y-bearing gametes by the human male. Adj.: heterogametic.

heterogamy hétérogamie 1. reproduction resulting from the union of two dissimilar gametes, particularly in higher organisms. 2. alternation of generations in which the two types of sexual reproduction alternate, as bisexual and parthenogenetic. Adj.: heterogamous.

heterogeneity hétérogénéité the state or quality of being heterogeneous. genetic h. h. génétique the production of identical or similar phenotypes by more than one mutation; either by different mutant alleles at the same locus (allelic h.) or by mutations at two or more loci (locus h.).

heterogeneous hétérogène 1. not of uniform composition, quality, or structure. 2. in genetics, pertaining to a phenotype that can be produced by different mutations.

heterogenous hétérogène 1. xenogeneic. 2. heterogeneous.

heterogeusia hétérogueusie any parageusia in which all gustatory stimuli are distorted in a similar way.

heterograft hétérogreffe xenograft.

heterohemagglutination hétéroagglutination agglutination of erythrocytes of one species by a hemagglutinin derived from an individual of a different species.

heterohemolysin hétérohémolysine a hemolysin which destroys red blood cells of animals of species other than that of the animal in which it is formed; it may occur naturally or be induced by immunization.

heteroimmunity hétéro-immunité 1. an immune state induced in an individual by immunization with cells of an animal of another species. 2. a state in which an immune response to exogenous antigen (e.g., drugs or pathogens) results in immunopathological changes. Adj.: heteroimmune.

heterokeratoplasty hétérokératoplastie grafting of corneal tissue taken from an individual of another species.

heterologous hétérologue 1. made up of tissue not normal to the part. 2. xenogeneic.

heterolysis hétérolyse lysis of the cells of one species by lysin from a different species. Adj.: heterolytic.

heteromeric hétéromère sending processes through one of the commissures to the white matter of the opposite side of the spinal cord; said of neurons.

heterometaplasia hétérométaplasie formation of tissue foreign to the part where it is formed.

heterometric hétérométrique involving or dependent on a change in size; cf. homeometric.

heterometropia hétérométropie the state in which the refraction in the two eyes differs.

heteromorphic hétéromorphe [hetero- + − morph + − ic] 1. of abnormal shape or structure. 2. morphologically dissimilar

heteromorphosis hétéromorphose the development, particularly through regeneration, of an organ or structure inappropriate to the location.

heteronomous hétéronome 1. in biology, subject to different laws of growth; specialized along different lines. 2. in psychology, subject to another’s will.

heteronymous hétéronyme standing in opposite relations.

hetero-osteoplasty hétéro-ostéoplastie osteoplasty with bone taken from an individual of another species.

heterophagy hétérophagie the taking into a cell of exogenous material by phagocytosis or pinocytosis and the digestion of the ingested material after fusion of the newly formed vacuole with a lysosome.

heterophil hétérophile 1. a granular leukocyte represented by neutrophils in humans, but characterized in other mammals by granules which have variable sizes and staining characteristics. 2. heterophilic.

heterophilic hétérophile 1. having affinity for antigens or antibodies other than the one for which it is specific. 2. staining with a type of stain other than the usual one.

heterophoria hétérophorie failure of the visual axes to remain parallel after elimination of visual fusional stimuli. Adj.: heterophoric.

heterophthalmia hétérophtalmie difference in the direction of the visual axes, or in the color, of the two eyes.

Heterophyes Heterophyes a genus of minute trematode worms parasitic in the intestine of fish-eating mammals.

heteroplasia hétéroplastie replacement of normal by abnormal tissue; malposition of normal cells. Adj.: heteroplastic. progressive osseous h. h. osseuse progressive osteoma cutis.

heteroploidy hétéroploïdie the state of having an abnormal number of chromosomes.

heteropsia hétéropsie unequal vision in the two eyes.

heterosexual hétérosexuel 1. pertaining to, characteristic of, or directed toward the opposite sex. 2. one who is sexually attracted to persons of the opposite sex.

heterosis hétérose the existence, in a first generation hybrid, of greater vigor than is shown by either parent strain.

heterosporous hétérospore having two kinds of spores, which reproduce asexually.

heterosuggestion hétérosuggestion suggestion received from another person, as opposed to autosuggestion.

heterotonia hétérotonie a state characterized by variations in tension or tone. Adj.: heterotonic.

heterotopia hétérotopie displacement or misplacement of parts; the presence of a tissue in an abnormal location. Adj.: heterotopic.

heterotransplantation hétérotransplantation xenogeneic transplantation.

heterotrophic hétérotrophe not self-sustaining; said of microorganisms requiring a reduced form of carbon for energy and synthesis.

heterotropia hétérotropie strabismus.

heterotypic hétérotypique pertaining to, characteristic of, or belonging to a different type.

heterotypical hétérotypique heterotypic.

heteroxenous hétéroxène requiring more than one host to complete the life cycle.

heterozygosity hétérozygotie the state of possessing pairs of different alleles at one or more loci. Adj.: heterozygous.

heterozygote hétérozygote an individual exhibiting heterozygosity. manifesting h. h. symptomatique a female heterozygous for an X-linked disorder in whom, because of unfavorable X inactivation, the trait is expressed clinically with the same severity as in hemizygous affected males.

heuristic heuristique encouraging or promoting investigation; conducive to discovery.

hex(a)- hex(a)- word element [Gr.], six.

hexachlorophene hexachlorophène an antibacterial effective against gram-positive organisms; used as a local antiseptic and detergent for application to the skin.

hexad 1. hexade a group or combination of six similar or related entities. 2. hexavalent an element with a valence of six.

hexadactyly hexadactylie the occurrence of six digits on one hand or foot.

hexane hexane a saturated hydrogen obtained by distillation from petroleum.

hexokinase hexokinase an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a high-energy phosphate group to a hexose, the initial step in the cellular utilization of free hexoses. The enzyme occurs in all tissues as various isozymes with varying specificities; the liver isozyme (type IV) is specific for glucose and is often called glucokinase.

hexosamine hexosamine any of a class of hexoses in which the hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino group.

hexosaminidase hexosaminidase 1. any of the enzymes that cleave hexosamines or acetylated hexosamines from gangliosides or other glycosides. 2. a specific hexosaminidase acting on keratan sulfate and ganglioside GM₂ and related compounds; occurring in several isoforms.

hexose hexose a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms in a molecule.

hexuronic acid acide hexuronique any uronic acid formed by oxidation of a hexose.

hexylresorcinol hexylrésorcinol a substituted phenol with bactericidal properties used as an antiseptic in mouthwashes and skin wound cleansers.

HF HF Hageman factor (coagulation factor XII).

Hf Hf hafnium.

Hg Hg mercury (L. hydrargyrum).

Hgb Hgb hemoglobin.

HGH hGH hGH human growth hormone.

HHS HHS Department of Health and Human Services.

hiatus hiatus [L.] an opening, gap, or cleft. Adj.: hiatal. aortic h. h. aortique the opening in the diaphragm through which the aorta and thoracic duct pass. esophageal h. h. œsophagien the opening in the diaphragm for the passage of the esophagus and the vagus nerves. pleuroperitoneal h. h. pleuropéritonéal foramen of Bochdalek; a posterolateral opening in the fetal diaphragm; its failure to close leaves a congenital posterolateral defect that may become a site for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. saphenous h. h. saphène the depression in the fascia lata bridged by the cribriform fascia and perforated by the great saphenous vein. semilunar h. h. semilunaire the groove in the ethmoid bone through which the anterior ethmoidal air cells, the maxillary sinus, and sometimes the frontonasal duct drain via the ethmoid infundibulum. vena caval h. h. de la veine cave foramen venae cavae.

hibernation hibernation 1. the dormant state in which certain animals pass the winter, marked by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolism. 2. an analogous temporary reduction in function, such as of an organ. artificial h. h. artificielle a state of reduced metabolism, muscle relaxation, and a twilight sleep resembling narcosis, produced by controlled inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system and causing attenuation of the homeostatic reactions of the organism. myocardial h. h. myocardique chronic but potentially reversible cardiac dysfunction caused by chronic myocardial ischemia, persisting at least until blood flow is restored.

hibernoma hibernome a rare benign lipoma of soft tissue arising from vestiges of brown fat resembling that in hibernating animals; it is a small, lobulated, nontender lesion usually on the mediastinum or intrascapular region.

hiccup hoquet sharp sound of inhalation with spasm of the glottis and diaphragm.

hidradenitis hidradénite inflammation of the sweat glands. h. suppurativa h. suppurative a severe, chronic, recurrent suppurative infection of the apocrine sweat glands.

hidradenocarcinoma carcinome annexiel a type of adnexal carcinoma arising in a sweat gland.

hidradenoid hidradénoïde resembling a sweat gland; having components resembling elements of a sweat gland.

hidradenoma hidradénome a benign adnexal tumor originating in sweat gland epithelium; subtypes are named according to histologic pattern.

hidr(o)- hidr(o)- word element [Gr.], sweat.

hidroacanthoma hidroacanthome a type of adenoma of an eccrine gland.

hidrocystoma hidrocystome a retention cyst of a sweat gland.

hidrotic hidrotique 1. sudoriparous. 2. diaphoretic.

high-grade haut grade (de) occurring near the high end of a range, as of a malignancy.

hillock monticule a small prominence or elevation.

hilum hile pl. hila [L.] a depression or pit on an organ, giving entrance and exit to vessels and nerves. Adj.: hilar.

hilus hilus pl. hili [L.] hilum.

hindbrain cerveau postérieur rhombencephalon.

hindfoot arrière-pied the back of the foot, comprising the region of the talus and calcaneus.

hindgut intestin postérieur the embryonic structure from which the caudal intestine, chiefly the colon, is formed.

hip hanche coxa; the region of the body around the joint between the femur and pelvis. snapping h. h. à ressort slipping of the hip joint, sometimes with an audible snap, due to slipping of a tendinous band over the greater trochanter.

hippocampus hippocampe [L.] a curved elevation in the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle; a functional component of the limbic system, its efferent projections form the fornix. Adj.: hippocampal.

Hippocrates Hippocrate the Greek physician (5th century b.c.) regarded as the “Father of Medicine.” Many of his writings and those of his school have survived, among which appears the Hippocratic Oath, the ethical guide of the medical profession. Adj.: hippocratic.

hippuric acid acide hippurique C₆H₅·CO·NH·CH₂·COOH, formed by conjugation of benzoic acid and glycine.

hippus hippus abnormal exaggeration of the rhythmic contraction and dilation of the pupil, independent of changes in illumination or in fixation of the eyes.

hirci hirci sing. hircus [L.] the hairs growing in the axilla.

hirsutism hirsutisme abnormal hairiness, especially in women.

hirudicide hirudicide an agent that is destructive to leeches. Adj.: hirudicidal.

hirudin hirudine the active principle of the buccal secretion of leeches; it prevents coagulation by acting as an antithrombin.

Hirudinea Hirudinées a class of annelids, the leeches.

Hirudo Hirudo [L.] a genus of leeches, including H. medicinalis, which have been used extensively for drawing blood.

histamine histamine an amine, C₅H₉N₃, produced by decarboxylation of histidine, found in all body tissues. It induces capillary dilation, which increases capillary permeability and lowers blood pressure; contraction of most smooth muscle tissue; increased gastric acid secretion; and acceleration of the heart rate. It is also a mediator of immediate hypersensitivity. There are three types of cellular receptors of histamine. H₁ receptors mediate contraction of smooth muscle and capillary dilation and H₂ receptors mediate acceleration of heart rate and promotion of gastric acid secretion. Both H₁ and H₂ receptors mediate the contraction of vascular smooth muscle. H₃ receptors are believed to play a role in regulation of the release of histamine and other neurotransmitters from neurons. Histamine is used as an aid in the diagnosis of asthma and a positive control in skin testing. Adj.: histaminic.

histaminergic histaminergique pertaining to the effects of histamine at histamine receptors of target tissues.

histidase histidase an enzyme of the liver that converts histidine to urocanic acid.

histidine histidine an essential amino acid obtainable from many proteins by the action of sulfuric acid and water; it is necessary for optimal growth in infants. Its decarboxylation results in formation of histamine. Symbols His and H.

histidinemia histidinémie a hereditary aminoacidopathy marked by excessive histidine in the blood and urine due to deficient histidase activity; it is usually benign but may cause mild central nervous system dysfunction.

histidinuria histidinurie an excess of histidine in the urine, usually associated with histidinemia or pregnancy.

histi(o)- histi(o)- word element [Gr.], tissue.

histiocyte histiocyte macrophage. Adj.: histiocytic.

histiocytoma histiocytome a tumor containing histiocytes (macrophages). benign fibrous h. h. fibreux bénin any of a group of benign neoplasms in the dermis containing histiocytes and fibroblasts; the term sometimes encompasses types such as dermatofibroma, nodular subepidermal fibrosis, and sclerosing hemangioma, or may be used as a synonym for one of these. malignant fibrous h. h. fibreux malin any of a group of malignant neoplasms containing cells resembling histiocytes and fibroblasts.

histiocytosis histiocytose a condition marked by an abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. acute disseminated Langerhans cell h. h. disséminée aiguë des cellules de Langerhans Letterer-Siwe disease. Langerhans cell h. h. des cellules de Langerhans a generic term for a group of disorders characterized by proliferation of Langerhans cells (q.v.), believed to arise from disturbances in regulation of the immune system. Lesions may be unifocal or multifocal and may involve the bone marrow, endocrine system, or lungs. sinus h. h. sinusale a disorder of the lymph nodes in which the distended sinuses are filled by histiocytes, as a result of active multiplication of the littoral cells. h. X h. X former name for Langerhans cell h.

histiogenic histiogène histogenous.

histoblast histoblaste a tissue-forming cell.

histochemistry histochimie that branch of histology dealing with the identification of chemical components in cells and tissues. Adj. : histochemical.

histoclinical histoclinique combining histological and clinical evaluation.

histocompatibility histocompatibilité that quality of being accepted and remaining functional; said of that relationship between the genotypes of donor and host in which a graft generally will not be rejected, a relationship determined by the presence of compatible HLA antigens. Adj.: histocompatible.

histodifferentiation histodifférenciation the acquisition of tissue characteristics by cell groups.

histogenesis histogenèse the formation or development of tissues from the undifferentiated cells of the germ layers of the embryo. Adj.: histogenetic.

histogenous histogène formed by the tissues.

histogram histogramme a graph in which values found in a statistical study are represented by vertical bars or rectangles.

histoid histoïde 1. developed from but one kind of tissue. 2. like one of the tissues of the body.

histoincompatibility histo-incompatibilité the quality of not being accepted or not remaining functional; said of that relationship between the genotypes of donor and host in which a graft generally will be rejected. Adj.: histoincompatible.

histokinesis histokinèse movement in the tissues of the body.

histology histologie that department of anatomy dealing with the minute structure, composition, and function of tissues. Adj.: histologic, histological. pathologic h. histopathologie the science of diseased tissues.

histolysis histolyse dissolution or breaking down of tissues. Adj.: histolytic.

histone histone a simple protein, soluble in water and insoluble in dilute ammonia, found combined as salts with acidic substances, e.g., the protein combined with nucleic acid or the globin of hemoglobin.

histophysiology histophysiologie the correlation of function with the microscopic structure of cells and tissues.

Histoplasma Histoplasma a genus of fungi, including H. capsulatum, the cause of histoplasmosis in humans.

histoplasmin histoplasmine a skin test antigen prepared from mycelial phase Histoplasma capsulatum; used primarily in epidemiologic surveys and in testing for cutaneous anergy in diagnosis of immunodeficiency.

histoplasmoma histoplasmome a rounded granuloma of the lung due to infection with Histoplasma capsulatum.

histoplasmosis histoplasmose infection with Histoplasma capsulatum, usually asymptomatic but in the immunocompromised sometimes causing more serious symptoms such as acute pneumonia, an influenzalike illness, disseminated reticuloendothelial hyperplasia with hepatosplenomegaly and anemia, or other organ damage. ocular h. h. oculaire disseminated choroiditis with scars in the periphery of the fundus near the optic nerve, and disciform macular lesions, probably due to Histoplasma capsulatum infection.

histothrombin histothrombine thrombin derived from connective tissue.

histotomy histotomie dissection of tissues; microtomy.

histotoxic histotoxique poisonous to tissue.

histotropic histotropique having affinity for tissue cells.

histrelin histréline a synthetic preparation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, used as the acetate ester in the treatment of precocious puberty.

histrionic histrionique excessively dramatic or emotional, as in histrionic personality disorder; see under personality.

HIV VIH human immunodeficiency virus.

hives urticaire urticaria.

H+,K⁺ATPase H⁺,K^+÷-ATPase a membrane-bound enzyme occurring on the surface of the parietal cells; it uses the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to drive the exchange of ions (protons, chloride ions, and potassium ions) across the cell membrane, secreting acid into the gastric lumen.

Hl Hl latent hyperopia.

HLA HLA human leukocyte antigens.

Hm Hm manifest hyperopia.

hMG hMG menotropins (human menopausal gonadotropin).

HMO HMO health maintenance organization.

HMSN NMSH hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy.

HNPCC HNPCC hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.

hnRNA hnRNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA.

Ho Ho holmium.

HOCM HOCM hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

hodoneuromere hodoneuromère a segment of the embryonic trunk with its pair of nerves and their branches.

holandric holandrique inherited exclusively through the male descent; transmitted through genes located on the Y chromosome.

holistic holistique considering the person as a functioning whole.

holmium (Ho) holmium chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 67.

hol(o)- hol(o)- word element [Gr.], entire; whole.

holoblastic holoblastique undergoing cleavage in which the entire zygote participates; dividing completely.

holocrine holocrine exhibiting glandular secretion in which the entire secretory cell laden with its secretory products is cast off.

holodiastolic holodiastolique pertaining to the entire diastole.

holoendemic holoendémique endemic at a high level in a population, affecting most of the children and so affecting the adults in the same population less often.

holoenzyme holoenzyme the active compound formed by combination of a coenzyme and an apoenzyme.

holography holographie the lensless recording of three-dimensional images on film by means of laser beams.

holophytic holophytique obtaining food like a plant; said of certain protozoa.

holoprosencephaly holoprosencéphalie developmental failure of cleavage of the prosencephalon with a deficit in midline facial development; with cyclopia and other facial dysmorphisms in severe cases; due to a variety of chromosomal abnormalities, single-gene disorders, and environmental factors.

holorachischisis rachischisis complet fissure of the entire spinal cord.

holosystolic holosystolique pertaining to the entire systole.

holozoic holozoïque having the nutritional characters of an animal, i.e., digesting protein.

homatropine homatropine an anticholinergic similar to atropine; h. hydrobromide is used as an ophthalmic mydriatic and cycloplegic, and h. methylbromide is used as an inhibitor of gastric spasm and secretion.

homaxial homoaxial having axes of the same length.

home(o)- homé(o)- word element [Gr.], similar; same; unchanging.

homeometric homéométrique independent of a change in size; cf. heterometric.

homeopathy homéopathie a system of therapeutics based on the administration of minute doses of drugs which are capable of producing in healthy persons symptoms like those of the disease treated. Adj.: homeopathic.

homeoplasia homéoplastie formation of new tissue like that normal to the part. Adj.: homeoplastic.

homeostasis homéostasie a tendency to equilibrium or stability in the normal physiological states of the organism. Adj.: homeostatic.

homeotherapy homéothérapie treatment or prevention of disease with a substance similar to the causative agent of the disease.

homeothermy homéothermie the maintenance of a constant body temperature despite changes in the environmental temperature. Adj.: homeothermic.

homergic homergique having the same effect; said of two drugs each of which produces the same overt effect.

Homo Homo [L.] the genus of primates containing the single species H. sapiens (humans).

hom(o)- hom(o)- 1. word element [Gr.], same. 2. chemical prefix indicating addition of one CH₂ group to the main compound.

homobiotin homobiotine a homologue of biotin having an additional CH₂ group in the side chain and acting as a biotin antagonist.

homocarnosine homocarnosine a dipeptide consisting of γ-aminobutyric acid and histidine; in humans it is found in brain tissue only.

homocitrulline homocitrulline an unusual amino acid not normally present in urine but excreted in hyperornithinemiahyperammonemia- homocitrullinuria syndrome (q.v.).

homocitrullinuria homocitrullinurie excess of homocitrulline in urine, seen in hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome.

homocladic homocladique formed between small branches of the same artery; said of such an anastomosis.

homocysteine homocystéine a sulfur-containing amino acid homologous with cysteine and produced by demethylation of methionine; it can form cystine or methionine.

homocystine homocystine a homologue of cystine formed from two molecules of homocysteine; it is a source of sulfur in the body.

homocystinuria homocystinurie excessive homocystine in the urine, having various causes, some genetic; symptoms include developmental delay, failure to thrive, neurological abnormalities, and others depending on the cause. Sometimes the term refers specifically to the disorder due to lack of the enzyme cystathionine β-synthase.

homocytotropic homocytotrope having an affinity for cells of the same species.

homodromous homodrome moving or acting in the same or in the usual direction.

homoe(o)- homoé(o)- see home(o)-.

homoeroticism homoérotisme sexual feeling directed toward a member of the same sex. Adj.: homoerotic.

homogamete homogamète one of two gametes of the same size and structure, as the X chromosome in the human female.

homogametic homogamétique pertaining to production of gametes containing only one kind of sex chromosome, as in the human female.

homogenate broyat material obtained by homogenization.

homogeneous homogène of uniform quality, composition, or structure throughout.

homogenesis homogenèse reproduction by the same process in each generation. Adj.: homogenetic.

homogenize homogénéiser to render homogeneous.

homogentisic acid acide homogentisique an aromatic hydrocarbon formed as an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine and accumulated and excreted in the urine in alkaptonuria.

homograft homogreffe allograft.

homoi(o)- homoï(o)- see home(o)-.

homologic homologue homologous.

homologous homologue 1. corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc. 2. allogeneic.

homologue homologue 1. any homologous organ or part. 2. in chemistry, one of a series of compounds distinguished by addition of a CH₂ group in successive members.

homolysin homolysine a lysin produced by injection into the body of an antigen derived from an individual of the same species.

homonomous homonome designating homologous serial parts, such as somites.

homonymous homonyme 1. having the same or corresponding sound or name. 2. pertaining to the corresponding vertical halves of the visual fields of both eyes.

homophilic homophile reacting only with a specific antigen.

homoplastic homoplastique 1. allogeneic. 2. denoting organs or parts, as the wings of birds and insects, that resemble one another in structure and function but not in origin or development.

homopolysaccharide homopolysaccharide a polysaccharide consisting of a single recurring monosaccharide unit.

homorganic homorganique produced by the same organ or by homologous organs.

homosalate homosalate a sunscreen effective against ultraviolet B; applied topically to the skin.

homosexual homosexuel 1. pertaining to, characteristic of, or directed toward the same sex. 2. one who is sexually attracted to persons of the same sex.

homotopic homotopique occurring at the same place upon the body.

homotype homotype a part having reversed symmetry with its mate, as the hand. Adj.: homotypic.

homovanillic acid acide homovanillique a major terminal urinary metabolite, converted from dopa, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

homozygosity homozygotie the state of possessing a pair of identical alleles at a given locus. Adj.: homozygous.

homozygote homozygote an individual exhibiting homozygosity.

hook crochet 1. a long, thin, curved instrument for traction or holding. 2. something with that shape. palate h. c. pour le voile du palais one for raising the palate in posterior rhinoscopy. Tyrrell h. c. de Tyrrell a slender hook used in eye surgery.

hookworm ankylostome a nematode parasitic in the intestines of humans and other vertebrates; two species that commonly cause human infection (hookworm disease) are Necator americanus (American, or New World, h.) and Ancylostoma duodenale (Old World h.).

hops houblon the dried flowers and cones of Humulus lupulus, the hop plant, used for nervousness and insomnia.

hordeolum orgelet stye; a localized, purulent, inflammatory infection of a sebaceous gland (meibomian or zeisian) of the eyelid; external h. occurs on the skin surface at the edge of the lid, internal h. on the conjunctival surface.

horizontal horizontal 1. parallel to the plane of the horizon. 2. occupying or confined to a single level in a hierarchy.

horizontalis horizontalis horizontal: denoting relationship to this orientation when the body is in the anatomical position.

hormion hormion point of union of the sphenoid bone with the posterior border of the vomer.

hormone hormone a chemical substance produced in the body which has a specific regulatory effect on the activity of certain cells or a certain organ or organs. Adj.: hormonal. adrenocortical h. h. corticosurrénale 1. any of the corticosteroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex, the major ones being the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and including some androgens, progesterone, and perhaps estrogens. 2. corticosteroid. adrenocorticotropic h. (ACTH) h. adrénocorticotrope corticotropin. adrenomedullary h’s h. de la médullosurrénale, h. médullosurrénales substances secreted by the adrenal medulla, including epinephrine and norepinephrine. androgenic h. h. androgène androgen. anterior pituitary h’s h. antéhypophysaires those produced in the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary), including corticotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and thyrotropin. antidiuretic h. h. antidiurétique vasopressin. cortical h. h. corticale adrenocortical h. corticotropin-releasing h. (CRH) h. de libération de la corticotrophine a neuropeptide elaborated mainly by the median eminence of the hypothalamus, but also by the pancreas and brain, that stimulates the secretion of corticotropin. ectopic h. h. ectopique one released from a neoplasm or cells outside the usual source of the hormone. eutopic h. h. eutopique one released from its usual site or from a neoplasm of that tissue. fibroblast growth h. h. de croissance des fibroblastes a peptide hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis that is a potent mitogen of vascular endothelial cells and a regulator of tissue vascularization. follicle-stimulating h. (FSH) h. folliculostimulante one of the gonadotropic hormones of the adenohypophysis; it stimulates ovarian follicle growth and maturation, estrogen secretion, and endometrial changes characteristic of the first portion of the menstrual cycle in females, and stimulates spermatogenesis in males. follicle-stimulating h.-releasing h. (FSH-RH) gonadolibérine luteinizing hormone-releasing h. gonadotropic h. h. gonadotrope gonadotropin. gonadotropin- releasing h. gonadolibérine (Gn-RH) 1. luteinizing hormone-releasing h. 2. any hypothalamic factor that stimulates release of both follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. growth h. (GH) h. de croissance any of several related hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis that directly influence protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism and control the rate of skeletal and visceral growth; used pharmaceutically as somatrem and somatropin. growth h.-releasing h. (GH-RH) libérine de l’hormone de croissance one elaborated by the hypothalamus, stimulating release of growth hormone from the adenohypophysis. inhibiting h’s h. d’inhibition hormones elaborated by one body structure that inhibit release of hormones from another structure; applied to substances of established clinical identity, while those whose chemical structure is still unknown are called inhibiting factors. interstitial cell- stimulating h. h. stimulante des cellules interstitielles luteinizing h. lactation h., lactogenic h. h. lactogène prolactin. local h. h. locale a substance with hormonelike properties that acts at an anatomically restricted site. luteinizing h. (LH) h. lutéinisante a gonadotropin of the adenohypophysis, acting with folliclestimulating hormone in females to promote ovulation as well as secretion of androgens and progesterone. It instigates and maintains the secretory portion of the menstrual cycle and is concerned with corpus luteum formation. In males, it stimulates the development and functional activity of testicular Leydig cells. luteinizing h.-releasing h. (LH-RH) lutéolibérine a glycoprotein gonadotropic hormone of the adenohypophysis that acts with follicle-stimulating hormone to promote ovulation and promotes secretion of androgen and progesterone. A preparation of the salts is used in the differential diagnosis of hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal dysfunction and in the treatment of some forms of infertility and hypogonadism. melanocyte-stimulating h., (MSH) melanophorestimulating h. h. mélanostimulante one of several peptides secreted by the anterior pituitary in humans and in the rhomboid fossa in lower vertebrates, influencing melanin formation and its deposition in the body. neurohypophysial h’s h. neurohypophysaires posterior pituitary h’s. ovarian h’s h. ovariennes those secreted by the ovary, such as estrogens and progestational agents. parathyroid h. h. parathyroïdienne a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands, which influences calcium and phosphorus metabolism and bone formation. placental h’s h. placentaires those produced by the placenta during pregnancy, including chorionic gonadotropin and other substances having estrogenic, progestational, or adrenocorticoid activity. posterior pituitary h’s h. de la neurohypophyse those released from the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary), including oxytocin and vasopressin. progestational h. h. progestative 1. progesterone. 2. see under agent. releasing h’s facteurs de déclenchement hormones elaborated in one structure that cause the release of hormones from another structure; applied to substances of established chemical identity, while those whose chemical structure is unknown are called releasing factors. sex h’s h. sexuelles the estrogens and androgens considered together. somatotrophic h., somatotropic h. h. somatotrophe growth h. somatotropin- releasing h. (SRH) h. de libération de la somatotropine growth hormone-releasing h. steroid h’s h. stéroïdes those that are biologically active steroids; they are secreted by the adrenal cortex, testis, ovary, and placenta and include the progestogens, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. thyroid h’s h. thyroïdiennes thyroxine, calcitonin, and triiodothyronine; in the singular, thyroxine and/or triiodothyronine. thyroid-stimulating h., (TSH) thyrotropic h. h. de stimulation de la thyroïde thyrotropin. thyrotropin-releasing h. (TRH) h. de libération de la thyréostimuline a tripeptide hormone of the hypothalamus, which stimulates release of thyrotropin from the adenohypophysis and also acts as a prolactin-releasing factor. It is used in diagnosis of mild hyperthyroidism and Graves disease, and in differentiating among primary, secondary, and tertiary hypothyroidism. A synthetic preparation is called protirelin.

horn corne 1. cornu; a pointed projection such as the paired processes on the head of certain animals. 2. something shaped like the horn of an animal. Adj.: horny. cicatricial h. c. cicatricielle a hard, dry outgrowth from a scar. cutaneous h. papillome corné a horny excrescence on the skin, commonly on the face or scalp; it often overlies premalignant or malignant lesions. h. of pulp c. de la pulpe an extension of the pulp into an accentuation of the roof of the pulp chamber directly under a cusp or lobe of the tooth. h. of spinal cord c. de la moelle épinière the horn-shaped structure, anterior or posterior, seen in transverse section of the spinal cord; the anterior horn is formed by the anterior column of the cord and the posterior by the posterior column.

horopter horoptère the sum of all points seen in binocular vision with the eyes fixed.

horripilation horripilation piloerection; erection of fine hairs of the skin.

Hortaea Hortaea a genus of Fungi Imperfecti with the sole species H. werneckii (formerly Exophiala werneckii), a halophilic, dematiaceous yeast that inhabits the soil and is the cause of tinea nigra.

hospice hospice a facility that provides palliative and supportive care for terminally ill patients and their families, either directly or on a consulting basis.

hospital hôpital an institute for the treatment of the sick. lying-in h., maternity h. maternité one for the care of obstetric patients. teaching h. h. universitaire one that conducts formal educational programs or courses of instruction that lead to granting of recognized certificates, diplomas, or degrees, or that are required for professional certification or licensure. voluntary h. h. d’utilité publique a private, not-forprofit hospital that provides uncompensated care to the poor.

hospitalization hospitalisation 1. the placing of a patient in a hospital for treatment. 2. the term of confinement in a hospital. partial h. h. partielle a psychiatric treatment program for patients who do not need full-time hospitalization, involving a special facility or an arrangement within a hospital setting to which the patient may come for treatment during the days, the nights, or the weekends only.

host hôte 1. an organism that harbors or nourishes another organism (the parasite). 2. the recipient of an organ or other tissue derived from another organism (the donor). accidental h. h. accidentel one that accidentally harbors an organism that is not ordinarily parasitic in the particular species. definitive h., final h. h. définitif a host in which a parasite either attains sexual maturity (helminths) or undergoes sexual stages of development (protozoa). intermediate h. h. intermédiaire a host in which a parasite passes through one or more of its asexual stages (protozoa) or larval stages (helminths); if there is more than one, the stages may be designated first, second, and so on. paratenic h. h. paraténique an animal acting as a substitute intermediate host of a parasite, usually having acquired the parasite by ingestion of the original host. primary h. h. primaire definitive h. reservoir h. h. réservoir reservoir (3).

hot chaud 1. characterized by high temperature. 2. radioactive; particularly used for the presence of significantly or dangerously high levels of radioactivity.

hot line ligne d’assistance ouverte telephone assistance for those in need of crisis intervention, generally round-the-clock and staffed by nonprofessionals, with mental health professionals serving as advisors or in a back-up capacity.

HPL, hPL LPH human placental lactogen.

HPLC CLHP high-performance liquid chromatography.

HPV VPH human papillomavirus.

HRCT TDM-HR high-resolution computed tomography.

HRF HRF histamine-releasing factor; homologous restriction factor.

HRSA HRSA Health Resources and Services Administration, an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.

HSAN NSAH hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy.

HSR HSR homogeneously staining regions.

HSV VHS herpes simplex virus.

5-HT 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine; see serotonin.

HTLV-1 HTLV-1 human T-lymphotropic virus 1.

HTLV-2 HTLV-2 human T-lymphotropic virus 2.

hum bourdonnement a low, steady, prolonged sound. venous h. b. veineux a continuous blowing, singing, or humming murmur heard on auscultation over the right jugular vein in the sitting or erect position; it is an innocent sign that is obliterated on assumption of the recumbent position or on exerting pressure over the vein.

humectant humidifiant 1. moistening. 2. a moistening or diluent medicine.

humerus humérus pl. humeri [L.] the bone that extends from the shoulder to the elbow, articulating proximally with the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna. See Plate 1. Adj.: humeral.

humor humeur pl. humors, humores [L.] any fluid or semifluid of the body. Adj.: humoral. aqueous h. h. aqueuse the fluid produced in the eye and filling the spaces (anterior and posterior) in front of the lens and its attachments. ocular h. h. oculaire either of the humors (aqueous and vitreous) of the eye. vitreous h. h.vitrée 1. the fluid portion of the vitreous body. 2. vitreous body.

hump bosse a rounded eminence. dowager’s h. « bosse de la douairière », déformation ostéoporotique postménopausique popular name for dorsal kyphosis caused by multiple wedge fractures of the thoracic vertebrae seen in osteoporosis.

humpback bosse kyphosis.

hunger faim a craving, as for food. air h. respiration de Küssmaul Kussmaul respiration.

husk cosse an outer covering or shell, as of some fruits and seeds. psyllium h. c. de psyllium the cleaned, dried seed coat from the seeds of Plantago species; used as a bulk-forming laxative; also used for various purposes in ayurveda and folk medicine.

hyalin hyaline a translucent albuminoid product of amyloid degeneration.

hyaline hyalin glassy and translucent.

hyalinization hyalinisation conversion into hyalin. Crooke h. h. de Crooke degeneration of corticotrophs of the pituitary gland, in which they lose their specific granulations and the cytoplasm becomes hyalinized; seen in Cushing syndrome and Addison disease.

hyalinosis hyalinose hyaline degeneration.

hyalitis hyalite inflammation of the vitreous body or the vitreous (hyaloid) membrane. asteroid h. h. astéroïde see under hyalosis. suppurative h. h. purulente purulent inflammation of the vitreous body.

hyal(o)- hyal(o)- word element [Gr.], glassy.

hyalogen hyalogène an albuminous substance occurring in cartilage, vitreous body, etc., and convertible into hyalin.

hyalohyphomycosis hyalohyphomycose any opportunistic type of hyphomycosis caused by mycelial fungi with colorless walls.

hyaloid hyaloïde hyaline.

hyalomere hyalomère the pale, homogeneous portion of a blood platelet in a dry, stained blood smear.

Hyalomma Hyalomma a genus of ticks found on humans and other animals, primarily in hot and dry regions of Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia, serving as vectors for numerous diseases.

hyalomucoid hyalomucoïde the mucoid of the vitreous body.

hyalonyxis abaissement du cristallin puncturing of the vitreous body.

hyaloplasm hyaloplasme the more fluid, finely granular substance of the cytoplasm of a cell.

hyaloserositis hyalosérosite inflammation of serous membranes, with hyalinization of the serous exudate into a pearly investment of the affected organ. progressive multiple h. polysérosite Concato disease.

hyalosis hyalose degenerative changes in the vitreous humor. asteroid h. h. astéroïde the presence of spherical or star-shaped opacities in the vitreous humor.

hyaluronan hyaluronane a glycosaminoglycan found in lubricating proteoglycans of synovial fluid, vitreous humor, cartilage, blood vessels, skin, and the umbilical cord. It is a linear chain of about 2500 repeating disaccharide units. Called also hyaluronate and hyaluronic acid.

hyaluronate hyaluronate hyaluronan.

hyaluronic acid acide hyaluronique hyaluronan.

hyaluronidase hyaluronidase any of three enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of hyaluronan and similar glycosaminoglycans. They are found in snake and spider venom and in mammalian testicular and spleen tissue, and are produced by various pathogenic bacteria, enabling them to spread through tissues A preparation from mammalian testes is used to aid absorption and dispersion of other injected drugs and fluids, for hypodermoclysis, and for improving resorption of radiopaque media.

hybrid hybride 1. an offspring of genetically different parents. 2. something of mixed origin or composition.

hybridization hybridation 1. the act or process of producing hybrids. 2. nucleic acid h. 3. in chemistry, a procedure whereby orbitals of intermediate energy and desired directional character are constructed. in situ h. h. in situ nucleic acid hybridization in which a labeled (e.g., fluorescence, radioactivity), single-stranded nucleic acid probe is applied to prepared cells or histologic sections and annealing occurs in situ. molecular h., nucleic acid h. h. moléculaire formation of a partially or wholly complementary DNARNA, DNA-DNA, or RNA-RNA duplex by association of single-stranded nucleic acids, sometimes specifically from different sources; used as the basis of a wide variety of analytical techniques.

hybridoma hybridome a somatic cell hybrid formed by fusion of normal lymphocytes and tumor cells.

hydantoin hydantoïne 1. a five-membered heterocyclic organic compound containing two nitrogens in the ring (C1 and C3) and two carbonyl groups (C2 and C4). 2. any of a group of anticonvulsants containing such a ring structure, including phenytoin and ethotoin.

hydatid hydatide 1. hydatid cyst. 2. any cystlike structure. h. of Morgagni h. de Morgagni 1. a cystlike remnant of the müllerian duct on the upper end of the testis. 2. one of the small pedunculated structures attached to the uterine tubes near their fimbriated end; remnants of the mesonephric ducts. sessile h. h. sessile h. of Morgagni (1).

hydatidiform hydatiforme resembling a hydatid cyst; see under mole.

hydatidosis hydatidose hydatid disease.

hydatidostomy hydatidostomie incision and drainage of a hydatid cyst.

hydragogue hydragogue 1. producing watery discharge, especially from the bowels. 2. a cathartic that causes watery purgation.

hydralazine hydralazine a peripheral vasodilator used in the form of the hydrochloride salt as an antihypertensive.

hydramnios hydramnios polyhydramnios.

hydranencephaly hydrancéphalie complete or almost complete absence of the cerebral hemispheres, their normal site being occupied by cerebrospinal fluid. Adj.: hydranencephalic.

hydrarthrosis hydrarthrose an accumulation of effused watery fluid in a joint cavity. Adj.: hydrarthrodial.

hydratase hydratase a hydro-lyase that catalyzes a reaction in which the equilibrium lies toward hydration.

hydrate hydrate 1. any compound of a radical with water. 2. any salt or other compound containing water of crystallization.

hydration hydratation the absorption of or combination with water.

hydraulics hydraulique the science dealing with the mechanics of liquids.

hydrazine hydrazine a toxic, irritant, carcinogenic, gaseous diamine, H₂N·NH₂, or any of its substitution derivatives.

hydriodic acid acide hydriodique a gaseous haloid acid, HI; its aqueous solution and syrup have been used as alteratives.

hydr(o)- hydr(o)- word element [Gr.], hydrogen; water.

hydroa hydroa a vesicular eruption with intense itching and burning on skin exposed to sunlight.

hydroalcoholic hydroalcoolique pertaining to or containing both water and alcohol.

hydrobromic acid acide bromhydrique a gaseous haloid acid, HBr.

hydrobromide bromhydrate an addition salt of hydrobromic acid.

hydrocalycosis hydrocalice, kyste pyélogénique a usually asymptomatic cystic dilatation of a major renal calyx, lined by transitional epithelium and due to obstruction of the infundibulum.

hydrocarbon hydrocarbure an organic compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only. alicyclic h. h. alicyclique one that has cyclic structure and aliphatic properties. aliphatic h. h. aliphatique one in which no carbon atoms are joined to form a ring. aromatic h. h. aromatique one that has cyclic structure and a closed conjugated system of double bonds. chlorinated h. h. chloré any of a group of toxic compounds used mainly as refrigerants, industrial solvents, and dry cleaning fluids, and formerly as anesthetics.

hydrocele hydrocèle a circumscribed collection of fluid, especially in the tunica vaginalis of the testis or along the spermatic cord.

hydrocephalocele hydrocéphalocèle hydroencephalocele.

hydrocephalus hydrocéphalie a congenital or acquired condition marked by dilatation of the cerebral ventricles, usually occurring secondary to obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways, and accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull; typically, there is enlargement of the head, prominence of the forehead, brain atrophy, mental deterioration, and convulsions. Adj.: hydrocephalic. communicating h. h. communiquante that in which there is free access of fluid between the ventricles of the brain and the spinal canal. noncommunicating h. h. non communiquante obstructive h. normal-pressure h., normal-pressure occult h. h. à pression normale dementia, ataxia, and urinary incontinence with enlarged ventricles associated with inadequacy of the subarachnoid spaces, but with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. obstructive h. h. obstructive that due to obstruction of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain ventricles or through their exit foramina. otitic h. h. otitique that caused by spread of inflammation of otitis media to the cranial cavity. posthemorrhagic h. h. posthémorragique hydrocephalus in an infant following intracranial hemorrhage that has distended the ventricles and obstructed normal pathways for cerebrospinal fluid. h. ex vacuo h. ex vacuo compensatory replacement by cerebrospinal fluid of the volume of tissue lost in atrophy of the brain.

hydrochloric acid acide chlorhydrique hydrogen chloride in aqueous solution, HCl, a highly corrosive mineral acid; it is used as a laboratory reagent and is a constituent of gastric juice, secreted by the gastric parietal cells.

hydrochloride chlorhydrate a salt of hydrochloric acid.

hydrochlorothiazide hydrochlorothiazide a thiazide diuretic, used for treatment of hypertension and edema.

hydrocholecystis hydrocholécyste distention of the gallbladder with watery fluid.

hydrocholeresis hydrocholérèse choleresis with excretion of watery bile (low in specific gravity, viscosity, and total solid content).

hydrocodone hydrocodone a semisynthetic opioid analgesic similar to but more active than codeine; used as the bitartrate salt or polistirex complex as an analgesic and antitussive.

hydrocolloid hydrocolloïde a colloid system in which water is the dispersion medium.

hydrocortisone hydrocortisone the name given to natural or synthetic cortisol when it is used as a pharmaceutical. The base and its salts, including h. acetate, h. butyrate, h. cypionate, h. probutate, h. sodium phosphate, h. sodium succinate, and h. valerate are used as replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and as antiinflammatory and immunosuppressant agents in the treatment of a wide variety of disorders.

hydrocyanic acid acide cyanhydrique hydrogen cyanide; see under hydrogen.

hydrodelineation hydrodélinéation injection of fluid between the layers of the nucleus of the lens using a blunt needle; done to delineate the nuclear zones during cataract surgery.

hydrodissection hydrodissection injection of a small amount of fluid into the capsule of the lens for dissection and maneuverability during extracapsular or phacoemulsification surgery.

hydroencephalocele hydroencéphalocèle encephalocele into a distended sac containing cerebrospinal fluid.

hydroflumethiazide hydrofluméthiazide a thiazide diuretic used for treatment of hypertension and edema.

hydrofluoric acid acide fluorhydrique a gaseous haloid acid, HF, extremely poisonous and corrosive.

hydrogen (H) hydrogène chemical element (see Table of Elements), at. no. 1; it exists as the mass 1 isotope (protium, light or ordinary h.), mass 2 isotope (deuterium, heavy h.), and mass 3 isotope (tritium). h. cyanide cyanure d’hydrogène an extremely poisonous liquid or gas, HCN, used as a rodenticide and insecticide. h. peroxide peroxyde d’hydrogène a strongly disinfectant cleansing and bleaching liquid, H₂O₂, used in dilute solution in water. h. sulfide sulfure d’h. an ill-smelling, colorless, poisonous gas, H₂S.

hydrokinetic hydrocinétique relating to movement of water or other fluid, as in a whirlpool bath.

hydrokinetics hydrocinétique the science treating of fluids in motion.

hydrolase hydrolase one of the six main classes of enzymes, comprising those that catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of a compound.

hydro-lyase hydrolyase a lyase that catalyzes the removal of water from a substrate by breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond, leading to formation of a double bond.

hydrolysate hydrolysat any compound produced by hydrolysis. protein h. h. de protéines a mixture of amino acids prepared by splitting a protein with acid, alkali, or enzyme; used as a fluid and nutrient replenisher.

hydrolysis hydrolyse pl. hydrolyses the cleavage of a compound by the addition of water, the hydroxyl group being incorporated in one fragment and the hydrogen atom in the other. Adj.: hydrolytic.

hydroma hydrome hygroma.

hydromeningocele hydroméningocèle a meningocele forming a sac containing cerebrospinal fluid but no brain or spinal cord substance.

hydrometer hydromètre an instrument for determining the specific gravity of a fluid.

hydrometrocolpos hydrométrocolpos a collection of watery fluid in the uterus and vagina.

hydrometry hydrométrie measurement of specific gravity with a hydrometer. Adj.: hydrometric.

hydromicrocephaly hydromicrocéphalie smallness of the head with an abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid.

hydromorphone hydromorphone a morphine alkaloid having opioid analgesic effects similar to but greater and of shorter duration than those of morphine; used as the hydrochloride salt as an analgesic, antitussive, and anesthesia adjunct.

hydromyelia hydromyélie dilatation of the central canal of the spinal cord with an abnormal accumulation of fluid.

hydromyelomeningocele hydromyéloméningocèle myelomeningocele containing both cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord tissue.

hydromyoma hydromyome uterine leiomyoma with cystic degeneration.

hydronephrosis hydronéphrose distention of the renal pelvis and calices with urine, due to obstruction of the ureter, with atrophy of the kidney parenchyma. Adj.: hydronephrotic.

hydronium hydronium the hydrated proton H₃O⁺; it is the form in which the proton (hydrogen ion, H⁺) exists in aqueous solution, a combination of H⁺ and H₂O.

hydropericarditis hydropéricardite pericarditis with watery effusion.

hydroperitoneum hydropéritoine ascites.

Hydrophiidae Hydrophiidae the sea snakes, a family of venomous snakes adapted for living in the ocean, found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and characterized by an oarlike tail and immovable hollow fangs.

hydrophilic hydrophile readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water.

hydrophobia hydrophobie 1. irrational fear of water. 2. choking, gagging, and fear on attempts to drink in the paralytic phase of rabies. 3. former term for rabies.

hydrophobic hydrophobe 1. pertaining to hydrophobia (rabies). 2. not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water. 3. lacking polar groups and therefore insoluble in water.

hydrophthalmos hydrophtalmie distention of the eyeball in infantile glaucoma.

hydropic hydropique edematous.

hydropneumatosis hydropneumatose a collection of fluid and gas in the tissues.

hydropneumothorax hydropneumothorax fluid and gas within the pleural cavity.

hydrops hydropisie [L.] edema. fetal h., h. fetalis anasarque fœto-placentaire gross edema of the entire body, with severe anemia, occurring in hemolytic disease of the newborn.

hydroquinone hydroquinone the reduced form of quinone, used topically as a skin depigmenting agent.

hydrorrhea hydrorrhée a copious watery discharge. h. gravidarum h. amniotique watery discharge from the vagina during pregnancy.

hydrosalpinx hydrosalpinx a collection of watery fluid in a uterine tube, occurring as the end stage of pyosalpinx.

hydrosol hydrosol a sol in which the dispersion medium is water.

hydrostatics hydrostatique science of equilibrium of fluids and the pressures they exert. Adj.: hydrostatic.

hydrotaxis hydrotactisme taxis in response to the influence of water or moisture.

hydrotherapy hydrothérapie the application of water, usually externally, in the treatment of disease. colon h. h. du côlon an extension of the enema, used for cleansing and detoxification; the entire colon is irrigated with water, which may contain enzymes or herbs, introduced through the rectum.

hydrothionemia hydrothionémie hydrogen sulfide in the blood.

hydrothorax hydrothorax a pleural effusion containing serous fluid.

hydrotropism hydrotropisme a growth response of a nonmotile organism to the presence of water or moisture.

hydrotubation lavage tubaire introduction into the uterine tube of hydrocortisone in saline solution followed by chymotrypsin in saline solution to maintain its patency.

hydroureter urétérohydrose distention of the ureter with urine or watery fluid, due to obstruction.

hydroxide hydroxyde any compound containing a hydroxyl group.

hydroxocobalamin hydroxocobalamine a hydroxyl-substituted cobalamin derivative, the naturally occurring form of vitamin B₁₂ and sometimes used as a source of that vitamin.

hydroxy- hydroxy- chemical prefix indicating the presence of the univalent radical OH.

hydroxyamphetamine hydroxyamphétamine a sympathomimetic amine; its hydrobromide salt is used as a nasal decongestant, pressor, and mydriatic.

hydroxyapatite hydroxyapatite an inorganic calcium-containing constituent of bone matrix and teeth, imparting rigidity to these structures. Synthetic compounds with similar structure are used as calcium supplements and prosthetic aids (see durapatite).

hydroxybutyrate hydroxybutyrate a salt or anionic form of hydroxybutyric acid.

hydroxybutyric acid acide hydroxybutyrique any of several hydroxy derivatives of butyric acid; β-h.a. (3-h.a.) is a ketone body and is elevated in the blood and urine in ketosis, and γ-h.a. (4-h.a.) is elevated in some body fluids in semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.

4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, γ-hydroxybutyricaciduria acidurie 4-hydroxybutyrique succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency; see succinatesemialdehyde dehydrogenase.

hydroxychloroquine hydroxychloroquine an antiinflammatory and antiprotozoal used as the sulfate salt in the treatment of malaria, lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis.

25-hydroxycholecalciferol 25-hydroxycholécalciférol an intermediate in the hepatic activation of cholecalciferol; as the pharmaceutical preparation calcifediol, it is used in the treatment of hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, rickets, and osteodystrophy associated with various medical conditions.

hydroxycorticosteroid hydroxycorticostéroïde a corticosteroid bearing a hydroxyl substitution; 17-h’s are intermediates in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and are accumulated and excreted abnormally in various disorders of steroidogenesis.

hydroxyglutaric acid acide hydroxyglutarique any of several hydroxylated derivatives of glutaric acid, some of which are accumulated and excreted in specific forms of glutaricaciduria.

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid acide 5-hydroxyindol-acétique a product of serotonin metabolism present in increased amounts in the urine in patients with carcinoids.

3-hydroxyisovaleric acid acide 3-hydroxyisovalérique a methylated form of isovaleric acid accumulated and excreted in the urine in some disorders of leucine catabolism.

hydroxyl hydroxyle the univalent radical OH.

hydroxylapatite hydroxylapatite hydroxyapatite.

hydroxylase hydroxylase any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a hydroxyl group on a substrate by incorporation of one atom (monooxygenases) or two atoms (dioxygenases) of oxygen from O₂. 11β-h. 11β-h. an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of steroids at the 11 position, a step in the synthesis of steroid hormones; deficiency causes a form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 17α-h. 17α-h. an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of steroids at the 17 position, steps in the synthesis of steroid hormones; deficiency causes a form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and if it occurs during gestation can cause male pseudohermaphroditism. 18-h. 18-h. an enzyme that catalyzes several steps in the biosynthesis of aldosterone from corticosteroids; deficiency causes salt wasting. 21-h. 21-h. an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of steroids at the 21 position, a step in the synthesis of steroid hormones; deficiency impairs the ability to produce all glucocorticoids and causes a form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

hydroxypregnenolone hydroxyprégnénolone an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, accumulated and excreted abnormally in some disorders of steroidogenesis.

hydroxyprogesterone hydroxyprogestérone 1. 17α-hydroxyprogesterone; an intermediate formed in the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol, androgens, and estrogens. 2. a synthetic preparation of the caproate ester, used in treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding and menstrual cycle abnormalities, and in the diagnosis of endogenous estrogen production.

hydroxyproline hydroxyproline a hydroxylated form of proline, occurring in collagen and other connective tissue proteins.

hydroxyprolinemia hydroxyprolinémie 1. excess of hydroxyproline in the blood. 2. a disorder of amino acid metabolism characterized by an excess of free hydroxyproline in the plasma and urine, due to a defect in the enzyme hydroxyproline oxidase; it may be associated with mental retardation.

hydroxypropyl cellulose hydroxypropylcellulose a partially substituted, water-soluble cellulose ether, used as a pharmaceutic aid and as a topical ophthalmic protectant and lubricant.

hydroxypropyl methylcellulose hydroxypropyle méthylcellulose hypromellose.

8-hydroxyquinoline 8-hydroxyquinoline oxyquinoline.

hydroxysteroid hydroxystéroïde a steroid carrying a hydroxyl group.

17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency déficit en 17β-hydroxystéroïde déshydrogénase an autosomal recessive disorder of steroidogenesis due to deficiency of the testicular enzyme testosterone 17β-dehydrogenase (NADP⁺); characterized by male pseudohermaphroditism with postpubertal virilization and sometimes gynecomastia, decreased plasma testosterone, and increased androstenedione.

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 5-hydroxytryptamine serotonin.

hydroxyurea hydroxyurée an antineoplastic that inhibits a step in DNA synthesis, used in treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia, some carcinomas, malignant melanoma, and polycythemia vera. It is also used to reduce the frequency of painful sickle cell crisis.

25-hydroxyvitamin D 25-hydroxyvitamine D either 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, the corresponding hydroxy- derivative of ergocalciferol, or both together.

hydroxyzine hydroxyzine a central nervous system depressant having antispasmodic, antihistaminic, and antifibrillatory actions; used as h. hydrochloride or h. pamoate as an antianxiety agent, antihistamine, antiemetic, and sedative.

hydruria hydrurie excretion of urine of low osmolality or low specific gravity. Adj.: hydruric.

hygiene hygiène science of health and its preservation. Adj.: hygienic. oral h. h. buccale proper care of the mouth and teeth.

hygienist hygiéniste a specialist in hygiene. dental h. h. dentaire an auxiliary member of the dental profession, trained in the art of removing calcareous deposits and stains from surfaces of teeth and in providing additional services and information on prevention of oral disease.

hygr(o)- hygr(o)- word element [Gr.], moisture.

hygroma hygroma pl. hygromas, hygromata an accumulation of fluid in a sac, cyst, or bursa. Adj.: hygromatous. h. colli h. colli a watery tumor of the neck. cystic h., h. cysticum h. kystique a lymphangioma usually occurring in the neck and composed of large, multilocular, thin-walled cysts.

hygrometry hygrométrie measurement of moisture in the atmosphere.

hygroscopic hygroscopique readily absorbing moisture.

hymen hymen the membranous fold partially or wholly occluding the external vaginal orifice. Adj.: hymenal.

hymenolepiasis hyménolépiase infection with Hymenolepis.

Hymenolepis Hymenolepis a genus of tapeworms, including H. nana, found in rodents, rats, and humans, especially children.

hymenology hyménologie the science dealing with the membranes of the body.

Hymenoptera Hyménoptères an order of insects with two pairs of well-developed membranous wings, like bees and wasps.

hyoepiglottic hyoépiglottique pertaining to the hyoid bone and the epiglottis.

hyoepiglottidean hyoépiglottique hyoepiglottic.

hyoglossal glossohyoïdien pertaining to the hyoid bone and tongue or to the hyoglossus muscle.

hyoid hyoïde shaped like the Greek letter upsilon (υ); pertaining to the hyoid bone.

hyoscine hyoscine scopolamine.

hyoscyamine hyoscyamine an anticholinergic alkaloid that is the levorotatory component of racemic atropine and has similar actions but twice the potency; used as an antispasmodic in gastrointestinal and urinary tract disorders, as the base or hydrobromide or sulfate salt.

hypalgesia hypalgésie decreased pain sense. Adj.: hypalgesic.

hypanakinesis hypocinésie hypokinesia.

hyparterial beneath an artery.

hypaxial hypaxial ventral to the long axis of the body.

hyper- hyper- word element [Gr.], abnormally increased; excessive.

hyperacid hyperacide excessively acid.

hyperactivity hyperactivité 1. excessive or abnormally increased muscular function or activity. 2. former name for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adj.: hyperactive.

hyperacusis hyperacousie an exceptionally acute sense of hearing, the threshold being very low.

hyperadenosis hyperadénose enlargement of glands.

hyperadiposis hyperadiposité extreme fatness.

hyperadrenalism hyperadrénalisme overactivity of the adrenal glands.

hyperadrenocorticism hyperadrénocorticisme hypersecretion by the adrenal cortex.

hyperaldosteronism hyperaldostéronisme aldosteronism.

hyperalgesia hyperalgésie abnormally increased pain sense. Adj.: hyperalgesic.

hyperalimentation hyperalimentation the ingestion or administration of a greater than optimal amount of nutrients. parenteral h. h. parentérale total parenteral nutrition.

hyperalphalipoproteinemia hyperalphalipoprotéinémie the presence of abnormally high levels of high-density lipoproteins in the serum.

hyperammonemia hyperammoniémie a metabolic disturbance marked by elevated levels of ammonia in the blood.

hyperammonuria hyperammoniurie excessive ammonia in the urine.

hyperanakinesia hyperkinésie, hypercinésie hyperdynamia.

hyperandrogenism hyperandrogénie the state of having excessive secretion of androgens, as in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

hyperaphia hyperaphie tactile hyperesthesia. Adj.: hyperaphic.

hyperarousal hyperexcitation a state of increased psychological and physiological tension marked by such effects as reduced pain tolerance, anxiety, exaggeration of startle responses, insomnia, fatigue, and accentuation of personality traits.

hyperazotemia hyperazotémie an excess of nitrogenous matter in the blood.

hyperbaric hyperbare having greater than normal pressure or weight; said of gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, or of a solution of greater specific gravity than another used as a reference standard.

hyperbarism hyperbarisme a condition due to exposure to ambient gas pressure or atmospheric pressures exceeding the pressure within the body.

hyperbetalipoproteinemia hyperbêtalipoprotéinémie increased accumulation of low-density lipoproteins in the blood.

hyperbilirubinemia hyperbilirubinémie excess of bilirubin in the blood; classified as conjugated or unconjugated, according to the predominant form of bilirubin present.

hyperbradykininism hyperbradykinisme a syndrome of high plasma bradykinin associated with a fall in systolic blood pressure on standing, increased diastolic pressure and heart rate, and ecchymoses of lower limbs.

hypercalcemia hypercalcémie an excess of calcium in the blood. idiopathic h. h. idiopathique a condition of infants, associated with vitamin D intoxication, characterized by elevated serum calcium levels, increased density of the skeleton, mental deterioration, and nephrocalcinosis. h. of malignancy h. maligne abnormal elevation of serum calcium associated with malignant tumors, resulting from osteolysis caused by bone metastases or by the action of circulating cytokines released from tumor cells.

hypercalciuria hypercalciurie excess of calcium in the urine.

hypercapnia hypercapnie excessive carbon dioxide in the blood. Adj.: hypercapnic.

hypercarbia hypercarbie hypercapnia.

hypercarotenemia hypercaroténémie excessive carotene in the blood, often with yellowing of the skin (carotenosis).

hypercatharsis hypercatharsis excessive catharsis. Adj.: hypercathartic.

hypercellularity hypercellularité abnormal increase in the number of cells present, as in bone marrow. Adj.: hypercellular.

hyperchloremia hyperchlorémie an excess of chlorides in the blood. Adj.: hyperchloremic.

hyperchlorhydria hyperchlorhydrie excessive hydrochloric acid in gastric juice.

hypercholesterolemia hypercholestérolémie an excess of cholesterol in the blood. Adj.: hypercholesterolemic. familial h. h. familiale an inherited disorder of lipoprotein metabolism due to defects in the receptor for low-density lipoprotein (LDL), with xanthomas, corneal arcus, premature corneal atherosclerosis, and a type II-a hyperlipoproteinemia biochemical phenotype with elevated plasma LDL and cholesterol.

hyperchromasia hyperchromie hyperchromatism.

hyperchromatism 1. hyperpigmentation excessive pigmentation. 2. hyperchromatisme degeneration of cell nuclei, which become filled with particles of pigment (chromatin). 3. hyperchromatisme increased staining capacity. Adj.: hyperchromatic.

hyperchromia hyperchromie 1. hyperchromatism. 2. abnormal increase in the hemoglobin content of erythrocytes.

hyperchylomicronemia hyperchylomicronémie presence in the blood of an excessive number of chylomicrons. familial h. h. familiale an inherited disorder of lipoprotein metabolism characterized by elevated plasma chylomicrons and triglycerides, pancreatitis, cutaneous xanthomas, and hepatosplenomegaly; it is usually due to deficiency of lipoprotein lipase or its cofactor apolipoprotein C-II.

hypercryalgesia hypercryalgésie hypercryesthesia.

hypercryesthesia hypercryesthésie excessive sensitivity to cold.

hypercupremia hypercuprémie an excess of copper in the blood.

hypercupriuria hypercuprurie excessive copper in the urine.

hypercyanotic hypercyanotique extremely cyanotic.

hypercythemia hypercytémie erythrocythemia.

hyperdicrotic hyperdicrotique markedly dicrotic.

hyperdistention hyperdistension excessive distention.

hyperdynamia hyperdynamie hyperactivity (1). Adj.: hyperdynamic.

hyperemesis hyperémèse excessive vomiting. Adj.: hyperemetic. h. gravidarum h. gravidique the pernicious vomiting of pregnancy. h. lactentium hyperemesis lactentium excessive vomiting in nursing babies.

hyperemia hyperémie engorgement; an excess of blood in a part. Adj.: hyperemic. active h., arterial h. h. active that due to local or general relaxation of arterioles. exercise h. h. d’effort vasodilation of the capillaries in muscles in response to the onset of exercise, proportionate to the force of the muscular contractions. passive h. h. passive that due to obstruction to flow of blood from the area. reactive h. h. réactive that due to increase in blood flow after its temporary interruption. venous h. h. veineuse passive h.

hypereosinophilia hyperéosinophilie extreme eosinophilia. Adj.: hypereosinophilic.

hyperequilibrium hyperéquilibre excessive tendency to vertigo.

hyperesophoria hyperésophorie deviation of the visual axes upward and inward.

hyperesthesia hyperesthésie increased sensitivity to stimulation, particularly to touch. Adj.: hyperesthetic. acoustic h., auditory h. h. acoustique hyperacusis. cerebral h. h. cérébrale that due to a cerebral lesion. gustatory h. h. gustative hypergeusia. muscular h. h. musculaire muscular oversensitivity to pain or fatigue. olfactory h. h. olfactive hyperosmia. oneiric h. h. onirique increased sensitivity or pain during sleep and dreams. optic h. h. optique abnormal sensitivity of the eye to light. tactile h. h. tactile excessive sensitivity of the sense of touch.

hyperestrogenism hyperestrogénie excessive amounts of estrogens in the body.

hyperexophoria hyperexophorie deviation of the visual axes upward and outward.

hyperferremia hyperferrémie an excess of iron in the blood. Adj.: hyperferremic.

hyperfibrinogenemia hyperfibrinogénémie excessive fibrinogen in the blood.

hyperfiltration hyperfiltration an elevation in the glomerular filtration rate, often a sign of early type 1 diabetes mellitus.

hyperfractionation hyperfractionnement a subdivision of a radiation treatment schedule with some reduction of dose per exposure so as to decrease side effects while still delivering an equal or greater total dose of radiation over the course.

hyperfunction hyperfonction excessive functioning of a part or organ.

hypergalactia hypergalactie excessive secretion of milk.

hypergalactosis hypergalactose hypergalactia.

hypergammaglobulinemia hypergammaglobulinémie increased gamma globulins in the blood. Adj.: hypergammaglobulinemic. monoclonal h’s h. monoclonales plasma cell dyscrasias.

hypergenesis hypergenèse excessive development. Adj.: hypergenetic.

hypergeusesthesia hypergueusesthésie hypergeusia.

hypergeusia hypergueusie abnormal acuteness of the sense of taste.

hyperglucagonemia hyperglucagonémie abnormally high levels of glucagon in the blood.

hyperglycemia hyperglycémie abnormally increased content of glucose in the blood.

hyperglycemic hyperglycémique 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or causing hyperglycemia. 2. an agent that increases the glucose level of the blood.

hyperglyceridemia hyperglycéridémie excess of glycerides in the blood.

hyperglycerolemia hyperglycérolémie 1. accumulation and excretion of glycerol due to deficiency of an enzyme catalyzing its phosphorylation; the infantile form is due to a chromosomal deletion which may also involve the loci causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy or congenital adrenal hyperplasia or both. 2. excess of glycerol in the blood.

hyperglycinemia hyperglycinémie excess of glycine in the blood or other body fluids; ketotic h. includes ketotic disorders secondary to a variety of organic acidemias; nonketotic h. is a hereditary disorder of neonatal onset, due to a defect in the glycine cleavage system, with lethargy, absence of cerebral development, seizures, myoclonic jerks, and frequently coma and respiratory failure.

hyperglycinuria hyperglycinurie an excess of glycine in the urine; see hyperglycinemia.

hyperglycogenolysis hyperglycogénolyse excessive glycogenolysis, resulting in excessive glucose in the body.

hyperglycorrhachia hyperglycorachie excessive sugar in the cerebrospinal fluid.

hypergonadism hypergonadisme abnormally increased functional activity of the gonads, with accelerated growth and precocious sexual development.

hypergonadotropic hypergonadotrope relating to or caused by excessive amounts of gonadotropins.

hyperhidrosis hyperhidrose excessive perspiration. Adj.: hyperhidrotic. compensatory h. h. compensatoire excessive sweating on one part of the body to compensate for damage and inactivity of nearby sweat glands. emotional h. h. émotionnelle 1. any type due to emotional stimuli. 2. an inherited disorder of the eccrine sweat glands in which emotional stimuli cause axillary or volar sweating. hyperhydration hyperhydratation overhydration; excessive fluids in the body.

Hypericum Hypericum a genus of herbs, including several types of St. John’s wort. H. perforatum H. perforatum the species of St. John’s wort whose above-ground parts are used medicinally.

hyperimmune hyperimmun possessing very large quantities of specific antibodies in the serum.

hyperimmunoglobulinemia hyperimmunoglobulinémie abnormally high levels of immunoglobulins in the serum.

hyperinsulinism hyperinsulinisme 1. excessive secretion of insulin. 2. insulin shock.

hyperirritability hyperirritabilité pathological responsiveness to slight stimuli.

hyperisotonic hyperisotonique denoting a solution containing more than 0.45% salt, in which erythrocytes become crenated as a result of exosmosis.

hyperkalemia hyperkaliémie an excess of potassium in the blood; hyperpotassemia. Adj.: hyperkalemic.

hyperkeratinization hyperkératinisation excessive development or retention of keratin in the epidermis.

hyperkeratosis hyperkératose hypertrophy of the stratum corneum of the skin, or any disease so characterized. epidermolytic h. h. épidermolytique a hereditary skin disease, with hyperkeratosis, blisters, and erythema; at birth the skin is entirely covered with thick, horny, armorlike plates that are soon shed, leaving a raw surface on which scales then reform. h. follicularis in cutem penetrans h. follicu- laire pénétrante Kyrle disease. palmoplantar h. h. palmoplantaire see under keratoderma.

hyperketonemia hypercétonémie ketonemia.

hyperkinemia débit cardiaque anormalement élevé, hyperkinémie abnormally high cardiac output; increased rate of blood flow through the circulatory system.

hyperkinemic hyperkinémique increasing blood flow through a tissue, or an agent that causes such an increased blood flow.

hyperkinesia hypercinésie, hyperkinésie hyperactivity.

hyperkinesis hyperkinésie hypercinésie hyperactivity. Adj.: hyperkinetic.

hyperlactation hyperlactation lactation in greater than normal amount or for a longer than normal period.

hyperleukocytosis hyperleucocytose abnormally excessive numbers of leukocytes in the blood.

hyperlipemia hyperlipémie hyperlipidemia. carbohydrate-induced h. h. provoquée par les glucides elevated blood lipids, particularly triglycerides, after carbohydrate ingestion; sometimes used synonymously with hyperlipoproteinemia type IV or V phenotypes, or the genetic disorders causing them. combined fatand carbohydrate-induced h. h. provoquée par la combinaison de graisse et de glucides persistently elevated blood levels of very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons after ingestion of fat or carbohydrates; sometimes used synonymously with a type V hyperlipoproteinemia or the genetic disorders causing it. endogenous h. h. endogène elevated plasma lipids derived from body stores (i.e., very-low-density lipoproteins), rather than dietary sources; used as a generic descriptor of the type IV hyperlipoproteinemia phenotype. essential familial h. h. familiale essentielle an inherited disorder causing a type I hyperlipoproteinemia phenotype, or the phenotype itself. exogenous h. h. exogène elevated plasma levels of lipoproteins derived from dietary sources (i.e., chylomicrons); used as a generic descriptor of the type I hyperlipoproteinemia phenotype. familial fat-induced h. h. familiale provoquée par les matières grasses persistently elevated blood chylomicrons after fat ingestion; sometimes used synonymously with hyperlipoproteinemia type I phenotype or the genetic disorders causing it. mixed h. h. mixte generic designation for a hyperlipoproteinemia in which several classes of lipoproteins are elevated; usually used to denote a type V phenotype, but sometimes used for a type II-b phenotype.

hyperlipidemia hyperlipidémie elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, etc. Adj.: hyperlipidemic. combined h. h. combinée a generic designation for a hyperlipidemia in which several classes of lipids are elevated; usually used to denote the phenotype of a type II-b hyperlipoproteinemia. familial combined h. h. combinée familiale an inherited disorder of lipoprotein metabolism manifested in adulthood as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or a combination, with elevated plasma apolipoprotein B and premature coronary atherosclerosis. mixed h. h. mixte see under hyperlipemia. remnant h. h. résiduelle a form in which the accumulated lipoproteins are normally transient intermediates, chylomicron remnants, and intermediate-density lipoproteins; a generic descriptor for the type III hyperlipoproteinemia phenotype.

hyperlipoproteinemia hyperlipoprotéinémie an excess of lipoproteins in the blood, due to a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism; it may be acquired or familial. It has been subdivided on the basis of biochemical phenotype, each type having a generic description and a variety of causes: type I,exogenous hyperlipemia; type IIa,hypercholesterolemia; type II-b,combined hyperlipidemia; type III,remnant hyperlipidemia; type IV,endogenous hyperlipemia; type V,mixed hyperlipemia.

hyperlucency hyperclarté excessive radiolucency.

hyperlysinemia hyperlysinémie 1. excess of lysine in the blood. 2. an aminoacidopathy characterized by excess of lysine, and sometimes of saccharopine, in the blood and urine, possibly associated with mental retardation.

hypermagnesemia hypermagnésémie an abnormally large magnesium content of the blood plasma.

hypermastia hypermastie 1. presence of supernumerary mammary glands. 2. macromastia.

hypermature hypermûr, hypermature past the stage of maturity.

hypermenorrhea hyperménorrhée menstruation with an excessive flow but at regular intervals and of usual duration.

hypermetabolism hypermétabolisme increased metabolism. extrathyroidal h. h. extrathyroïdien abnormally elevated basal metabolism unassociated with thyroid disease.

hypermetria hypermétrie ataxia in which movements overreach the intended goal.

hypermetrope hypermétrope hyperope.

hypermetropia hypermétropie hyperopia.

hypermobility hypermobilité greater than normal range of motion in a joint. Adj.: hypermobile.

hypermorph hypermorphe 1. a person who is tall but of low sitting height. 2. a mutant gene that shows an increase in the activity it influences. Adj.: hypermorphic.

hypermotility hypermotilité abnormally increased motility, as of the gastrointestinal tract.

hypermyotrophy hypermyotrophie excessive development of muscular tissue.

hypernasality hypernasalité a quality of voice in which the emission of air through the nose is excessive due to velopharyngeal insufficiency; it causes deterioration of intelligibility of speech.

hypernatremia hypernatrémie an excess of sodium in the blood. Adj.: hypernatremic.

hyperneocytosis hyperleucocytose avec cellules immatures hyperleukocytosis with an excessive number of immature forms.

hypernephroma hypernéphrome renal cell carcinoma.

hypernutrition hypernutrition hyperalimentation.

hyperope hyperope an individual exhibiting hyperopia.

hyperopia hypéropie farsightedness; an error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. Symbol H. Adj.: hyperopic. absolute h. h. absolue that which cannot be corrected by accommodation. axial h. h. axiale that due to shortness of the anteroposterior diameter of the eye. facultative h. h. facultative that which can be entirely corrected by accommodation. latent h. h. latente that degree of the total hyperopia corrected by the physiologic tone of the ciliary muscle, revealed by cycloplegic examination. manifest h. h. manifeste that degree of the total hyperopia not corrected by the physiologic tone of the ciliary muscle, revealed by cycloplegic examination. relative h. h. relative facultative h. total h. h. totale manifest and latent hyperopia combined.

hyperorexia hyperorexie excessive appetite.

hyperornithinemia hyperornithinémie excess of ornithine in the plasma.

hyperorthocytosis leucocytose globale hyperleukocytosis with a normal proportion of the various forms of leukocytes.

hyperosmia hyperosmie increased sensitivity of smell.

hyperosmolality hyperosmolalité an increase in the osmolality of the body fluids.

hyperosmolarity hyperosmolarité abnormally increased osmolar concentration.

hyperostosis hyperostose hypertrophy of bone. Adj.: hyperostotic. h. corticalis deformans juvenilis h. corticale déformante juvenile an inherited disorder of limb fractures and bowing, thickening of skull bones, osteoporosis, and elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline. h. corticalis generalisata h. corticale généralisée a hereditary disorder manifesting during puberty, marked chiefly by osteosclerosis of the skull, mandible, clavicles, ribs, and diaphyses of long bones, associated with elevated blood alkaline phosphatase. h. cranii h. crânienne hyperostosis involving the cranial bones. h. frontalis interna h. frontale interne thickening of the inner table of the frontal bone, which may be associated with hypertrichosis and obesity, most commonly affecting women near menopause. infantile cortical h. h. corticale infantile a disease of young infants, with soft tissue swelling over affected bones, fever, irritability, and periods of remission and exacerbation.

hyperoxaluria hyperoxalurie an excess of oxalates in the urine. enteric h. h. entérique formation of calcium oxalate calculi in the urinary tract after resection or disease of the ileum, due to excessive absorption of oxalate from the colon. primary h. h. primaire an inborn error of metabolism with defective glyoxylate metabolism, excessive urinary excretion of oxalate, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, early onset of renal failure, and often a generalized deposit of calcium oxalate.

hyperoxia hyperoxie an excess of oxygen in the system. Adj.: hyperoxic.

hyperparasite hyperparasite a parasite that preys on a parasite. Adj.: hyperparasitic.

hyperparathyroidism hyperparathyroïdie excessive activity of the parathyroid glands. Primary h. is associated with neoplasia or hyperplasia; the excess of parathyroid hormone leads to alteration in function of bone cells, renal tubules, and gastrointestinal mucosa. Secondary h. occurs when the serum calcium tends to fall below normal, as in chronic renal disease, etc. Tertiary h. refers to that due to a parathyroid adenoma arising from secondary hyperplasia caused by chronic renal failure.

hyperperistalsis hyperpéristaltisme excessively active peristalsis.

hyperphagia hyperphagie polyphagia. Adj.: hyperphagic.

hyperphenylalaninemia hyperphénylalaninémie 1. any of several inherited defects in the hydroxylation of phenylalanine causing it to be accumulated and excreted; some are relatively benign while others cause phenylketonuria. 2. excess of phenylalanine in the blood.

hyperphonesis hyperphonesis intensification of the sound in auscultation or percussion.

hyperphoria hyperphorie upward deviation of the visual axis of one eye in the absence of visual fusional stimuli.

hyperphosphatasemia hyperphosphatasémie high levels of alkaline phosphatase in the blood.

hyperphosphatasia hyperphosphatasie hyperphosphatasemia.

hyperphosphatemia hyperphosphatémie an excessive amount of phosphates in the blood.

hyperphosphaturia hyperphosphaturie an excess of phosphates in the urine.

hyperpigmentation hyperpigmentation abnormally increased pigmentation.

hyperpituitarism hyperpituitarisme a condition due to pathologically increased activity of the pituitary gland, either of the basophilic cells, resulting in basophil adenoma causing compression of the pituitary gland, or of the eosinophilic cells, producing overgrowth, acromegaly, and gigantism (true h.).

hyperplasia hyperplasie abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue, which increases its volume. Adj.: hyperplastic. adrenal cortical h., adrenocortical h. h. corticosurrénale hyperplasia of adrenal cortical cells, as in adrenogenital syndrome and Cushing syndrome. benign prostatic h. (BPH) h. bénigne de la prostate age- associated enlargement of the prostate resulting from proliferation of both stromal and glandular elements; it may cause urethral obstruction and compression. C-cell h. h. des cellules C a premalignant stage in the development of the familial forms of medullary thyroid carcinoma, characterized by multicentric patches of parafollicular cells (C cells). congenital adrenal h. (CAH) h. surrénale congénitale a group of inherited disorders of cortisol biosynthesis that result in compensatory hypersecretion of corticotropin and subsequent adrenal hyperplasia, excessive androgen production, and a spectrum of phenotypes. cutaneous lymphoid h. h. lymphoïde cutanée a group of benign cutaneous disorders with lesions clinically and histologically resembling those of malignant lymphoma. focal nodular h. (FNH) h. nodulaire focale a benign, firm, nodular, highly vascular tumor of the liver, resembling cirrhosis. intravascular papillary endothelial h. h. endothéliale intravasculaire papillaire a benign vascular tumor usually occurring as a solitary nodule of the head, neck, or finger and resembling angiosarcoma. nodular h. of the prostate h. bénigne de la prostate benign prostatic h. sebaceous h. h. sébacée a type of pale, round lesion consisting of malformed sebaceous glands, usually on the face of an older adult. verrucous h. h. verruqueuse a superficial, typically white, hyperplastic lesion of the oral mucosa, usually occurring in older men and believed to be a precursor to verrucous carcinoma.

hyperploidy hyperploïdie the state of having more than the typical number of chromosomes in unbalanced sets, as in Down syndrome.

hyperpnea hyperpnée abnormal increase in depth and rate of respiration. Adj.: hyperpneic.

hyperpolarization hyperpolarisation any increase in the amount of electrical charge separated by the cell membrane, and hence in the strength of the transmembrane potential.

hyperponesis hyperactivation corticale excessive action-potential output from the motor and premotor areas of the cortex. Adj.: hyperponetic.

hyperposia hyperposia abnormally increased ingestion of fluids for relatively brief periods.

hyperpotassemia hyperpotassémie hyperkalemia.

hyperpraxia hyperpraxie abnormal activity; restlessness.

hyperprebetalipoproteinemia hyperprébêtalipoprotéinémie an excess of pre-beta lipoproteins (very-low-density lipoproteins) in the blood.

hyperproinsulinemia hyperproinsulinémie elevated levels of proinsulin or proinsulin-like material in the blood.

hyperprolactinemia hyperprolactinémie increased levels of prolactin in the blood, often associated with pituitary adenoma. Adj.: hyperprolactinemic.

hyperprolinemia hyperprolinémie 1. any of several benign aminoacidopathies marked by an excess of proline in the body fluids. 2. excess of proline in the blood.

hyperprosexia hyperprosexie preoccupation with one idea to the exclusion of all others.

hyperproteosis surcharge protéique a condition due to an excess of protein in the diet.

hyperpyrexia hyperpyrexie hyperthermia. Adj.: hyperpyrexial, hyperpyretic. malignant h. h. maligne see under hyperthermia.

hyperreactio luteinalis hyperreactio luteinalis bilateral ovarian enlargement during pregnancy due to the presence of numerous theca-lutein cysts, usually associated with abnormally high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin.

hyperreactive hyperréactif showing a greater than normal response to stimuli.

hyperreflexia hyperréflectivité disordered response to stimuli characterized by exaggeration of reflexes. autonomic h. h. autonome paroxysmal hypertension, bradycardia, forehead sweating, headache, and gooseflesh due to distention of the bladder and rectum, associated with lesions above the outflow of the splanchnic nerves. detrusor h. h. du détrusor increased contractile activity of the detrusor muscle of the bladder, resulting in urinary incontinence.

hyperreninemia hyperréninémie elevated levels of renin in the blood, which may lead to aldosteronism and hypertension.

hyperresonance hyperrésonance, hypersonorité exaggerated resonance on percussion.

hyperresponsive hypersusceptible hyperreactive.

hypersalivation hypersialorrhée ptyalism.

hypersarcosinemia hypersarcosinémie sarcosinemia.

hypersecretion hypersécrétion excessive secretion.

hypersensitivity hypersensibilité a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to what is perceived as a foreign substance. The hypersensitivity states and resulting reactions are usually subclassified by the Gell and Coombs classification (q.v.). Adj.: hypersensitive. antibody- mediated h. réaction cytolytique 1. type II h.; see Gell and Coombs classification, under classification. 2. occasionally, any form of hypersensitivity in which antibodies, rather than T lymphocytes, are the primary mediators, i.e., types I-III. cell-mediated h. h. à médiation cellulaire type IV h.; see Gell and Coombs classification, under classification. contact h. h. de contact a type IV hypersensitivity produced by contact of the skin with a chemical substance having the properties of an antigen or hapten. cytotoxic h. h. cytotoxique type II h.; see Gell and Coombs classification, under classification. delayed h. (DH, DTH) delayed-type h. h. retardée that which takes 24 to 72 hours to develop and is mediated by T lymphocytes rather than by antibodies; usually used to denote the subset of type IV hypersensitivity involving cytokine release and macrophage activation, as opposed to direct cytolysis, but sometimes used more broadly, even as a synonym of type IV h. immediate h. h. immédiate 1. type I h.; see Gell and Coombs classification, under classification. 2. occasionally, any form of hypersensitivity mediated by antibodies and developing rapidly, generally in minutes to hours (i.e., types I-III), as distinguished from that mediated by T lymphocytes and macrophages and requiring days to develop (type IV, or delayed h.). immune complex-mediated h. réaction à immunocomplexes type III h.; see Gell and Coombs classification, under classification. T cell-mediated h. h. à médiation cellulaire T type IV h.; see Gell and Coombs classification, under classification. type I h. h. de type I see Gell and Coombs classification, under classification. type II h. h. de type II see Gell and Coombs classification, under classification. type III h. h. de type III see Gell and Coombs classification, under classification. type IV h. h. de type IV see Gell and Coombs classification, under classification.

hypersomnia hypersomnie excessive sleeping or sleepiness.

hypersomnolence hypersomnolence hypersomnia.

hypersplenism hypersplénisme exaggeration of the hemolytic function of the spleen, resulting in deficiency of peripheral blood elements, hypercellularity of bone marrow, and splenomegaly.

hypersthenia hypersthénie great strength or tonicity. Adj.: hypersthenic.

hyperstimulation hyperstimulation excessive stimulation of an organ or part. controlled ovarian h. h. ovarienne contrôlée monitored administration of agents designed to induce ovulation by a greater number of ovarian follicles and thus increase the probability of fertilization.

hypertelorism hypertélorisme abnormally increased distance between two organs or parts. ocular h., orbital h. h. oculaire increase in the interorbital distance, often associated with cleidocranial or craniofacial dysostosis and sometimes with mental deficiency.

hypertension hypertension persistently high arterial blood pressure; it may have no known cause (essential, idiopathic, or primary h.) or may be associated with other diseases (secondary h.). accelerated h. h. accélérée progressive hypertension with the funduscopic vascular changes of malignant hypertension but without papilledema. adrenal h. h. surrénale that associated with an adrenal tumor which secretes mineralocorticoids. borderline h. h. labile a condition in which the arterial blood pressure is sometimes within the normotensive range and sometimes within the hypertensive range. Goldblatt h. h. de Goldblatt that caused experimentally by a Goldblatt kidney. labile h. h. labile borderline h. malignant h. h. maligne a severe hypertensive state with papilledema of the ocular fundus and vascular hemorrhagic lesions, thickening of the small arteries and arterioles, left ventricular hypertrophy, and poor prognosis. ocular h. h. oculaire persistently elevated intraocular pressure in the absence of any other signs of glaucoma; it may or may not progress to open-angle glaucoma. persistent pulmonary h. of the newborn h. pulmonaire persistante du nouveau-né a condition in newborns in which blood continues to flow through the foramen ovale and a patent ductus arteriosus, bypassing the lungs and resulting in hypoxemia. portal h. h. portale abnormally increased pressure in the portal circulation. pulmonary h. h. pulmonaire abnormally increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation. renal h. h. rénale that associated with or due to renal disease with a factor of parenchymatous ischemia. renovascular h. h. rénovasculaire that due to occlusive disease of the renal arteries. systemic venous h. h. veineuse systémique elevation of systemic venous pressure, usually detected by inspection of the jugular veins.

hypertensive hypertendu 1. characterized by increased tension or pressure. 2. hypertenseur an agent that causes hypertension. 3. a person with hypertension.

hyperthecosis hyperthécose hyperplasia and excessive luteinization of the cells of the inner stromal layer of the ovary.

hyperthelia hyperthélie polythelia.

hyperthermalgesia hyperthermalgésie abnormal sensitivity to heat.

hyperthermia hyperthermie hyperpyrexia; greatly increased body temperature. Adj.: hyperthermal, hyperthermic. malignant h. h. maligne an autosomal dominant inherited condition affecting patients undergoing general anesthesia, marked by sudden, rapid rise in body temperature, associated with signs of increased muscle metabolism, and, usually, muscle rigidity.

hyperthymia hyperthymie 1. excessive emotionalism. 2. excessive activity, verging on hypomania. Adj.: hyperthymic.

hyperthymism hyperthymisation excessive activity of the thymus gland.

hyperthyroidism hyperthyroïdie excessive thyroid gland activity, marked by increased metabolic rate, goiter, and disturbances in the autonomic nervous system and in creatine metabolism. Adj.: hyperthyroid.

hypertonia hypertonie a condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles; increased resistance of muscle to passive stretching.

hypertonic hypertonique 1. denoting increased tone or tension. 2. denoting a solution having greater osmotic pressure than the solution with which it is compared.

hypertonicity hypertonie the state or quality of being hypertonic.

hypertrichosis hypertrichose excessive growth of hair. Cf. hirsutism.

hypertriglyceridemia hypertriglycéridémie an excess of triglycerides in the blood.

hypertrophy hypertrophie enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part due to increase in size of its constituent cells. Adj.: hypertrophic. asymmetrical septal h. (ASH) h. septale asymétrique hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, sometimes specifically that in which the hypertrophy is localized to the interventricular septum. benign prostatic h. h. bénigne de la prostate see under hyperplasia. ventricular h. h. ventriculaire hypertrophy of the myocardium of a ventricle, due to chronic pressure overload.

hypertropia hypertropie strabismus in which there is permanent upward deviation of the visual axis of an eye.

hypertyrosinemia hypertyrosinémie 1. an elevated concentration of tyrosine in the blood. 2. tyrosinemia.

hyperuricemia hyperuricémie uricemia; an excess of uric acid in the blood. Adj.: hyperuricemic.

hyperuricosuria hyperuricosurie uricosuria; an excess of urates or uric acid in the urine.

hyperuricuria hyperuricurie hyperuricosuria.

hypervalinemia hypervalinémie 1. an aminoacidopathy characterized by elevated levels of valine in the plasma and urine with failure to thrive. 2. elevated level of valine in the plasma.

hyperventilation hyperventilation 1. abnormally increased pulmonary ventilation, resulting in reduction of carbon dioxide tension, which, if prolonged, may lead to alkalosis. 2. see under syndrome.

hypervigilance hypervigilance abnormally increased arousal, responsiveness to stimuli, and scanning of the environment for threats.

hyperviscosity hyperviscosité excessive viscosity, as of the blood.

hypervitaminosis hypervitaminose a condition due to ingestion of an excess of one or more vitamins; symptom complexes are associated with excessive intake of vitamins A and D. Adj.: hypervitaminotic.

hypervolemia hypervolémie abnormal increase in the plasma volume in the body.

hypesthesia hypesthésie hypoesthesia.

hypha hyphe pl. hyphae [L.] 1. one of the filaments composing the mycelium of a fungus. 2. branching filamentous outgrowths produced by some bacteria, sometimes forming a mycelium. Adj.: hyphal.

hyphedonia hypohédonie diminution of power of enjoyment.

hyphema hyphéma hemorrhage within the anterior chamber of the eye.

hyphemia hyphémie hyphema.

hyphidrosis hypohidrose hypohidrosis.

Hyphomycetes Hyphomycètes the mycelial (hyphal) fungi, i.e., the molds.

hyphomycosis hyphomycose see hyalohyphomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis.

hypnagogic hypnagogique 1. hypnotic (1, 2). 2. occurring just before sleep; applied to hallucinations occurring at sleep onset.

hypnalgia hypnalgie pain during sleep.

hypn(o)- hypn(o)- word element [Gr.], sleep; hypnosis.

hypnoanalysis hypnoanalyse a method of psychotherapy combining psychoanalysis with hypnosis.

hypnodontics hypnodontie the application of hypnosis and controlled suggestion in the practice of dentistry.

hypnoid hypnoïde resembling hypnosis or sleep.

hypnology hypnologie scientific study of sleep or of hypnotism.

hypnopompic hypnopompique persisting after sleep; applied to hallucinations occurring on awakening.

hypnosis hypnose an altered state of consciousness characterized by focusing of attention, suspension of disbelief, increased amenability and responsiveness to suggestions and commands, and the subjective experience of responding involuntarily.

hypnotherapy hypnothérapie the use of hypnosis in the treatment of disease.

hypnotic hypnotique 1. inducing sleep. 2. an agent that induces sleep. 3. pertaining to or of the nature of hypnosis or hypnotism.

hypnotism hypnotisme the study of or the method or practice of inducing hypnosis.

hypnotize hypnotiser to induce a state of hypnosis.

hypo hypo 1. colloquialism for a hypodermic inoculation or syringe. 2. sodium thiosulfate.

hyp(o)- hyp(o)- word element [Gr.], beneath; under; deficient. In chemistry, a compound containing the lowest proportion of oxygen in a series of similar compounds.

hypoacusis hypoacousie slightly diminished auditory sensitivity.

hypoactivity hypoactivité 1. abnormally diminished activity, as of peristalsis. 2. abnormally decreased motor and cognitive activity, with slowing of thought, speech, and movement. Adj.: hypoactive.

hypoadrenalism hyposurrénalisme adrenal insufficiency (1).

hypoadrenocorticism hypocorticosurrénalisme adrenocortical insufficiency.

hypoalbuminosis hypoalbuminémie abnormally low level of albumin.

hypoalimentation sous-alimentation insufficient nourishment.

hypoalphalipoproteinemia hypoalphalipoprotéinémie 1. deficiency of high-density (alpha) lipoproteins in the blood. 2. Tangier disease.

hypoazoturia hypoazoturie diminished nitrogenous material in the urine.

hypobaric hypobare having less than normal pressure or weight; said of gases under less than atmospheric pressure, or to solutions of lower specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference.

hypobarism hypobarisme the condition resulting when ambient gas or atmospheric pressure is below that within the body tissues.

hypobaropathy hypobaropathie 1. the disturbances experienced in high altitudes due to reduced air pressure, as in high-altitude sickness and mountain sickness. 2. hypobarism.

hypoblast hypoblaste the embryonic precursor to the endoderm. Adj.: hypoblastic.

hypocalcemia hypocalcémie reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Adj.: hypocalcemic.

hypocapnia hypocapnie deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood. Adj.: hypocapnic.

hypocarbia hypocarbie hypocapnia.

hypochloremia hypochlorémie diminished chloride in the blood. Adj.: hypochloremic.

hypochlorhydria hypochlorhydrie lack of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice.

hypochlorite hypochlorite any salt of hypochlorous acid; used as a medicinal agent with disinfectant action, particularly as a diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite.

hypochlorous acid acide hypochloreux an unstable compound with disinfectant and bleaching action.

hypocholesteremia hypocholestérémie hypocholesterolemia.

hypocholesterolemia hypocholestérolémie diminished cholesterol in the blood. Adj.: hypocholesterolemic.

hypochondria hypochondria 1. plural of hypochondrium. 2. hypochondrie hypochondriasis.

hypochondriac hypochondriaque 1. pertaining to the hypochondrium. 2. pertaining to hypochondriasis. 3. a person with hypochondriasis.

hypochondriasis hypochondrie a somatoform disorder characterized by a preoccupation with bodily functions and the interpretation of normal sensations or minor abnormalities as indications of serious problems needing medical attention. Adj.: hypochondriac, hypochondriacal.

hypochondrium hypocondre pl. hypochondria the upper lateral abdominal region, overlying the costal cartilages, on either side of the epigastrium. Adj.: hypochondrial.

hypochromasia 1. hypochromie the condition of staining less intensely than normal. 2. hypochromasie hypochromia (1).

hypochromatism hypochromatisme 1. abnormally deficient pigmentation, especially deficiency of chromatin in a cell nucleus. 2. hypochromia (1).

hypochromia hypochromie 1. abnormal decrease in the hemoglobin content of the erythrocytes. 2. hypochromatism (1). Adj.: hypochromic.

hypocitraturia hypocitraturie diminished citrates in the urine.

hypocomplementemia hypocomplémentémie diminution of complement levels in the blood.

hypocyclosis hypocyclosis insufficient accommodation in the eye.

hypocythemia érythrocytopénie deficiency in the number of erythrocytes in the blood.

Hypoderma Hypoderma a genus of ox-warble or heel flies whose larvae cause disease in cattle and a form of larva migrans in humans.

hypodermiasis hypodermose a creeping eruption of the skin caused by larvae of Hypoderma.

hypodermic hypodermique subcutaneous; beneath the skin.

hypodermis hypoderme subcutaneous tissue.

hypodermoclysis hypodermoclyse subcutaneous infusion of fluids, e.g., saline solution.

hypodipsia hypodipsie abnormally diminished thirst.

hypodontia hypodontie partial anodontia.

hypodynamia hypodynamie abnormally diminished power. Adj.: hypodynamic.

hypoechoic hypoéchogène in ultrasonography, giving off few echoes; said of tissues or structures that reflect relatively few of the ultrasound waves directed at them.

hypoergia hypoergie hyposensitivity to allergens. Adj.: hypoergic.

hypoesophoria hypoésophorie deviation of the visual axes downward and inward.

hypoesthesia hypoesthésie abnormally decreased sensitivity, particularly to touch. Adj.: hypoesthetic.

hypoexophoria hypoexophorie deviation of the visual axes downward and laterally.

hypoferremia hypoferritinémie deficiency of iron in the blood.

hypofertility hypofertilité subfertility. Adj.: hypofertile.

hypofibrinogenemia hypofibrinogénémie deficiency of fibrinogen in the blood.

hypogalactia hypogalactie deficiency of milk secretion. Adj.: hypogalactous.

hypogammaglobulinemia hypogammaglobulinémie deficiency of all classes of immunoglobulins, as in agammaglobulinemia, dysglo bulinemia, and immunodeficiency. This is normal for a short period in infants but should not be prolonged. Adj.: hypogammaglobulinemic. common variable h. h. variable commune see under immunodeficiency.

hypoganglionosis hypoganglionose lessened number of myenteric ganglion cells in the distal large bowel, with constipation; a congenital type of megacolon.

hypogastric hypogastrique 1. inferior to the stomach. 2. pertaining to the hypogastrium. 3. pertaining to the internal iliac artery.

hypogastrium hypogastre the pubic region, the lowest middle abdominal region.

hypogastroschisis hypolaparoschisis congenital fissure of the hypogastrium.

hypogenesis hypogenèse defective embryonic development. Adj.: hypogenetic.

hypogenitalism hypogénitalisme hypogonadism.

hypogeusesthesia hypogueustie hypogeusia.

hypogeusia hypogueusie abnormally diminished sense of taste.

hypoglossal hypoglosse sublingual.

hypoglucagonemia hypoglucagonémie abnormally reduced levels of glucagon in the blood.

hypoglycemia hypoglycémie deficiency of glucose concentration in the blood, which may lead to hypothermia, headache, and more serious neurological symptoms.

hypoglycemic hypoglycémique 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or causing hypoglycemia. 2. an agent that lowers blood glucose levels.

hypoglycorrhachia hypoglycorachie abnormally low sugar content in the cerebrospinal fluid.

hypogonadism hypogonadisme decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth, sexual development, and secondary sex characters. hypergonadotropic h. h. hypergonadotrophique that associated with high levels of gonadotropins, as in Klinefelter syndrome. hypogonadotropic h. h. hypogonadotrophique that due to lack of gonadotropin secretion.

hypogonadotropic hypogonadotrope relating to or caused by deficiency of gonadotropin.

hypohidrosis hypohidrose abnormally diminished perspiration. Adj.: hypohidrotic.

hypokalemia hypokaliémie abnormally low potassium levels in the blood, which may lead to neuromuscular and renal disorders.

hypokalemic hypokaliémique 1. pertaining to or characterized by hypokalemia. 2. an agent that lowers blood potassium levels.

hypokinesia hypokinésie, hypocinésie abnormally diminished motor function or activity. Adj.: hypokinetic.

hypolactasia hypolactasie deficiency of lactase activity in the intestines; see lactase deficiency.

hypoleydigism hypoleydigisme abnormally diminished secretion of androgens by Leydig cells.

hypolipidemic hypolipidémiant promoting the reduction of lipid concentrations in the serum.

hypomagnesemia hypomagnésémie abnormally low magnesium content of the blood.

hypomania hypomanie an abnormality of mood resembling mania but of lesser intensity. Adj.: hypomanic.

hypomelanosis hypomélanose a deficiency of melanin in the tissues, especially in the skin.

hypomenorrhea hypoménorrhée diminution of menstrual flow or duration.

hypomere hypomère 1. the ventrolateral portion of a myotome, innervated by an anterior ramus of a spinal nerve. 2. the lateral plate of mesoderm that develops into the walls of the body cavities.

hypomethylation hypométhylation presence of fewer methylated nucleotides in DNA than is usual for that DNA; localized or global, and related to DNA expression.

hypometria hypométrie ataxia in which movements fall short of the intended goal.

hypomnesia hypomnésie defective memory.

hypomorph hypomorphe hypomorphic allele.

hypomyxia hypomyxie decreased secretion of mucus.

hyponasality hyponasalité a quality of voice in which there is a complete lack of nasal emission of air and nasal resonance, so that the speaker sounds as if they have a cold.

hyponatremia hyponatrémie deficiency of sodium in the blood. depletional h. h. par déplétion that in which low plasma concentration of sodium is associated with low total body sodium. dilutional h. h. par dilution that in which low plasma concentration of sodium results from loss of sodium from the body with nonosmotic retention of water.

hyponeocytosis hyponéocytose leukopenia with immature leukocytes in the blood.

hyponoia hyponoïa slow mental activity.

hyponychium hyponychium the thickened epidermis beneath the free distal end of the nail. Adj.: hyponychial.

hypo-orthocytosis hypo-orthocytose leukopenia with a normal proportion of the various forms of leukocytes.

hypo-osmotic hypo-osmotique containing a lower concentration of osmotically active components than a standard solution.

hypoparathyroid hypoparathyroïdien pertaining to or characterized by reduced function of the parathyroid glands.

hypoparathyroidism hypoparathyroïdie greatly reduced function of parathyroid glands, with hypocalcemia that may lead to tetany, hyperphosphatemia with decreased bone resorption, and other symptoms.

hypoperfusion hypoperfusion decreased blood flow through an organ, as in hypovolemic shock; if prolonged, it may result in permanent cellular dysfunction and death.

hypoperistalsis hypopéristaltisme abnormally sluggish peristalsis.

hypopharynx hypopharynx laryngopharynx.

hypophonesis hypophonésie diminution of the sound in auscultation or percussion.

hypophonia hypophonie a weak voice due to incoordination of the vocal muscles.

hypophoria hypophorie downward deviation of the visual axis of one eye in the absence of visual fusional stimuli.

hypophosphatasia hypophosphatasie an inborn error of metabolism with abnormally low serum alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphoethanolamine in the urine, most severe in babies before six months. Affected infants and children have rickets and adults have osteomalacia.

hypophosphatemia hypophosphatémie deficiency of phosphates in the blood, as may occur in rickets and osteomalacia. See also hypophosphatasia. Adj.: hypophosphatemic. familial h. h. familiale familial hypophosphatemic rickets. X-linked h. h. liée à l’X a form of familial hypophosphatemic rickets.

hypophosphaturia hypophosphaturie deficiency of phosphates in the urine.

hypophosphorous acid acide hypophosphoreux a toxic, monobasic acid with strong reducing properties, H₃PO₂, which forms hypophosphites.

hypophrenic hypophrénique subphrenic.

hypophyseal hypophysaire hypophysial.

hypophysectomy hypophysectomie excision of the pituitary gland (hypophysis).

hypophysial hypophysaire pertaining to the hypophysis.

hypophysioportal hypophysioporte denoting the portal system of the pituitary gland, in which hypothalamic venules connect with capillaries of the anterior pituitary.

hypophysioprivic hypophysoprive pertaining to deficiency of hormonal secretion of the pituitary gland (hypophysis).

hypophysiotropic hypophysiotrope acting on the pituitary gland (hypophysis), as certain hormones.

hypophysis hypophyse [Gr.] pituitary gland. h. cerebri h. cérébrale pituitary gland. pharyngeal h. h. pharyngée a mass in the pharyngeal wall with structure similar to that of the pituitary gland.

hypopigmentation hypopigmentation diminished pigmentation, such as of melanin in the skin.

hypopituitarism hypopituitarisme diminished hormonal secretion by the pituitary gland, especially the anterior pituitary.

hypoplasia hypoplasie incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. Adj.: hypoplastic. enamel h. h. de l’émail incomplete or defective development of the enamel of the teeth; it may be hereditary or acquired. oligomeganephronic renal h. h. rénale oligoméganéphronique oligomeganephronia.

hypopnea hypopnée diminished depth and rate of respiration. Adj.: hypopneic.

hypoporosis hypoporose deficient callus formation after bone fracture.

hypopotassemia hypopotassémie hypokalemia.

hypoprosody hypoprosodie diminution of the normal variation of stress, pitch, and rhythm of speech.

hypoptyalism hyposialie abnormally decreased secretion of saliva.

hypopyon hypopion pus in the anterior chamber of the eye.

hyposalivation hyposalivation hypoptyalism.

hyposecretion hyposécrétion diminished secretion, as by a gland.

hyposensitive hyposensible 1. exhibiting abnormally decreased sensitivity. 2. less sensitive to a specific allergen after repeated and gradually increasing doses of the offending substance.

hyposmia hyposmie diminished sense of smell.

hyposomatotropism hyposomatotropisme deficient secretion of somatotropin (growth hormone), resulting in short stature.

hyposomnia hyposomnie reduced time of sleep.

hypospadias hypospadias a developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens inferior to its normal location; usually seen in males, with the opening on the underside of the penis or on the perineum. Adj.: hypospadiac. female h. h. féminin a developmental anomaly in the female in which the urethra opens into the vagina.

hypospermatogenesis hypospermatogenèse abnormally decreased production of spermatozoa.

hyposplenism hyposplénisme diminished functioning of the spleen, resulting in an increase in peripheral blood elements.

hypostasis hypostase poor or stagnant circulation in a dependent part of the body or an organ.

hypostatic hypostatique 1. pertaining to, due to, or associated with hypostasis. 2. pertaining to certain inherited traits that are particularly liable to be suppressed by other traits.

hyposthenia hyposthénie weakness. Adj.: hyposthenic.

hyposynergia hyposynergie dyssynergia.

hypotelorism hypotélorisme abnormally decreased distance between two organs or parts. ocular h., orbital h. h. oculaire abnormal decrease in the interorbital distance.

hypotension hypotension abnormally low blood pressure. orthostatic h. h. orthostatique a fall in blood pressure associated with dizziness, blurred vision, and sometimes syncope, occurring upon standing or when standing motionless in a fixed position.

hypotensive hypotenseur marked by low blood pressure or serving to reduce blood pressure.

hypothalamus hypothalamus the part of the diencephalon forming the floor and part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle, including the optic chiasm, mammillary bodies, tuber cinereum, and infundibulum; the pituitary gland is also in this region but is physiologically distinct. Hypothalamic nuclei help activate, control, and integrate peripheral autonomic mechanisms, endocrine activities, and many somatic functions. Adj.: hypothalamic.

hypothenar 1. hypothénar the fleshy eminence along the ulnar side of the palm. 2. hypothénarien relating to this eminence.

hypothermia hypothermie 1. low body temperature, such as from cold weather, or from artificial induction to decrease metabolism and need for oxygen during surgical procedures. 2. a reduction of core body temperature to 32 °C (95 °F) or lower, as that due to exposure in cold weather or that induced as a means of decreasing metabolism of tissues and thereby the need for oxygen, as used in various surgical procedures. Adj.: hypothermal, hypothermic. accidental h. h. accidentelle unintentional reduction of the core body temperature, as in a cold environment.

hypothesis hypothèse a supposition that appears to explain a group of phenomena and is advanced as a basis for further investigation. alternative h. h. alternative one that is compared with the null hypothesis in a statistical test. biogenic amine h. h. des amines biogènes the hypothesis that depression is associated with deficiency of biogenic amines, especially norepinephrine, at functionally important receptor sites in the brain and that elation is associated with excess of such amines. jelly roll h. h. du « gâteau roulé à la confiture » a theory explaining the formation of nerve myelin, which states that it consists of several layers of the plasma membrane of a Schwann cell wrapped spirally around the axon in a jelly roll fashion. lattice h. h. du treillis a theory of the nature of the antigen-antibody reaction which postulates reaction between multivalent antigen and divalent antibody to give an antigen-antibody complex of a lattice-like structure. Lyon h. h. de Mary Lyon in mammalian somatic cells, all X chromosomes in excess of one are inactivated (in the form of sex chromatin) on a random basis at an early stage of embryogenesis, leading to mosaicism of paternal and maternal X chromosomes in the female. null h. h. nulle the particular one under investigation, which frequently asserts a lack of effect or of difference. one gene-one polypeptide chain h. hypothèse « un gène-une enzyme » a gene is the DNA sequence that codes for the production of one polypeptide chain. Antibodies are an exception; separate genes for variable and constant regions are rearranged to code for a single polypeptide. response-to-injury h. h. de la « réponse à l’effraction endothéliale » one explaining atherogenesis as initiating with some injury to the endothelial cells lining the artery walls, which causes endothelial dysfunction and leads to abnormal cellular interactions and initiation and progression of atherogenesis. sliding filament h. h. du filament coulissant the stretching of individual muscle fibers raises the number of tension-developing bridges between the sliding contractile protein elements (actin and myosin) and thus augments the force of the next muscle contraction. Starling h. h. de Starling the direction and rate of fluid transfer between blood plasma in the capillary and fluid in the tissue spaces depend on the hydrostatic pressure on each side of the capillary wall, on the osmotic pressure of protein in plasma and in tissue fluid, and on the properties of the capillary walls as a filtering membrane. wobble h. h. du wobble, h. du flottement the third base of a tRNA anticodon does not have to pair with a complementary codon (as do the first two) but can form base pairs with any of several mRNA codons, explaining how a specific transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule can translate different codons in a messenger RNA (mRNA) template.

hypothymia hypothymie abnormally diminished emotional tone, as in depression. Adj.: hypothymic.

hypothymism hypothymisme diminished thymus activity.

hypothyroidism hypothyroïdie deficiency of thyroid activity, a cause of cretinism in children and myxedema in adults, with decreased metabolic rate, tiredness, and lethargy. Adj.: hypothyroid.

hypotonia hypotonie diminished tone of the skeletal muscles.

hypotonic hypotonique 1. denoting decreased tone or tension. 2. denoting a solution having less osmotic pressure than one with which it is compared.

hypotrichosis hypotrichose presence of less than the normal amount of hair.

hypotrophy hypotrophie abiotrophy.

hypotropia hypotropie strabismus with permanent downward deviation of the visual axis of one eye.

hypotympanotomy hypotympanotomie surgical opening of the hypotympanum.

hypotympanum hypotympan the lower part of the cavity of the middle ear, in the temporal bone.

hypouricemia hypo-uricémie diminished uric acid in the blood, along with xanthinuria, due to deficiency of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme required for conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid.

hypoventilation hypoventilation reduction in amount of air entering pulmonary alveoli. primary alveolar h. h. alvéolaire primaire impairment of automatic control of respiration, resulting in apnea during sleep.

hypovolemia hypovolémie diminished volume of circulating blood in the body. Adj.: hypovolemic.

hypovolia hypovolie diminished water content or volume, as of extracellular fluid.

hypoxanthine hypoxanthine a purine base formed as an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in the salvage of free purines. Complexed with ribose, it is inosine.

hypoxemia hypoxémie deficient oxygenation of the blood.

hypoxia hypoxie reduction of oxygen supply to a tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. Adj.: hypoxic. anemic h. h. anémique that due to reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood owing to decreased total hemoglobin or altered hemoglobin constituents. fetal h. h. fœtale hypoxia in utero, caused by conditions such as inadequate placental function (often abruptio placentae), preeclamptic toxicity, prolapse of the umbilical cord, or complications from anesthetic administration. histotoxic h. h. histotoxique that due to impaired use of oxygen by tissues. hypoxic h. h. hypoxique that due to insufficient oxygen reaching the blood. stagnant h. h. stagnante that due to failure to transport sufficient oxygen because of inadequate blood flow.

hypromellose hypromellose a propylene glycol ether of methylcellulose, supplied in differing degrees of viscosity; used as a suspending and viscosity-increasing agent and tablet binder, coating, and excipient in pharmaceutical preparations, and applied topically to the conjunctiva to protect and lubricate the cornea. Called also hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. h. phthalate phtalate d’hypromellose a phthalic acid ester of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, used as a coating agent for tablets and granules.

hypsarrhythmia hypsarythmie, dysrythmie majeure an electroencephalographic abnormality commonly associated with jackknife seizures, with random, high-voltage slow waves and spikes spreading to all cortical areas.

hypsokinesis hypsokinésie a backward swaying or falling when in erect posture; seen in paralysis agitans, Wilson disease, and similar conditions.

hysteralgia hystéralgie pain in the uterus.

hysterectomy hystérectomie excision of the uterus. abdominal h. h. abdominale that performed through the abdominal wall. cesarean h. h. césarienne cesarean section followed by removal of the uterus. complete h. h. complète total h. partial h. h. partielle subtotal h. radical h. h. radicale excision of the uterus, upper vagina, and parametrium. subtotal h. h. subtotale supravaginale that in which the cervix is left in place. total h. h. totale that in which the uterus and cervix are completely excised. vaginal h. h. vaginale that performed through the vagina.

hysteresis hystérésis [Gr.] 1. a time lag in the occurrence of two associated phenomena, as between cause and effect. 2. in cardiac pacemaker terminology, the number of pulses per minute below the programmed pacing rate that the heart must drop in order to cause initiation of pacing.

hysteria hystérie a term formerly used widely in psychiatry. Its meanings have included (1) classical hysteria (now somatization disorder); (2) hysterical neurosis (now divided into conversion disorder and dissociative disorders); (3) anxiety hysteria; and (4) hysterical personality (now histrionic personality). Adj.: hysteric, hysterical. fixation h. h. de conversion conversion disorder with symptoms based on an existing or previous organic disease or injury.

hysterics crise d’hystérie popular term for an uncontrollable emotional outburst.

hyster(o)- hystér(o)- word element [Gr.], uterus; hysteria.

hysterocele hystérocèle hernia of the uterus.

hysterography hystérographie 1. the graphic recording of the strength of uterine contractions in labor. 2. radiography of the uterus after instillation of a contrast medium.

hysteroid hystéroïde resembling hysteria.

hysterolith hystérolithe uterine calculus.

hysterolysis hystérolyse freeing of the uterus from adhesions.

hysteromyoma hystéromyome leiomyoma of the uterus.

hysteromyomectomy hystéromyomectomie uterine myomectomy.

hysteromyotomy hystéromyotomie incision of the uterus for removal of a solid tumor.

hysteropathy hystéropathie any disease of the uterus.

hysteropexy hystéropexie surgical fixation of a displaced uterus.

hysteroptosis hystéroptose uterine prolapse.

hysterorrhaphy hystérorraphie 1. suture of the uterus. 2. hysteropexy.

hysterorrhexis hystérorrhexie metrorrhexis.

hysterosalpingectomy hystérosalpingectomie excision of the uterus and uterine tubes.

hysterosalpingography hystérosalpingographie radiography of the uterus and uterine tubes.

hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy hystérosalpingo-ovariectomie excision of the uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries.

hysterosalpingostomy hystérosalpingostomie anastomosis of a uterine tube to the uterus.

hysteroscope hystéroscope an endoscope for direct visual examination of the cervical canal and uterine cavity.

hysterospasm hystérospasme spasm of the uterus.

hysterotomy hystérotomie incision of the uterus, performed either transabdominally (abdominal h.) or vaginally (vaginal h.).

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